आधुनिक केरल

keral ka adhunik itihas 18 vian shati se shuroo hota hai. british upaniveshiy shasan ke prarambh se lekar aj tak ka itihas is kal khand mean ata hai. isi kalakhand mean adhunik keral ka gathan hua tha. is kalakhand ka sabase shaktishali rajy tiruvitaankoor tha jahaan britishoan ka pratyaksh shasan nahian chal raha tha.

tiruvitaankoor

tiruvitaankoor nam kaise p da, isake bare mean bataya jata hai ki keral ke dakshini chhor par pashchimi ghat evan arab sagar ke bich ka urvarak bhoobhag 'shri vashukod' (desh jahaan samriddhi basi ho) nam se abhihit tha. yah 'tiruvarankod' bana jisaka gramy roop 'tiruvankod' tha jisase tiruvitaankoor bana. eesvi sanh ki prarambhik shatabdiyoan mean is pradesh ke shasak ay rajavansh ke the. yah pradesh venad nam se vikhyat ho gaya. maharaja martand varma ke shasanakal mean (sanh 1729 - 1758) venad kochchi tak phailakar tiruvitaankoor nam se prasiddh ho gaya. marttand varma ne hi grih yuddh ko samapt kar diya tha aur attiangal, kollam, kottarakkara, kayankuळm, ambalapush़a riyasatoan ko milakar tiruvitaankoor namak shaktishali desh ki adharashila rakhi thi. usake uttaradhikari kartik tirunal ramavarma or dharmaraja (1758 - 1798) ko maisoor ke sulatan tipoo ke akraman ka samana karana pada. kintu unhoanne desh ki pragati ko lakshy banakar shasan chakr chalaya. tatpashchath avittam tirunal balaram varma (1798 - 1810), rani gauri lakshmi baee (1810 - 1815), rani gauri parvati baee (1815 - 1829), svati tirunal (1829 - 1847), utram tirunal martand varma (1829 - 1860), ayilyam tirunal (1860 - 1880), vishakhamh tirunal (1880 - 1885), shrimoolam tirunal (1885 - 1924), rani setulakshmi baee (1924 - 1931), shrichittira tirunal balaram varma (1931 - 1949) adi ne tiruvitaankoor par shasan kiya. navin tiruvitaankoor ki rajadhaniyaan thian - padmanabhapuram aur tiruvanantapuram. tiruvanantapuram ko sthayi roop se rajadhani banane vale dharmaraja hi the.

tiruvitaankoor ke itihas mean nity smaran kiye jane vale tin rajaoan ka nam milata hai -

1. veluttampi dalava hai jo british prabhuta ke viruddh l de
2. svati tirunal the jo pandit or sangitajn the
3. chittira tirunal the jinhoanne sab hinduoan ke lie mandir ke kivad khol die the.

keral rajy ka gathan

divan si. pi. ramasvami ayyar ne yah ghoshana ki thi ki 1947 mean jab british bharat chhodeange tab tiruvitaankoor svatantr rajy banega. usaki is ghoshana ke sath jo andolan hua usake aant mean tiruvitaankoor bharat sangh mean sammilit ho gaya. pattam tanu pillaee ke netritv mean pahala prajataantrik mantrimandal adhikar mean aya (march 1948). tiruvitaankoor aur kochchi ko milakar 1 julaee 1949 ko tirukochchi rajy banaya gaya aur 1 navambar 1956 ko malabar ko bhi milakar keral rajy banaya gaya. keral rajy ke gathan ke samay tak tiruvitaankoor aur tirukochchi ke rajapramukh pad chittira tirunal ko diya gaya tha.

british shasan

anyany yooropiy deshoan ki tarah british eest iandiya kanpani bhi vyapar ko lakshy banate hue pahuanchi thi. kapani ne sanh 1664 mean kosh़ikkod mean vyapar kendr ki sthapata ki. sanh 1684 mean unhoanne tiruvitaankoor ka us bhag, jo aanchuteangu nam se jana jata tha, ko attingal rani se le liya. sanh 1695 mean vahaan ek durg banavaya. isi samay unhoanne talashsheri mean bhi apana sikka jamaya. epril 1723 mean british eest indiya kanpani aur tiruvitaankoor ke bich sandhi ho gee. sanh 1792 mean jo shrirangapattanam sandhi huee usake tahat tipoo ka malabar britishoan ko prapt ho gaya. sanh 1791 mean kanpani ne kochchi ke sath bhi sandhi kar li. is ke anusar britishoan ko varshik kar dekar kochchi raja britishoan ka samant bana. 1800 se kochchi madras ki british sarakar ke adhin ho gaya. 1795 ki sandhi ke anusar tiruvitaankoor ne bhi british prabhuta svikar ki. atah ek british resident tiruvanantapuram mean rahate hue shasan ka nirikshan kiya. britishoan ko prativarsh ath lakh rupaye tiruvitaankoor kar roop mean deta tha. 1805 mean huee sandhi ke anusar tiruvitaankoor mean yadi koee grih kalah ya hangama hota ho to usamean hastakshep karane ka adhikar bhi britishoan ko prapt ho gaya. is prakar samoocha keral britishoan ke adhikar mean a gaya.

