दुर्ग

durg shabd ka tatpary hai aisa gadh jahaan pahuanchana kathin ho. yuddh ke tarikoan mean parivartan ke sath durg ka arth bhi badalata raha hai, kyoanki yuddh se durg ka sidha sanbandh hai. kisi bhoobhag ya kshetr ki naisargik rakshatmak shakti ki vriddhi karana bhi ab durg nirman ke aantargat mana jata hai.

bharat mean durg

bharat mean durg ki anek kismean jnat thian. chanaky ne jaladurg, marudurg, vanadurg adi anek prakar ke durgoan ka varnan kiya hai. bharat ke mugal shasak durg rachana mean b di dilachaspi rakhate the, jisaka praman dilli aur agare ke lal qile tatha ilahabad sthit akabar ka qila hai. pashchaty deshoan mean durg-nirman-kala ka vikas top aur topakhane ki phayar shakti ke vikas ke sath sath hua. bharat mean topakhane ka sarvapratham upayog bahut samay bad, 1526 ee. mean babar ne panipat ke yuddh mean kiya tha. at: yahaan durg kala ka vaisa vikas hona sanbhav nahian tha.

durgabandi

durgabandi (dekhean qilabandi) do prakar ki hoti hai, sthayi aur asthayi. shaanti ke samay kankrit aur prastar nirmit qile, khaiyaan, badhaean aur sainik avas sthayi durgabandi haian aur shatru se muthabhe d hone par, ya yuddh avashyanbhavi hone ki sthiti mean ki janevali durgabandi, asthayi ya maidani kahalati hai. maidani durgabandi lachili hoti hai, at: raksha ke sath hi akraman hone ke pahale apane sthiti ko dridh kar lene ka avasar pradan karati hai. khaeebandi, astr abhisthapan, astroan ke lie spasht phayar kshetr, surang, kantile tar adi badhaean tatha gir pe d, chattan jaise padarthoan se upalabdh prakritik badhaoan ko aur bhi dridh karana ityadi maidani durgabandi ke aantargat hai. adhunik maidani durgabandi mean gopan aur chhadmavaran avashyak haian.

ek samay tha jab yuddh mean akraman ki apeksha saphal pratiraksha hi yuddh ki nirnayika hoti thi. un dinoan sthayi durgabandi par bahut dhyan diya gaya. top ke avishkar ke poorv madhyayugin qile lagabhag abhedy the. shaktishali se shaktishali akramanakari bhi durg ka ghera dale mahinoan p de rahate the. un dinoan pratiraksha ka arth parajay ko yathasanbhav adhik se adhik samay tak talana matr tha. durg rachana ki kala mean jarman, phraansisi, british aur itali yogadan paryapt haian. 11vian shatabdi mean n aaurman durg bane jo, bhittipatakoan tak ka prahar jhel jate the. dharmayuddhoan ke kal mean bhi durgakala ka vikas hua. kramik pratiraksha pankti ke siddhaant par ekakeandriy durg bane jinhean 13vian aur 14vian shatabdi ke ghera ianjan bhi nahian to d pate the. barood ke avishkar ne yuddh vijnan mean kraanti kar di aur phalat: durgabandi mean bhi b de parivartan hue. dvitiy vishvayuddh ke samay mean prabalatam durgoan ka dhvans karane vale astr ban sake the.

maidani durgabandi

shatru ke marg mean badha upasthit karana, bahut prachin vidya hai. badha aisi honi chahie ki shatru apane astroan ka prayog karane mean asuvidha ka anubhav kare, lekin pratirakshak ko koee asuvidha n ho. shatru ke akraman tatha sthaniy akraman ko vibhakt karane mean maidani durgabandi sahayak hoti hai. phayar shakti, taiank aur chhatadhari sena ke karan ab sthayi durgoan ka koee upayog nahian rah gaya haian, kiantu maidani durgabandi se badha utpann karake shatru ke ane mean der ki ja sakati hai.

khaee yuddh

khaee yuddh koee nee vidya nahian hai. prachin rom mean har sainik ko khaee khodani p dati thi. jooliyas sizar ne kantile taroan, surangoan aur visphotakoan ko chho dakar, adhunik kal mean jnat sabhi vidyaoan ka prayog kiya tha. mangoloan ne 13vian shatabdi mean khaee bandi ka prayog kiya tha. aantar yah hai ki adhunik kal ki khaiyaan topakhane ke karan adhik gahari aur majaboot hoti haian. astroan ke vikas ne maidani durgabandi ko bahut prabhavit kiya hai.

