प्राचीन केरल

keral ka prachin itihas prachin yug se lekar kulashekhar samrajy ke samaptikal tak yane 12 vian shati tak mana gaya hai.

mahaprastar smarak

keral ke prachin itihas ke praman ke rup mean vibhinn sthanoan se khoj nikale patthar ke aujaroan ko le sakate haian, vibhinn sthanoan jaise vayanatu ke edakkal, tovari, itukki ke marayoor ke pas ke kutakkat namak vanakshetr, kollam zile ke tenmala ke pas ke chantaruni adi ki guphaean keral ke prachin lok jivan ke praman haian. is prakar ke prachin khandaharoan ke bad keral ke lok jivan ke bare mean jo praman prapt hote hai ve to mahaprastar smarak haian. in smarakoan ka yug eesa poorv 500 se eesvi sanh 300 tak mana jata hai.

mahaprastar se tatpary

mahaprastar se tatpary un kothariyoan ya stambhoan se hai jo bahut bade pattharoan se nirmit qabristan ya mritakoan ka smritichihn hai. dakshin bharat mean jo mahaprastar abhiyan hua tha vah pret pooja se sambandhit tha. mahaprastar smarak bhi vibhinn prakar ke haian jaise bhimakay patthar ki kothariyaan, payutarakkallu (rassi numa chattan) nadukkallukal (patthar ke stambh), kutakkallukal (chhatarinuma chattanean), toppikkallukal (topi numa chattanean) patthar - guphaean adi kee prakar ke mahaprastar smarak haian. vean to kee namoan se jane jate haian jaise - nadukkallu, toppikkallu, padakkallu, pulachchikkallu, paandikkush़i (purani qabr), nannannadi, patumakkattash़i adi. shav ko mitti se bane bahut bade patroan mean rakhakar gad diya jata tha. yah thik hai ki mahaprastar khandaharoan se prachin jivan ka chitr milata hai. parantu unhean sthayi adhivas ke vikas ka soochak nahian mana ja sakata.

videshi sanbandh

keral ka videshoan ke sath sambandh yugoan purana hai. yah sanbandh mukhyatah vyaparik tha. kintu yah sanbandh keral ki saanskritik prishthabhoomi ko roopayit karanean mean sahayak siddh hua. videshoan ke sath jo sambandh bana tha usase yahaan yahoodi, eesaee aur islam dharm prachalit hue.

keral ke masale

keral ke sugandhit masaloan ne videshiyoan ko is pradesh ki or akrisht kiya. eesa poorv 3000 se hi keral mean videshiyoan ka abagaman hota tha. sanskriti ko vikasit kiya tha. asiriya aur babilon ke nivasi bhi keral pahuanche the jinhoanne prachin sumeriyan (mesopottomiya duniya) sanskriti ko vikasit kiya tha ve ilayachi, lavang adi apane sath le ge. keral ke sath masaloan ka sarvapratham vyapar karane vale arab aur phinishya ke log the. samudr se yahaan prathamatah pahuanchane vale oman tatha pershyan khadi kshetr ke arab bhasha bhashi hoange. uttar bharat se hokar bhi keral ke masale madhy eshiya pahuanch ge. eesa poorv aantim sadiyoan mean gris aur roma keral ke sath vyapar karate the. diyosroradis jo prachin grik baidy the jisake 'metiriya medika' namak baidyak granth mean haldi, adarak, loang ityadi ke aushadhiy gunoan ka varnan hai.

eesa poorv pahali sadi mean roma ne jab misr par akraman kiya tab masale vyapar mean keral ke sath araboan ka ekadhikar toot gaya. unaki jagah roma a gaya. keral se prabhoot matra mean roma ke sikke prapt hue haian. eesvi sanh 45 mean jab misri navik hippalas ne bharatiy mahasamudr ki hava ki gativigatiyoan ko khoj liya tab keral ki or samudri yatra asan ho gee. kalimirch hi sabase badi kimati chiz thi jo keral se videshoan mean niryat ki jati thian.

keral ke sath vyapar sambandh rakhane vale doosare deshoan mean ek tha chin. ho sakata hai ki grik tatha roma ke potoan ke pahuanchane se pahale hi chini pot keral ke bandaragahoan mean pahuanche hoan. prachin chini sikke keral mean prapt hue haian. chini mitti ke bane bartanoan ke khandahar bhi mile haian. chinachchatti (chini phraee span) aur chinavala (chini jal jo machhali pakadane ke lie) ka prachar bhi chin ke sath rahe keral ke vyaparik sambandh ka praman hai.