british shasan ke khilaf vidroh

british shasan ke viruddh svadesh par abhiman karane valoan ka virodh uthana svabhavik tha. keral varma pashashshi raja, veluttampi dalava aur paliyattachchhan ne britishoan ke viruddh hathiyar uthaya. yadyapi unaka vidroh viphal ho gaya tha tathapi vah janata mean britishoan ke prati dushmani evan desh bhakti jagane mean sahayak hua.

britishoan ne malabar mean jo kar pranali chalaee thi usake virodh mean kottayam rajavansh ke pash़shshi raja ne sashastr vidroh kiya. britishoan ne raja - rajavadoan se kar vasool kiya. raja to sidhe janata se kar vasool karate the. kottayam mean kar vasooli ka adhikar britishoan ne pashashshi raja ko n dekar usake matul kurumbra riyasat ke shasak ko diya tha. is ka virodh karate hue sanh 1795 mean pashashshi raja ne kar vasooli ka sara kam band kar diya. sanh 1793 - 1797, 1800 - 1805 varshoan mean vir pashashshi raja ke sainikoan ki british sainikoan ke sath muthabhed huee. pashashshi raja ne vayanad ke vanoan mean pravesh kar yuddh karana shuroo kiya. kintu 30 navambar 1805 ko british topoan ne unhean u da diya. britishoan ke viruddh unhoanne pratiraksha ki jo divar khadi ki thi, vah toot gee.

tiruvitaankoor ke grih karyoan mean anavashyak hastakshep karake resident mekale veluttampi dalava ke virodh ka patr bana. yah virodh khuli ladaee mean parinat hua. veluttambi ne kochchi ke pradhanamantri paliyattachchhan ke sath british sena par akraman kiya. veluttampi ne 11 navanbar 1809 ko british adhipaty ke viruddh vidroh karane ke lie logoan ka ahvan karate hue ek ghoshana nikali jo 'kundara ghoshana' nam se jani jati hai. to bhi british sena ne tiruvitaankoor sena ke shakti durgoan ko ek-ek karake adhin kar liya. apane ko parajit hote dekh veluttampi ne atmahatya kar li. yadyapi sanh 1812 mean vayanadu ke kurichyar aur kurumpar namak adivasi vargoan ne britishoan ke viruddh hathiyar uthae tathapi vidroh ko dabaya gaya.

tiruvitaankoorah vikas path par

18 vian - 19 vian shatabdiyoan mean shasakoan ne jo niti apanaee usake karan keral samajik pragati ke path par unmukh hua. tiruvitaankoor mean sadakean banian, niyam sudhare ge. kar-vyavastha bhi banayi gee. navin tiruvitaankoor ke shilpi the marttand varma aur karttik tirunal. donoan ne tiruvitaankoor rajy ki sudridh nianv dali. donoan raniyoan gauri lakshmi baee aur gauri parvati baee ke shasan kal mean bhi samaj sudhar ke anek kary hue. svati tirunal ramavarma (1829 - 1847) ka kal tiruvitaankoor ka suvarnakal mana jata hai. unhoanne aangrezi shiksha ka praranbh kiya, kala aur vijnan ko bhi badhava diya. sanh 1836 mean unhoanne tiruvanantapuram mean plenetoriyam ki sthapana ki. unhoanne 1834 mean tiruvanantapuram mean jo ianglish skool shuroo kiya vah 1866 mean yoonivarsiti k aaulej bana, jo aj bhi hai. sanh 1836 mean tiruvitaankoor mean janaganana bhi huee.

maharaja utramh tirunal

maharaja utramh tirunal ke kal mean (sanh 1847 - 1860) channar (nadar) jati ki nariyoan ko chhati dhankane ki anumati di gee. tiruvanantapuram mean sanh 1859 mean jo skool l dakiyoan ke lie khola gaya vahi aj ka sarakari mahila vidyalay hai. tiruvitaankoor ka pahala dakaghar alappush़a mean khola gaya tatha sanh 1859 mean pahali adhunik kayar phaiktari bhi kholi gee.

