मध्यकालीन केरल

keral ka itihas kulashekhar samrajy ke patan kal yane 12 vian shati eesvi se lekar yooropiy aupaniveshik sattaoan ke adhipaty jamane ke kal, yane 17 vian shati tak ke kal mean madhyakal nam se jana jata hai. is kal mean keral jo anek riyasatoan mean banta hua tha pashchim ke adhin ho gaya. is avadhi mean keral ke samajik evan saanskritik kshetroan mean bhi kafi mahattvapoorn parivartan evan vikas hua. chol rajy ke viruddh kulashekhar samrajy ka yuddh hua. yah yuddh kulashekhar samrajy ke patan ka karan bana. keral anek riyasatoan mean bant gaya, un riyasatoan ke nam haian -

venad, elayitattu svaroopamh, attingal, deshianganadu (kollam), karunagappalli, kartikapalli, kayamakulam (otanadu), parakkat (chempakashsheri), pantalam, tekkumakoor, vatakkumakoor, poonnar, karappuram (cherttala), eranakulam pradesh (jo kaimaloan ke adhin tha), itappalli, kochchi, paravoor, kodungalloor, ayiroor, talappilli, vळhळuvanad, palakkad, kollankod, kavalappara, vettattunad, parappanad, kurumpuranat (kurumparanat), kosh़ikkod, katattanad, kolattunad (vadakkan kottayam), kurungod, randutara, ali raja ka kannoor, nileshvaram, kumbala adi. inamean se sarvadhik shaktishali riyasatoan thian -

1. venad
2. kochchi
3. koshikkod
4. lattunad

shasan ka adhikar bhi uparyukt charoan riyasatoan ko hi prapt tha. shesh riyasatoan ke shasak ya to unake ashrit the ya chhote samanti the jo matambi kahalate the. ve kshatriy, brahman aur nayar the. unhian mean se ek tha kannoor ka arakkal rajavansh jo musalamani tha.

samajik evan rajanitik sthiti

madhyakal mean keral ka samajik evan rajanitik chitr naya bana. 18 vian shati mean jab keral par britishoan ka sikka jama tab madhy yug ka aant ho gaya. 16 vian 17 vian shatiyaan hi madhyayug ka pramukh kalakhand tha. us samay ki samajik sanrachana samanti shasan vyavastha par bani huee thi. yadyapi desh ka adhikar samantoan ke hath mean tha tathapi shasan ki bagador nayar matambiyoan ke hath mean thi. unake pas apane niji sainik the. us samajik vyavastha ke abhinn aang the. hathiyaroan ke prayog ke lie prashikshan dene vala kalarikal, aankam namak dvandvayuddh, poyt namak niji yuddh jo vyaktiyoan athava pradeshoan ke bich hota tha, kutippaka yane pidhiyoan se chalane vali badale ki bhavana. uttar keral mean prachalit 'vadakkan pattukal' namak lokagitoan mean is sab ka varnan milata hai.

nyay vyavastha

nyay palan ki koee vyavastha ya vidhi sambandhi koee likhit samagri nahian thi. brahmanoan ko prayah aparadh karane par bhi dand se chhutakara di jati thi. aparadh ko pramanit karane ke lie 'saty pariksha' chalaee jati thi. aropit vyakti ko ubale tel mean hath dubokar saty siddh karana hota tha. hath jal gaya to vah aparadhi thahara. is prakar ubale tel mean hath dalavane ki pariksha ki vyavastha katipay mandiroan mean ki gee thi jinamean shuchindram, ettumanoor, tiruvalayanatu aur chengannoor ke mandir ate haian.

prathaean

matrisattatmak day pratha ka pradhany tha. jati vyavastha ka mahatv sarvadhik tha. jnan aur adhikar brahmanoan ki bapauti thi. nayanmar prabhavashali varg tha jo sankhya mean aur sainik shakti mean age tha. madhy yugin keraliy samaj mean asprishyata drishti mean padate hi apavitr hone ki bhavana ityadi kuritiyaan aur samajik bhed bhavana bhi zoroan par chal rahi thian. das pratha bhi prachalit thi. doosare durachar the pulappeti, mannattippeti adi. musalaman aur eesaee donoan ka samaj mean ooancha sthan tha. hindoo itar dharmavalambiyoan mean malabar mean musalaman pramukh the to dakshin keral mean eesaee log.