purane bandaragah

purane samay mean keral ke pas bandaragah the jo keral ki navik parampara ko bhi soochit karate haian. un bandaragahoan ke karan videshi vyapar samriddh hota gaya. musaris (kodungalloor) tindis, barakke, nelakkinda adi prachin bandaragahoan ka varnan prachin yayavaroan ne kiya hai. musaris ko chhod doosare bandaragah kahaan-kahaan sthit the isaka sahi jnan itihasavidoan ko nahian hai. prachin bharat ke sarvapramukh bandaragahoan mean ek tha musaris. uparyukt bandaragahoan ke atirikt keral mean anek chhote-chhote bandaragah bhi purane keral mean banae ge hoange. bad mean kollam, kosh़ikkod, kochchi ityadi pramukh bandaragah bane.

sanghamayug

prakhyat itihasavidh e. shridhar menan ka vichar hai ki keral ka itihas eesa ki praranbhik paanch sadiyoan mean ban raha tha. yah vah yug hai jo tamil sahity mean sanghamakal nam se prasiddh hai. un dinoan keral tamilanadu ke antargat tha.

'pash़ntamish़ pattukळ' (purane tamilagit) nam se abhihit sangh sahity se is yug ke bare mean janakari milati hai. prayah sabhi itihasakar yah manate haian ki eesa poorv pahali shatabdi tatha eesvi sanh chhathi shatabdi ke bich ka kal sanghamakal hai. d aau. es. krishna svami ayyankar, nilakanth shastri, kanakasabha sheshayyar, pi. ke. gopal krishnan jaise itihasakar evan 'kaimabridj histri aauph indiya' ka abhimat hai ki eesvi sanh ki praranbhik tin sadiyaan hi sanghamakal hai. kintu e. shridharamenan ne praman dekar likha hai ki eesvi sanh ek se paanch tak ki sadiyaan hi sanghamakal hai aur ilankulan kunnan pillaee ke mat mean eesvi sanh 5 aur 6 shatabdiyaan hi yah yug hai. adhunik kalin itihas anusandhataoan ka mat hai ki sangham sahity evan mahaprastar smarak ek hi yug ka pratinidhitv karate haian.

sanghamakalin tamilakshetr ke shaktishali rajy the tondaimandalamh, cholamh, paandyam, cheramh, koangunatu jinamean se cheranatu bad mean keralam kahalane laga. rajadhani ka nam vanchi tha. sanghamakalin keral ke pramukh raja the dakshin kshetr ke ayavansh ke raja esh़imala (poosh़inatu) ko rajadhani banaye nannavansh ke shasak aur donoan ke bich ke kshetr ke shasak aur cheravansh ke shasak.

sanghamakalin rachanaoan se tadyugin keral ki samajik, saanskritik aur arthirk dashaoan ka vistrit vivaran milata hai. samaj vibhinn kabiloan se bane vibhinn vargoan mean banta hua tha. parivar hi samajik jivan ka mool tha. samajik samasyaoan ka samadhan manram dvara hota tha jo gram mukhiyoan se gathit tha. kee itihasakaroan ke anusar yah aisa sankranti kal tha jisamean shasan vyavastha kabiloan se chalakar rajaoan ke hath mean a gee.

krishi pradhan arthik vyavastha

keral mean sanghamakal mean hi krishi pradhan arthik vyavastha ka uday hona shuroo hua tha. zamin ko paanch tina (bhoobhag) mean baanta gaya tha. pahala pahadi kshetr tha jisaka nam kuri़nni tina kshetr tha jahaan kuravar, kanavar adi gotr varg ke log rahate the. doosara pal tina nam se jana jata tha jo marusthal jaisa mitti ka jangal tha jahaan maravar, vetar adi rahate the. tisara mullatina kahalata tha jo vanasthal tha jahaan charavahe aur ayar rahate the. maruta kshetr namak gramaanchal mean ushavar (khetihar kisan) rahate the. samudratatiy kshetr ko neyatal kaha jata tha jahaan rahane vale the paratavar, nulaiyar aur alavar. krishi ke sath - sath vyapar bhi lahalaha utha. musiris (muyiri), naura, tindis, nelkinda, bakare, kottanara adi sanghamakalin keral ke pramukh bandaragah the. akanannoor namak sanghamakalin gitoan mean bataya gaya hai ki yavanoan ke bade-bade jahaz chulli (periyar) ki laharoan ko chirate hue muyiri namak shaharoan mean pahuanchate the aur svarn dekar kalimirch kharidate the. muyiri namak musiris kodunnalloor ka hi doosara nam hai.