ayilyam tirunal maharaja

ayilyam tirunal maharaja ke kal (1860 - 1880) mean bhoosvamitv vyavastha mean bada parivartan hua jo pandarappatta ghoshana (sarakar ke svamitv ki ghoshana) (1865), bhoosvami aur kutiyan (bhoosvami ki bhoomi par rahane vala) ghoshana (1867) ka parinam tha. divan sar ti. madhav rav (1858 - 1872) anek yojanaean banakar tiruvitaankoor ko pragati path par le chale.

maharaja shrimoolamh tirunal

maharaja shrimoolamh tirunal (1885 - 1924) ne krantikari parivartan ki prishthabhoomi taiyar ki. yah yug do ghatanaoan ka gavah bana - ek shiksha ke kshetr mean huee abhootapoorv kranti aur do vidhan sabha ka gathan, jo bharatiy riyasatoan mean pratham tha. shri moolam tirunal ke shasan ki sabase badi upalabdhi 1888 mean gathit vidhan parishad hai. 1904 mean sarakar dvara chayanit janapratinidhiyoan ki prajasabha (popular essembili) ka gathan hua. 1922 mean banaye niyam ke anusar vidhan parishad (lejisletiv kaunsil) ki sadasy sankhya badhakar 50 kar di gee. nariyoan ko bhi matadan ka adhikar diya gaya.

shrimoolam tirunaळ ke bad rani setu lakshmi baee rijant banian. ve 1925 mean nayar reguleshan niyam layian jisamean matrisattatmak uttaradhikar niyam raddakar pitrisattatmak uttaradhikar niyam ko manyata di gee. tatpashchath shri chittira tirunal balaram varma shasak bane. chittira tirunal ka shasanakal tin batoan ke lie chirasmaraniy ho gaya -

1. vidhan sabha sudhar
2. vyapar udyog niti
3. samaj sudhar

prastut kalakhand svatantrata sangram, kamyoorist andolan ka vikas aur desh ki svatantrata prapti adi mahattvapoorn ghatanaoan ka sakshi bana. sanh 1936 mean jo mandir pravesh ghoshana ki gee usane chittira tirunal ko yashasvi banaya. isi kal mean tiruvitaankoor vishvavidyalay (1927), laind mortagej baiank (bhoomi bandhak baiank) (1932), traivanakoor rabad varks, kundara kle phaiktari, punaloor plaeevud phaiktari, pallivasal jal vidyut pariyojana, stet rod transport sarvis (rajy sadak parivahan seva) ityadi ka prarambh hua. in sab yojanaoan ko karyanvit karane vale divan sar si. pi. ramasvami ayyar the jo rajaniti ki drishti se un logoan mean the jinaka sarvadhik virodh hota tha. desh svatantr hone ke bad 1 julaee 1949 ko tiruvitaankoor aur kochchi ko milakar tirukochchi rajy ka gathan kiya gaya.

kochchi

tiruvitaankoor ki tarah kochchi aur malabar bhi pragati ke kee sopan par kar ge. sanh 1912 se 1947 tak ke kal mean britishoan dvara niyukt divan hi kochchi ka shasan karate the. un divanoan ke nam v shasanakal niche diya jata hai jo svatantrata prapti tak shasak niyukt hue the -

1. karnal manro (1812 - 1818)
2. nanchappayya (1815 - 1825)
3. sheshagiri rav (1825 - 1830)
4. edamana shankar menan (1830 - 1835)
5. veankat subbayya (1835 - 1840)
6. shankar variyar (1840 - 1856)
7. veankat rav (1856 - 1860)
8. tottakkattu shankunni menan (1860 - 1879)
9. tottakkattu govind menan (1879 - 1889)
10. tiruveankitachary (1889 - 1892)
11. subrahmany pillaee (1892 - 1896)
12. pi. rajagopalachari (1896 - 1901)
13. el. lokk (1901 - 1902)
14. enh. pattabhiram rav (1902 - 1907)
15. e. ar. bainarji (1907 - 1914)
16. je. dablyoo. bhor (1914 - 1919)
17. ti. vijayaraghavachari (1919 - 1922)
18. pi. narayan menan (1922 - 1925)
19. ti. es. narayan ayyar (1925 - 1930)
20. si. ji. herabart (1930 - 1935)
21. ar. ke. shanmukham chetti (1935 - 1941)
22. eph. dabliyoo diksan (1941 - 1943)
23. sar jaanrj baang (1943 - 1944)
24. si. pi. karunakar menan (1944 - 1947).