jis madhyakal mean samajik anachar, bhishan bhedabhav evan brahmanoan ka adhishatv kayam tha us kichad bhari dharati se sanskriti ke sundar suman khil uthe. jyotish, ganit adi vaijnanik kshetroan mean navonmesh hua. sangam gramamadhavan, vadashsheri parameshvaranh adi mahanh ganitajn is kal mean hue. isi kal mean hi malayalam sahity ki adhar shila rakhi gee. malayalam ka adi kavy ramacharitam ke kavi chiraman, kannashsh kavi se lekar tunchattu esh़uttachchan tak ke kavi is kal mean jivit rahe the.

venad

madhyakalin keral ka sabase adhik shaktishali rajy tha venad. kulashekhar samrajy ki dakshini sima par sthit venat 9 vian shatabdi mean tiruvanantapuram aur kollam ke bich ka chhota - sa ilaka rah gaya. tiruvanantapuram se dakshin ki or jo bhoobhag tha vah ay rajy ke antargat tha. 12 vian shati mean venad ko svatantr rajy ka pad mila. raja ko chiravamooppan kahalata tha aur yuv raj ko trippappoor mooppan kahalata tha. kollam ke panankav namak sthan chiravamooppan ka kendr tha. tiruvanantapuram ke samipavarti trippappoor ko kendr sthan banakar yuvaraj ne shri padmanabh svami mandir samet sabhi mandiroan ka shasan sanbhala tha. vishvas kiya jata hai ki venad ka pratham shasak ayyanadikal tiruvatikal tha. usane kollam ke tarisa girajaghar ka 849 ee. mean jo 'cheppet' (tamralekh) likh diya tha vah 'tarisapalli chepped' nam se prasiddh hai. venad ke prarambh kalin shasakoan ki bahut kam janakari hi mili hai. ayyanatikal ke pashchath shri vallabhanh kota, govarddhan marttandan adi shasak bane. yuddh mean chol sainikoan ne jab rajadhani mahodayapuram jala dala tab ramavarma kulashekharanh namak kulashekhar samrat ne unaka samana karane ke lie kollam mean dera dala. jab chol sainik hat ge tab usane vahaan adhivas kiya aur isalie unhean venad rajavansh ka sansthapak mana ja sakata hai, aisa katipay itihasakar manate haian. pahale venat tatha bad mean tiruvitaankoor ke rajaoan ne kulashekhar perumal padanam svikar kiya tha. venad rajaoan ki age ki parampara is prakar thi -

1. kota varma (1102 - 1125)
2. kota keral varma athava vir keral varma (1125 - 1155)
3. vir ravi varma (1155 - 1165)
4. adity varma (1165 - 1175)
5. uday marttand varma (1175 - 1195)
6. vir ram varma (1195 - 1205)
7. vir ram keral varma athava devadharan keral varma (1205 - 1215)
8. ravi keral varma (1215 - 1240)
9. padmanabh martand varma (1240 - 1253)
10. ravi varma kulashekharanh (1299 - 1314).

uparyukt rajaoan ki rajadhani kollam thi. us yug mean kollam bahut hi vyast bandaragah tha. ravi varma kulashekharan ke shasan kal mean venad ka abhootapoorn vikas hua. usake samay tak raj-parampara pitrisattatmak pranali ke anusar thi. ravi varma kulashekharan ke bad raj-parampara matri sattatmak ho gee. is parampara mean satta mean ae pratham shasak the vir uday marttand varma (1314 - 1344). is rajavansh ke shasakoan ke nam haian -

1. kunnummel vir keral varma tiruvati (1344 - 1350)
2. iravi iravi varma (1350 - 1383)
3. adity varma sarvagannathan (1376 - 1388)
4. cheruday marttand varma (1383 - 1444)
5. ravi varma (1444 - 1458)
6. viraram marttand varma kulashekharanh (1458 - 1469)
7. kota adity varma (1469 - 1484)
8. ravi ravi varma (1484 - 1512)
9. ravi keral varma (1512 - 1514)
10. jayasianh keral varma (1514 - 1516)
11. bhootal vir uday marttand varma (1516 - 1536)
12. bhootalavir ravi varma
13. shri vir ravi varma
14. adity varma (tinoan ka shasan kal ajnat hai)
15. shri vir keral varma (1544 - 1545)
16. ravi varma (1545 - 1556)
17. unni keral varma
18. shri vir uday martand varma
19. shri vir ravi varma
20. adity varma
21. ramavarma
22. ravi varma (1611 - 1863) ityadi.