janajivan

krishi aur vyapar mean unnati huee. phalatah keralavasi harsh़ollas tatha samriddhi ka anubhav karate the. (patittippattu 6) samaj mean ek uchch varg ka uday hua jo melor kahalata tha. is varg mean ushavar (khetihar kisan), chantor (madyotpadak) aur vanikh (vyapari) tinoan vibhag sammilit the. ushavar ke pas adhikaansh sampatti thi. chooanki nar-nari donoan sharab pite the isalie chantor ki zimmedari hoti thi unaki suraksha ki vyavastha karana (chantor merammair patittu VI, 8 raja). pulavar, paravar, panar, porunar adi ka samaj mean sammanit pad tha. vinaijhar (shramik) aur atiyor (das) vibhagoan ko nimn varg mana jata tha jo kish़or nam se jana jata tha. kintu vibhinn vargoan ke bich bina bhedabhav ke vivah sambandh hota tha. sanghamakal mean jati pratha nahian thi jo brahmanoan ke agaman ke bad unake prabhav se utpann huee.

vivah riti

kalav aur karp nam se vivah ki do ritiyaan prachalit huee thian. prem vivah ko hi kalav kahalata tha. karp aisa vivah tha jisamean rasm-rivazean hoti thian. kaha jata hai ki kalav se karp ki or jo parivartan hua vah matrisattatmak kram se pitrisattatmak kram ki or hue samajik parivartan ki parinati hai. sadharanatah ladakiyaan tash़yuta (ketaki ki pattiyoan se bana kapada) pahanati hai. yah nochchi phooloan (ek tarah ka phool) aur ambal (kumudini) ke phooloan se bana kapada hai jise ladakiyaan kamar mean pahanati haian. vivahit nariyaan rooee ya resham se bane kapade pahanati haian. ve kamar ke oopar ka bhag khula chhodati thian. chilamb (noopur), phoolamala, moti mala, pulippal tali (badhandatoan se bani mala), kangan, tota (ek tarah ka karnaphool) ityadi abhooshan pahanati thian. purush chhati mean chandan lagakar rooee ya resham ke vastr pahanate the. yuddh ke lie jane vale purush kas ke phool pahanate the. poorvajoan ko (nadukallu) eeshvar the. isake atirikt ushavar vendan (indr) ki, mayon vishnu ki, paratavar varun ki, kuravar cheyon (murugan) ki, maravar kottavai devi ki pooja archana karate the. sanghamakalin rachanaoan mean shiv, yam, balaram adi ka bhi varnan milata hai. sanghamakal mean dharm vishvas mean koee kram nahian tha.

adicher

adicher nam se prakhyat cheranat ke pramukh cher raja the - utiyan cheral atan, netum cheral atan, palayanai chel kesh़ukuttuvan, naramuti cheral, velakesh़ukuttuvan, adukoth patt cheral atan, chelavakutumh kovashi atan, perum cheral irumporai, ilam cheral irumporai ityadi.

ay rajavansh

dakshin keral ke ay shasakoan ke avirbhav ke bare mean koee santo़shajanak praman nahian hai. sanghamakalin pramukh ay raja the antiran, titiyan, atiyan. inake bare mean sanghamakalin sahity mean zikr hai. eesa ki 8 vian shati ke bad karunantan, karunantanatakkan, vikramadity varagunan adi shasak ay rajavansh mean paida hue. vikramadity varagunan ke pashchath ay rajavansh ki prithakh pahachan kho gee. bad mean ay rajavansh mit gaya.

kulashekhar samrajy

sanghamakal ke pashchath eesvi sanh nauvian shati tak ke keral ka pramanik itihas likhane mean itihasakar asaphal hue. yah jo tin sau varshoan ka kalakhand hai use lambi rat nam se abhihit kiya jata hai kyoanki is kal ke samajik jivan aur rajanitik gatividhiyoan ya saanskritik vikas ka koee spasht chitr upalabdh nahian hai. lagabhag sanh athavian shati mean us lambi rat ko samapt karate hue kulashekhar namak rajoan ke adhishatv mean ek cher samrajy ka uday ho gaya. yah samrajy, jise itihasakar doosara cherasamrajy, kulashekhar samrajy adi namoan se abhihit karate the, 12 vian sadi tak qayam raha. sanh 800 - 1102 tak ka kalakhand kulashekharakal mana jata hai.