karnal manro ne aise navin kary kie jinase kochchi nav ho gaya. ranadar nam se pulis sena ka gathan, eranakulam mean hazoor kachcheri (rajy sambandhi kachahari) ki sthapana adi parishkar ve laye. sanh 1821 mean gulamoan ke utpidan ke virodh ki ghoshana ki gee. unhoanne 'puttan' nam se naya sikka chalaya. shankar variyar ke kal mean gulam pratha samaptakar di gee (1884 mean). sanh 1845 mean jo elimentari skool sthapit hua tha vah bad mean maharaja k aaulej ban gaya.

sanh 1889 mean pratham kanya skool trishshoor mean sthapit hua. kochchi ka navinikaran kiya gaya. shoranoor se eranakuळm tak rel ka nirman, eranakulam mean chiph kort ki sthapana, kandesh़uttu (khet aur sthal ka vriksh samet vivaran ya ganana) ki poortti, lokasvasthy vibhag ka gathan, eranakulam shahar mean pey jal vitaran yojana ityadi ne milakar ke kochchi ka navinikaran kiya. sanh 1925 mean kechchi mean vidhan sabha sthapit huee. 18 joon 1938 ko haee kort ka udghatan hua.

malabar

malabar british madras rajy ke antargat ek zila tha. vahaan bhi tirukochchi ki jaisi unnati huee. british satta ne s dakoan tatha bagoan ke nirman mean dhyan diya. shiksha ke prachar-prasar mean bhi usane yog diya. sanh 1848 mean basal mishan ne kosh़ikkod ke kallayi mean jo prathamik pathashala kholi thi vahi age jakar malabar krischyan k aaulej bana. heraman gundert jaise eesaee dharmapracharakoan ne malayalam bhasha ki mahanh seva ki. madras nagar vikas niyam ke anusar sanh 1866, 1867 varshoan mean kosh़ikkod, talashsheri, kannoor, palakka d, phort kochchi adi munisipaliti bane. is prakar ke vikas karyoan ke chalate britishoan ka shoshan bhi zari tha. samantoan tatha unake sahayak british adhikariyoan ki nitiyaan sanh 1836 - 1853 kal mean eranad tatha valluvanad tahasiloan mean m aauppiळa musalamanoan ke dangoan ka karan banian. inaka samana karane ke lie sanh 1854 mean 'malabar vishesh pulis bal' ka gathan kiya gaya. 19 vian shatabdi ke aantim dashakoan mean mudranalayoan ka prachar-prasar, samachar patroan tatha vidyalayoan ka avirbhav, sahity ka vikas adi hua jo keral ko vishesh parivartan ki or le ge. 20 vian shatabdi ke praranbh mean janata mean rajanitik jagaran utpann hua. keral mean bhi rashtriy andolanoan ki laharean uthian.

keral rajy

keral ka jo vartaman svaroop hai usako nirmit karane vale tattvoan mean bharatiy svatantrata sangram tatha usaki prishthabhoomi ke roop mean kary kar rahe nav jagaran ke andolanoan ka prabal hath raha hai. nav keral ke nirman mean yog dene valoan ki lambi soochi milati haian - shri narayan guru, chattambi svami, ayyanakaळi, brahmanand shivayogi, vagabhatanand guru, vaikunth svami adi. vaise hi yadi dharmik sangathanoan, any sudharatmak andolanoan aur rajanitik daloan ka samoohik prayas evan shaikshik unnati n hoti to nav keral ka nirman sanbhav n hota. svatantrata ke pahale hi keral mean rajadhikar ke viruddh 'dayitvapoorn shasan' tatha samajik adhikar ke lie satyagrah hue. 1 julaee 1949 ko tiruvitaankoor tatha kochchi ko milakar tirukochchi rajy ka gathan kiya gaya. ti. ke. narayan piळhळai pratham mukhyamantri bane. rajy punargathan ke tahat 1949 mean tovala, agastishvaram, kalakkuळm, vilavanko d adi char dakshini tahasiloan ko tamilanadu (un dinoan madras rajy) mean milaya gaya. malabar zila tatha dakshini kenara zile ka kasarakod tahasil keral ke sath milaya gaya. is prakar 1956 mean vartaman keral bana tha.

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bahari k diyaan

• keral paryatan (adhikarik vebasait)