is parampara ke raja ravi varma (1611 - 1663) ke rajyakal mean tamilanadu ke madhura ke shasak tirumala nayakkan ne venad par akraman kiya. venad ke nanchinad bhoobhag par unhoanne akraman kiya tha jo in dinoan tamilanadu ka bhag hai. 'iravikkuttippillapporu' namak 'tekkanapattu' (dakshini lokagit) prasiddh hai jisamean 'iravikkuttippillai' namak venad ke vir raja ki prashasti katha hai jisane madhura ke sainikoan ke viruddh yuddh kar vir mrityu prapt ki thi. ravi varma ke kal mean british eest indiya kampani ne vish़innam mean ek vyaparik sanstha ki sthapana ki.

ravi varma ke bad jo ravi varma (1663 - 1672) or adity varma (1672 - 1677) shasak bane ve atyant durbal the. shri padmanabhasvami mandir ke shasak ettarayogam or in rajaoan ke bich matabhed utpann hua. mandir ke svamitv mean jo bhoomi hai usake kar vasool karane ka kam ettarayogam ne asht dishaoan ke ath nayar matambiyoan (ettuvittil pillamar) ko saianp diya. ettarayogam jisako dharmik adhikar prapt tha aur ettuvitar jisako rajanitik adhikar prapt tha, ne milakar ke raja ko kadi chunauti di. rajy grihayuddh ke kagar par pahuanch gaya. us samay venad ki rajadhani kalakkuळm thi jo aj tamiळnadu ke antargat hai. ravi varma balak hone ke karan unaki chhoti maan umayamma rani ne 1677 - 1684 tak shasan kiya. is samay ek sahasi mugal saradar (mukilanh) ne venad ke dakshini kshetroan par akraman kiya. mugal saradar ne jab tiruvanantapuram ko adhin kar liya tab rani ne nedumangad rajamahal mean sharan li. is samay vadakkan kottayam ke keral varma ne sahayata pahuanchaee. rani ne use iraniyal rajakumar ki haisiyat se venad ka dattak putr banakar rajy ki or se usaki sahayata ko manyata pradan ki. tiruvattar mean jo yuddh hua usamean keral varma ne mugal saradar ka vadh kiya. tadanantar keral varma rani umayamma ka paramarshadata bana. usaki nitiyoan se nayar samuday ke log rusht hue. 1696 mean unhoanne shadyantr rachakar keral varma ko mar dala. venad mean keralavarma ne hi pulappeti aur mannappeti jaisi kuritiyaan band kar di thian.

umayamma rani ke bad jinhoanne shasan kiya ve the ravi varma (1684 - 1718), adity varma (1718 - 1721) aur ram varma (1721 - 1729), madhura ke nayakkar vansh ke rajaoan ke akraman se venad shithil ho gaya. 1697 mean madhura sainikoan ne venad ko buri tarah haraya. usane venad par kee bandhan dale, kee niyam thop die. nanchinad ke krishakoan ko isaka sara dushparinam bhugatana pada. kar vasool karane vale adhikariyoan ne bhoomihin krishakoan ka khoon hi choos liya. ramavarma ke shasanakal mean adhikari aur bhoomihin krishakoan ke bich anek bar ladaiyaan hueean. ettarayogam aur ettuvittil pillai donoan raja ke viruddh ho ge. apane adhikar ko banaye rakhane ke lie raja ne british eest iandiya kampani (1723) se tatha madhura ke nayakkaroan (1726) se samajhaita kar liya. bad mean marttand varma dvara adhikar grahan karane tatha tiruvitaankoor ke banane mean ye ghatanaean karan banian.