kulashekhar samrajy ne adhunik keral ki nianv dali. kulashekhar rajaoan ki rajadhani mahodayapuram thi jisake sambandh mean am dharana hai ki vah vartaman kalin kotuangalloor aur tiruvanchikkulam kshetroan ke antargat tha. is prachin samrajy ka terah samratoan ne shasan chakr chalaya -

1. kulashekhar alavar (800 - 820)
2. rajashekhar varma (820 - 844)
3. sthanu ravivarma (844 - 885)
4. ramavarma kulashekharan (885 - 917)
5. godaravivarma (917 - 944)
6. indukkota varma (944 - 962)
7. bhaskara ravivarma pratham (962 - 1019)
8. bhaskara ravivarma (1019 - 1021)
9. virakerळn (1022 - 1028)
10. rajasianhan (1028 - 1043)
11. bhaskara ravivarma tritiy (1043 - 1082)
12. ravi ramavarma (1082 - 1090)
13. ramavarma kulashekharan (1090 - 1102).

chol rajaoan ke abhiyan ne dvitiy cherasamrajy ko dhvast kar diya. kaha jata hai ki kulottu namak chol samrat ke sainikoan ne rajadhani mahodayapuram ko jala dala. janashruti hai ki aantim cher samrat (cheraman perumal) ne rajy ko baantakar bahutoan ko diya aur islam dharm me diksha lekar arab desh ge. prastut ghatana ko pramanit karane vala samakalin koee praman ya likhit samagri nahian milati. vaise hi prachin athava madhyayug ke kisi yayavar ne apane yatravritt mean uparyukt ghatana ka ullekh nahian kiya hai.

kulashekhar kalin keral

kulashekhar shasan kal ki nauvian aur dasavian shatiyaan keraliy itihas ka suvarn kal mana jata hai. kulashekhar shasakoan ne shasan ko sucharu roop se chalane ke lie apane samrajy ko kee chhote - chhote kshetroan mean vibhajit kar diya. kshetroan ko pradeshoan mean baanta. pradesh ki sabase chhoti ikaee ko 'kara' kahalata tha. kee prakar ke kar vasool kie jate the jo 'patavaram' nam se jana jata tha. vanijy, vijnan, kala, sahity adi vibhinn kshetroan mean keral ne pragati ki. mahodayapuram mean jyotishavid shankar narayanan ke netritv mean ek planetoriyam sthapit ho gaya tha. kantalloor, kollam, vishinnam, kotuangalloor ityadi bandaragah kulashekhar kalin videsh vyapar kendr the. sarvadhik vyapar chin ke sath hi hota tha. suleman, masood adi arab yatriyoan ne uparyukt batoan ka ullekh kiya hai. vyapariyoan ke sangathan hote the. sarv- pramukh vanijy sangathan the - a़nchuvannamh, manigramamh, valanchiyar, nanadeshikal.

bhasha aur sahity

prithakh bhasha ke roop mean malayalam ka uday aur vikas kulashekhar kal mean hua. malayalam bhasha ke udgam ke sambandh mean am vishvas yah hai ki us yug mean keral mean prachalit kotum tamil (shuddh tamil) namak bhasha bhed se malayalam utpann huee. chooanki kulashekhar kal mean hi malayalam bhasha ki utpatti huee thi isalie us kal mean koee sahity nirman nahian hua. keral ke lekhak tamil aur sanskrit mean likhate the. bataya jata hai ki kulashekhar alavar namak pratham kulashekhar raja ne 'perumal tirumoshi' namak tamil granth tatha 'mukundamala' namak sanskrit kavy ki rachana ki. katipay itihasakaroan ka kahana hai ki 'tapatisamvaranamh', 'subhadradhananjayamh', 'vichchhinnabhishekam' adi sanskrit natak tatha ashcharyamanjari nam ke gady granth ka rachayita koee kulashekhar raja tha. 'yudhishthir vijay' namak sanskrit mahakavy ka rachayita vasudevan kulashekhar-kal ka kavi tha.

anek darshanik evan vaijnanik granth bhi likhe ge. kulashekhar kal mean srijak sahityakaroan ki lambi kadi milati hai - advaitavadi shankarachary, kavi tolan, 'ashcharyachoodamani' namak natak ke rachayita shakti bhadran, 'shankar narayaniyam' namak jyotish granth ke lekhak shankaranarayanan, 'chilappatikaramh' ke lekhak ilamko atikal adi anek pratibhashali srijak kalakar kulashekhar kalin keral ke prakash stambh the.