kochchi rajy

madhyakalin keral ke shaktishali rajyoan mean ek tha kochchi. kulashekhar samrajy ke patan ke bad jo shaktishali riyasatean banian thian ve thian kochchi, venad, kosh़ikkod aur kolattunad. kochchi rajavansh perumpatappu svaroopam nam se jana jata tha. janashruti hai ki is vansh ka uday maan ki taraph se mahodayapuram ke kulashekharoan se hua hai. perumpatappu svaroopam ka kendr 13 vian shatabdi tak vanneri tha jo malappuram zila ke perumpatappu panchayat ke antargat tha. isi shatabdi ke aant mean jab kosh़ikkod ke zamorin (samootiri) ne vळhळuvanad par akraman kiya tab unhoanne mahodayapuram ko apana vasasthan banaya 14 vian shati mean kochchi kendr bana. 15 vian shati mean perumpatappu vansh paanch upavansh (jo mata ki taraph se ) mean baanta. (jo mootta tavash़i, iळy tavash़i, pallurutti tavash़i, matattunkal athava muringoor tavash़i aur chash़oor tavash़i kahalate the) in paanchoan mean se jo sabase vayask the ve raja banate the, yahi niyam tha. yah rajavanshoan ke bich phoot ka karan bana. 1418 mean jab vasko d gama pahuancha tab purtagali vyapar ke uddeshy se kochchi mean ae. us samay inake bich atyant ghor grihakalah chhi da hua tha.

pedro alavaras qabral (Pedro Alvarez Cabral) namak purtagali kaptan jab kochchi pahuancha tab kochchi ka raja unniram koyil pratham tha. usane purtagaliyoan ko vyapar ki suvidha di. usake pashchath unniram koyil dvitiy (1503 - 1537), vir keral varma (1537 - 1565) keshavaram varma (1566 - 1601) shasak bane. keshav ram varma ka shasan uttam raha. is kal mean yahoodiyoan ne kochchi ko apana vasasthan banaya. is kal mean raja ne gau d sarasvat brahmanoan ko mattancheri mean tirumala mandir ke nirman ke lie kar maph kar ke zamin pradan ki. ram varma ke darabari kavi keshav the 'rajaratnavaliyamh', 'champoo aur naishadh champoo' ke rachayita mash़mangalam narayanan nampootiri, 'ram varma vilasam' aur 'ratnakedayamh' kavyoan ke rachayita balakavi. is kal ki jo ghatana keral ke eesaee dharm ke itihas mean dooragami parinam ka karan bani vah hai udayamaperoor sunahados (1599) ki prastuti. vriddhavastha mean raja ne kashi ki yatra ki aur vah vahian divangat ho gaya. tatpashchath vir keral varma (1601 - 1615), ravi varma (1615 - 1624), vir keral varma (1624 - 1637), godavarma (1637 - 1645), vir rayira varma (1645 - 1646), vir keral varma (1646 - 1650) aur ram varma (1650 - 1656). shasak rahe. ram varma ke bad rani gangadharalakshmi (1656 - 1658) ne shasan kiya. kochchi rajy ke itihas mean rani gangadhar lakshmi ekamatr rani thi jisane rajy ka shasan kiya. tadanantar vettattunad (vartaman ponnani, tirur tahasiloan mean vyapt purani riyasat) se dattak liya gaya. ramavarma (1658 - 1662), raja bana. 1668 ke pharavari mean mattancheri mean jo yuddh hua usamean vah mara gaya. yadyapi godavarma jise vettattunad se hi dattak liya gaya (1662 - 1663) raja bana tha tathapi use dachoan ne adhikar se nikal diya.

dachoan ne godavarma ko harakar vir keral varma (1663 - 1687) ko gaddi par bithaya. is prakar dach eest indiya kampani kochchi ke shasan tantr mean pradhanamantri hua karate the. mee 1678 mean ek samajhaute ke anusar shasanadhikar dachoan ne apane hath mean le liya. yah vivad kis rajaparivar se kis tavash़i (pitri - parivar) se dattak lena hai kosh़ikkod samootiri aur dachoan ke bich ka vyapar sambandh adi ne samasyaean utpann kian. ramavarma (1687 - 1693), ravi varma (1693 - 1697), ram varma (1697 - 1701) adi rajaoan ke shasanakal mean ye samasyaean jvalant rahian.

raja ram varma

raja ram varma (1710 - 1722) ke rajyakal mean samootiri ne kochchi par akraman kiya. yadyapi 1710 mean sandhi karake yuddh ko samapt kar diya tha to bhi 1715 mean punah akraman hua. 1717 mean huee sandhi ke anusar yuddh samapt hua. yuddh se rajy durbal ho gaya. jo nayar matambi the ve shaktishali bane. ram varma (1731 - 1746), keral varma (1746 - 1749), ramavarma (1749 - 1760) adi rajaoan ke rajyakal mean samasya jatilatar ho gee. 'chhota-bada' ke vivad ne samasya ko kathin banaya.

raja keral varma

raja keral varma (1760 - 1775) ne tiruvitaankur ke sath achchha sanbandh sthapit kiya. jab samootiri ka akraman hua tha tab tiruvitaankoor ke sainik kochchi ki madad karane pahuanch ge the. 1764 mean jab tiruvitaankoor sainik pichhe hate tab pratidan ke roop mean alangad aur paravoor jo kochchi ka bhag tha, tiruvitaankoor ko diya gaya. 1776 mean maisoor sena ne trishshoor par kabza kar liya jo kochchi ka bhag tha aur keral varma ko 'kappam' (kisi rajy ki prabhuta ko manakar doosara rajy jo 'kar' usako diya jata hai vah) dene ke lie majaboor kar diya.

ram varma

ram varma (1775 - 1790) durbal shasak tha. atah shasan ka adhikar parivar ke rajakumar jis ka nam bhi ram varma tha, ne sanbhala. tiruvitaankoor aur dach eest indiya kanpani ke nirdeshanusar hi aisa hua tha. ram varma jisaki umr keval bis varsh ki thi bad mean shaktan tampooran nam se prasiddh ho gaya. yadyapi usane 1769 se hi shasan karana shuroo kiya tha to bhi 1790 mean hi use raj pad mila tha.

kochchi ke shasakoan mean sarvashreshth tha shaktan tampuran. usane nayar matambiyoan ko niyantrit kar adhikar apane hath mean rakha. usake shasan mean kochchi pragati pa saka. usane kochchi ko vyapar kendr banane ke lie avashyak kadam uthaya. shaktan tampuran ne brahman purohitoan ke adhishatv par rok laga di. usane laitin kathalik ki badi sahayata ki. trishshoor ke vadakkumanath mandir, perumanam (peruvanam) mandir aur tiruvilvamala mandir ko sarakar ke adhin kar liya gaya. iringalakuda koodalamanikyan mandir, jo tipoo sulatan ke akraman kal mean dhvast ho gaya tha, punaruddhar kar diya gaya. tiruvanchikkulam mandir ka punarniman karaya gaya. shaktan tampuran ne hi trishshoor pooram ka aranbh kiya tha.

kosh़ikkod rajy

kosh़ikkod madhy kalin keral ke sabase bade rajyoan mean ek tha. samootiri nam se kosh़ikkod ke raja jane jate the. sanh 1498 mean purtagali navik vasko d gama kosh़ikko d ke pas kappad mean jahaz se utara. yah samootiri ka shasan kal tha. is ghatana se bharat mean dirghakalin yooropiy shasan ka shriganesh hua. keraliy sanskriti ko kosh़ikkod aur samootiri ki den mahattvapoorn hai. eesa ki terahavian shatabdi se hi kosh़ikkod shaktishali rajy ke roop mean vikasit hua. kulashekhar samrajy kal mean kosh़ikkod aur samipavarti pradesh polanad ka bhag tha jis par poralatiriyoan ka shasan chal raha tha. us yug mean malappuram zila ke antargat netiyiruppu ke eradi logoan ne samudr vyapar par qabza karane ke lie poralatiriyoan ke sath kee bar ladaeeyaan ladian. eradiyoan ne polanad par adhikar jama kar netiyirupp chho dakar kosh़ikkod ko apana kendr banaya. netiyiruppu se kosh़ikkod ke is sambandh ka parinam tha ki kosh़ikkod rajavansh ko netiyiruppu svaroopam nam mila. 14 vian shatabdi tak kosh़ikkod prabal rajy ban chuka tha. kosh़ikkod bandaragah ke vikas se samootiriyoan ke shasan ko bal mila. kosh़ikkod se videshoan mean masale v kapade ki niryat hoti thi. videshi jahaz abadh roop mean kosh़ikkod a jate the. arab v chini log hi vaideshik vyapariyoan mean pramukh the. vyaparoan ka ekadhikar araboan ko prapt tha. is vyaparik sambandh ne kosh़ikkod ko arthik v sainik kshetr mean unnat banaya.