dharm

prachin keral mean jo dharm prachalit tha vah dravid achar anushthan tha aur usamean sangathit dharm ki koee visheshata nahian thi. ve kuladaivoan, prakritik shaktiyoan aur kottavai namak yuddh devata ki upasana karate the. mare hue logoan ki pooja karane ki riti bhi chal padi thi. eesvi sanh pahali shatabdi se poorv bahar se ae jain, bauddh evan brahman dharm yahaan pahuanch ge. shatabdiyaan bitane par un dharmoan ne dravid acharoan ko samapt kar keral mean apani sikka jama di. eesa poorv tisari shatabdi mean keral mean pahuanche jain, bauddh dharmoan ne keral par apana adhipaty jamaya. tadanantar keral mean brahman log pahuanche jo aryavanshaj the. kintu brahmanoan ka poorvadhik shaktishali agaman ee. sanh 8 vian shati mean hua. parinamat hindoo dharm jam gaya. jis brahman hindoo dharm ne jain - bauddh dharmoan ke prabhav ko vinasht kiya tha vah dravid vicharoan evan devataoan ko atmasat kar pala - badha.

hindoo dharm ka vikas

samrat kulashekhar ke rajy kal mean hindoo dharm ka abhootapoorv vikas hua. shankarachary (788 - 820) ke prayas ne hindoo dharm ko keral mean hi nahian bharat bhar mean navonmesh tatha sangathit svaroop pradan kiya. shankarachary ne apani kritiyoan ke dvara bharatiy darshat ko mahanh yog diya. hindoo dharm ke vikas ka svabhavik parinam tha mandiroan ka nirman. ee. sanh nauvian shati se asankhy mandir nirmit hue. dravid eeshvaroan mean anek hindoo eeshvar banaye ge. tatpashchath mandir ke shasan ke lie samitiyaan banian. moosh़ikkulam kachcham jisamean mandir ke shasan ke lie avashyak niyam banaye ge haian. moosh़ikkulam kachcham se tatpary vah sthan hai jahaan sarvajanik baithak huee aur jo eranakulam ke paravoor ke pas sthit moosh़ikkulam mean tha jahaan kshetriy prashasak aur mandir ke prashasak ek sath bhag lete the. asankhy doosare kachcham bhi haian. un dinoan jo rajadesh nikale unamean kachchamoan aur mandiroan ke bare mean anamol soochanaean pradan ki gee haian.

dharm aur mandir ne kala tatha jnan prasaran ko badhav diya. koottu, kootiyattam adi kalaroopoan ka avirbhav 9 vian sadi mean hua. shilp kala evan vastukala ka bhi vikas hua. kulashekhar kalin keral mean anek vidya kendr khule jinamean moosh़ikkulam shala, tiruvalla shala prasiddh haian. mandir mean vedapath hua karata tha aur dharmik sanhitaoan par parikshaean bhi hoti thian. 'katavalloor anyonyamh' ek adarsh sanstha thi jahaan rrigved vaidagdhy ki pariksha li jati thi. yadyapi bauddh evan jain dharm pichhad ge the yathapi yahoodi tatha eesaee dharmoan ko kulashekhar kal mean anek adhikar prapt hue the.

yugant

chol rajaoan evan kulashekhar rajaoan ke bich jo yuddh hua tha usase antatah kulashekhar samrajy ka hi patan hua tha. prastut yuddhoan se keral ke nampootiri brahmanoan ki shakti badhi. mandiroan ko mili vipul sampatti ke adhishadhikar prapt brahmanoan ki arthik sthiti bahut hi unnat ho gee. brahman varg arthik shakti ka kendr ho gaya. isi kal mean saanmati vyavastha ka uday hua tatha 'makkattayam' (sanpatti par santanoan ka adhikar - pitrisattatmak uttaradhikar) ka ast evan 'marumakkattayam' (mama ko sampatti par adhikar) prapt ho gaya. doosare shabdoan mean pitrisattatmak arth-vyavastha ke sthan par matri sattatmak arth-vyavastha ka udgam bhi is kal mean hua. brahmanoan ka adhishatv jab badh gaya tab ve samajik sambandh evan rajanitik dridhata toot gee jo kulashekhar samrajy ko qayam rakhe hue thi.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

bahari k diyaan

• keral paryatan (adhikarik vebasait)