mamankam

beppoor, parappanad, vettattunad, kurumbranad adi p dosi rajyoan ko samootiriyoan ne apane adhin kar liya. par valluvanad ke raja (valluvakkonatiri) ne samootiri ke adhishatv ko manyata nahian di. bharatappush़a namak nadi ke tat par sthit tirunavaya mean ayojit mahotsav mamankam (maghamakamh) ka adhyaksh pad valluvanatt raja ko hi prapt tha. prastut pad jisaka rajanitik mahatv tha, prapt karane ke lie samootiri ne valluvanad par dhava bola. panniyoor aur chovvara namak nambootiri gramoan ke bich jo daliy pratiyogita chal rahi thi usamean samootiri ne valluvanad ko sath dekar panniyoor ka samana kiya. valluvakkonatiri ne panniyoor ka paksh grahan kiya. samootiri ne valluvanad ko parast kar mamankam ka adhyakshapad (sanrakshak pad) le liya. tatpashchath samootiri ne talippilli razavade ko (jo ki aj ke trishshoor zile mean hai) adhin kar liya. tadanantar samootiri ne kochchi rajy mean hue vay sambandhi 'chhota- bada' ke vivad mean hastakshep kar kee bar abhiyan chalaya. sanh 1498 mean jab purtagali keral pahuanche tab uttar keral ke sarvadhik shaktishali maharaja samootiri the. samootiri ne apane sabase bade shatru kolattanad ko bhi apana ajnanuvarti bana liya tha.

sanh 1498 mean jab vasko d gama pahuancha tab samootiri ne usaka hardik svagat kiya. sanh 1500 mean doosara purtagali dal pahuancha jisaka neta tha pedro alavaras qabral. samootiri ne unhean kosh़ikkod mean vyapar kendr sthapit karane ki anumati di. arab vyapariyoan ke ekadhikar ko samapt karane ke uddeshy se purtagaliyoan ne un par chadhaee ki jisase samootiri purtagaliyoan ka virodh karane lage. deshi logoan ne purtagaliyoan ka vyapar kendr dhvast kar diya to qabral kochchi pahuancha. kochchi mean vyapar sambandh sudridh karane ke bad qabral kannoor ki or badha to qabral ke dal par kosh़ikkod ki navik sena ne akraman kiya.

sanh 1502 mean jab vasko d gama punah bharat pahuancha tab usane samootiri se bheant ki. kintu samootiri ke man mean purtagaliyoan ke prati jo vairabhav tha vah kuchh kam nahian hua. kosh़ikkod se arab vyapariyoan ko nikal dene ki gama ki maang par samootiri ne dhyan nahian diya. chooanki kochchi ka purtagali prem samootiri ko khatakata tha isalie samootiri ne kochchi se maang ki ki ve purtagaliyoan ko desh se nikal dean. kintu kochchi ke maharaja ne samootiri ki maang ko anasuna kar diya jis karan sanh 1503 ke march ko kosh़ikkod sena kochchi ki taraph badhi. purtagaliyoan ki or se sahayata milane par bhi kochchi ko har manana pada. kochchi ke maharaja ne ilankunnappush़a mandir mean sharan li. sitambar mean purtagali sena pahuanch gee. usane kosh़ikkod ko parast kar kochchi raja ko punah gaddi par bithaya. yadyapi samootiri ne 1504 mean punah abhiyan chalaya tathapi vah parajit hokar hat gaya. koduangalloor jo samootiri ke pas tha ab purtagaliyoan ki adhinata mean a gaya.

madhyayugin keral mean yadi koee purtagaliyoan ka virodh kar saka tha to vah matr samutiri hi tha. prachy desh mean purtagaliyoan ke adhinasth pradeshoan ka pratinidhi banakar 1505 mean phransiskoan alameyada pahuanch gaya. usane kannoor aur kochchi mean kile banavaye. raja kolattiri purtagaliyoan ka mitr ban gaya. parantu samootiri ki prerana se kolattiri purtagaliyoan ke viruddh ho gaya. samootiri ke sainikoan ne kee bar purtagaliyoan ka samana kiya. purtagaliyoan se samootiri ko ladane ki shakti vah navik sena thi jisaka netritv kuanjali marakkar kar rahe the. kuanjaliyoan ne jo yuddh kiya vah keral ke itihas mean yuddh viroan ka adbhut udaharan prastut karata hai. sanh 1531 mean purtagaliyoan ne vettattunad ke chaliyam mean jo kila banavaya tha vah samootiri ko kadi chunauti ho gaya. sanh 1540 mean samootiri aur purtagaliyoan ke bich jo sandhi huee thi vah asthayi roop mean yuddh band karane ke lie hi huee thi. kochchi aur vadakkumakoor ke bich uthe vivadoan mean purtagaliyoan ka jo hastakshep hua usase punah yuddh (1550) chhid gaya. jab mitr vadakkumakoor maharaja ka vadh kiya gaya tab samootiri ne kochchi par akraman kiya. purtagali sainikoan ne kochchi ka paksh liya. samootiri ke pradeshoan par bhi akraman hua. yadyapi 1555 mean punah shanti kayam huee thi to bhi agale varsh kolattiri ne samootiri ki sahayata se purtagaliyoan ke kannoor durg par kabza kiya.

samootiri ne bijapur aur ahamadanagar ke sultanoan se maitri sthapit kar sanh 1570 mean purtagaliyoan par chadhaee ki. sanh 1571 mean kosh़ikkod sena ne kuanjaliyoan ke netritv mean chaliyam durg ko adhin kar liya. navik yuddh mean kuanjaliyoan ne purtagaliyoan ko kee bar haraya. ve apratim shakti ho ge. parajit purtagaliyoan ne sanh 1571 mean ponnani mean vyapar grih banavane ki anumati samootiri se prapt kar li. kuanjaliyoan ki badhati shakti dekhakar samootiri asantusht ho gaya tha. sanh 1588 mean samootiri ki anumati se purtagaliyoan ne apana kendr sthapit kiya. purtagaliyoan se milakar samootiri kuanjaliyoan ke viruddh ho ge. sanh 1600 ee. mean samootiri ke sipahiyoan ne kuanjali ke durg par akraman kiya. maphi dene ka vachan diya gaya to kuanjali marakkar (chaturth) har man gaya. samootiri ne vada ka ullanghan kar kuanjali marakkar (chautha) ko purtagaliyoan ko supurd kar diya. kuanjali (chautha) aur unake anuyoyayoan ko purtagaliyoan ne gova le jakar mar dala. yadyapi purtagaliyoan ne kuanjaliyoan ko khatma kar diya tathapi keral par purtagali adhishatv bhi khatam hua. dachoan ne unhean satta se nikal bahar kar diya aur apani prabhuta sthapit ki. tadanantar dachoan se samootiriyoan ki kee ladaiyaan hueean. 1755 ee. mean samootiri ne dachoan ke adhinasth kochchi pradeshoan par adhikar jamaya.

kosh़ikkod rajy atyant shaktishali ho chuka tha. kintu 18 vian shatabdi mean maisoor ke akramanoan se kosh़ikkod rajy dharashayi ho gaya. haidar ali aur putr tipoo sultan ke akraman ke age samootiri tik nahian saka. 1766 mean haidar ke sipahi uttari keral mean pravesh kar katattanat aur kurumbanat ko adhin kar liya. jab maisoor sainik kosh़ikkod ki or ge tab samootiri ne parijanoan ko ponnani bhejakar atmahatya kar li. tatpashchath tipoo sultan ke hath mean kosh़ikkod aya. jab tipoo ko shrirang pattanamh sandhi (1792) ke tahat britishoan ke samane hathiyar dalana pada tab kosh़ikkod samet sanpoorn malabar kshetr britishoan ke adhin ho gaya. sanh 1956 tak malabar british madras rajy ka ek zila matr rah gaya. sanh 1956 ee. mean jab keral rajy ka gathan hua tab malabar keral rajy mean milaya gaya.

kolattunad

uttari malabar ko hi kolattunad kahalata tha. sanghamakal mean yah pradesh nanna rajavansh ke adhin tha jisaki rajadhani esh़imala thi. nauvian shati se barahavian shati tak uttari malabar ke vayanad, talashsheri adi kshetr jab kulashekhar rajaoan ke adhin the tab kasarakod aur chirakkal kshetr mooshak vansh dvara shasit tha jisaki rajadhani esh़imala ke samip thi. nanna rajavansh ko mooshak vansh ka uttaradhikari kahalata hai. katipay itihasakaroan ke anusar mooshak rajy kulashekharoan ke rajyakal mean hi ek svatantr rajy raha hoga. bataya jata hai ki kulashekhar samrajy ke patan ke bad hi mooshak svatantr rajy bana tha. 14 vian shatabdi mean kolattunad nam se jo bhoobhag vikhyat hua vah mooshak rajy tha. rajaoan ko kolattiri (yooropiyoan ke anusar kolastri) pukara jata tha. sanskrit mean kolam se tatpary hai nav. kolattiriyoan ne nav ko apana rajy chihn banaya tha.

marako polo ne (13 vian shati) apane yatravritt mean kolattunad ko eli rajy nam se pukara hai. bad mean kolattunad uttar mean netravati nadi se dakshin mean korappush़a (nadi) tak tatha poorv mean kutak pahadi se pashchim mean arab sagar tak phail gaya. kumbala, nileshvaramh, vatakkan kottayam, katattanad ityadi kshetr kolattunad ka aang ho gaya.

1498 mean vasko di gama jab pahale kosh़ikkod pahuanchakar vapas jane laga tha tab kolattiri se milakar usane kshetr mean vyapar ka ekadhikar prapt kar liya. 1502 mean vasko di gama jab dubara pahuancha tab kolattiri ne use kannoor mean bhandar grih banavane ki anumati di. sanh 1505 mean purtagaliyoan ne kolattiri se anumati lekar kannoor durg (sent aanjalo durg) ka nirman kiya. samootiri ke prati kolattiri ki jo dushmani thi usane purtagaliyoan se kolattiri ko sneh sambandh jodane ko prerit kiya. phalatah kolattiri ka araboan ke sath jo vyaparik sambandh tha vah toot gaya. kintu purtagaliyoan ke atyachar aur logoan ko dharm parivartan ke lie vivash karana adi dekhakar kolattiri samootiri aur kuanjalimarakkaroan se milakar purtagaliyoan ke viruddh ladane ko taiyar hue (1564). dachoan ne sanh 1663 mean kannoor durg ko adhin kar kolattunad ke sath sneh sambandh sthapit kiya.

nee riyasatoan ka uday

17 vian shati ke aant tak kolattunad ke antargat kee riyasatoan ka uday hua. kadattunad, (vadakkan) kottayam, arakkal, nileshvaram, randutara adi pramukh rahe. katipay kolattiri shasakoan ne matri sattatmak pratha ka palan n kar ke desh ko baantakar apani patni tatha santanoan ko de diya. kee riyasatoan ke udgam ka yahi karan tha. kolattiri rajavansh ka vibhajan nimnalikhit shakhaoan mean ho gaya - pallikkovilakam, udayamangalam kovilakam, chirakkal kovilakam adi. sanh 1725 mean phirangiyoan ne mayyash़i (mahi) ko adhin kar liya. 1732 mean jab karnatak ke ikkorinayakoan ne kolattunad par akraman kiya to britishoan ne dharmapattanam par adhikar jama kar hi kiya tha. arakkal ali raja ka nimantran pakar haidar ali sena samet pahuancha aur sanh 1766 mean haidar ali ki sena ne kolattunad par chadhaee ki. raja mara gaya. raj parivar ne pahale talashsheri (jahaan britishoan ka karakhana aur durg hai) mean aur bad mean tiruvitaankoor mean sharan li. sanh 1766 mean kar dene ki vyavastha mean haidar ali nikatasth uttaradhikari ko kolattiri pad par bithaya. kolattiri ne britishoan ke adhinasth dharmatam par akraman (1788) kiya aur akraman ke dauran vah mara gaya. 18 march 1792 ko jab malabar britishoan ke adhin ho gaya tab britishoan ne kolattiri ko atuttoon (peanshan) pradan kiya. kolattunad ke rajaoan ka kramabaddh itihas prapt nahian hua hai. kuchh prasiddh kolattiriyoan ke jo nam sahityik kritiyoan mean aye haian ve is prakar haian - raghavan (14 vian shati), keral varma (1423 - 1446), ramavarma (1443 mean mrityu), udayavarman (1446 - 1475), ravi varma (16 vian shati).

krishnagatha ke rachayita cherushsheri udayavarman ke ashrit kavi the. cherushsheri ne likha hai ki udayavarman ke adeshanusar hi unhoanne krishnagatha ki rachana ki thi. 16 vian shati mean jab purtagaliyoan ka adhikar keral mean jamane laga tha tab kolattiri rajavansh samootiri ke adhin tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

bahari k diyaan

• keral paryatan (adhikarik vebasait)