pashchimi deshoan ki apeksha amarika valoan ne maidani durgabandi ko teji se grahan kiya, kyoanki amarika mean sthayi durg nahian the. kraantiyuddh mean amarikiyoan ko sada hi maidani durgabandiyoan par nirbhar rahana p da.

pratham vishvayuddh ke dauran

pratham vishvayuddh pashchim mean pratham vishvayuddh gherabandi ka yuddh tha. lakhoan sainik mahinoan tak khaiyoan mean p de rahate the. khaiyoan mean pratiraksha ki karyavaiyaan hoti thian aur topakhanoan ka vinyas is prakar kiya jata tha ki shatru ka pravesh tisari pankti mean n ho sake. donoan paksh manobal to dane ke prayasoan par adhikadhik bal dete the.

surang ka avishkar

pratham vishvayuddh ki samapti aur dvitiy yuddh ke praranbh ke madhyakal mean surang ka avishkar mahatvapoorn raha. khaee tantr, kantile tar ki badha, mashinagan tatha topakhana abhisthapan aur taiankoan se bachav ke lie surang bichhane ka adhyayan kiya gaya. durgabandi ki disha mean phraans mean majino rekha, jarmani mean sigaphrad rekha aur roos mean stalin rekha par dhyan keandrit hua. taiankoan ke marg mean badha utpann karane ke lie ispat aur kankrit ki badhaoan ke atirikt jangaloan au badh kshetroan ka bhi upayog kiya gaya. havaee suraksha ke lie atirikt top abhisthapan, khoj batti aur vyapak teliphon sanchar ki vyavastha huee tatha havaee prekshan se bachane aur shatru ki sthal sena ko dhokha dene ke lie chhipane ki vidhiyoan ka nirman hua. maidani durgabandiyoan tak pahuanchane ke lie rel aur s dakoan ki vriddhi ki gee tatha vayuyanoan ke utarane ke lie avataranakshetr aur bhoomigat vayuyan shalaoan ka nirman hua. vishaili gaisoan se raksha tatha paidal sena ke najadiki akraman ka samana karane ke lie sthitiyoan ka sangathan kiya gaya. in dinoan tatiy durgabandi par b da dhyan rakha gaya. lekin yuddh se siddh ho gaya ki top aur taiank ke sammukh inaka astitv mahatvahin hai.

doosara vishvayuddh ke dauran

doosara vishvayuddh mean taiankoan se bachane ka prashn tha. taikoan ke marg mean surang bichhakar unake pahuanchane mean deri ki ja sakati thi. prashaant dvipoan mean ret ke boroan ka prayog hua. japaniyoan ki maidani durgabandi, suvyavasthit hoti thi. khode hue sthan ko jangali pattoan, tahaniyoan se ve is prakar chhipa dete the ki sainik sthitiyoan ko pahachanana kathin ho jata tha.

nagaroan mean gharoan mean rahakar yuddh karana, maidani durgabandi mean sammilit kiya gaya. yuddh ke lie patthar ke bane majaboot ghar chun lie ge aur khaiyaan khodane ke lie buladozaroan ka upayog kiya gaya. in sadhanoan ka thik prakar se samanvayan avashyak tha, jisake abhav mean inase apana hi ghatak ahit hota tha.

jarmani ne rumal qila jitakar kiya chakit

jarmani ne ek din ke aandar beljiyam ka elben-smal qila jitakar sare vishv ko chakit kar diya. is qile ko jarmani ne kisi gupt astr ke upayog se nahian jita, balik isalie jita ki usane m aaudaloan dvara akraman ka anek bar poorvabhyas kar liya tha. jarmani ne majino rekha ko uttar ki or se par karake prabhavahin kar diya. isi upay se unhoanne stalin rekha ko prabhavahin kiya. roosiyoan ki 100 mil gahari durgabandi bhi jarmanoan ki chaloan ke age prabhavahin siddh huee. lekin roosiyoan ko jarmani ke akraman ki disha ka pata lag gaya, jisake karan ve unake akraman ki tivrata ko rokane mean saphal hue.

kuchh samay bad japaniyoan ne siangapur ki tatiy durgabandi ko nirarthak kar diya. japani is durg ke uttar mean utar p de the aur is shaktishali durg ki topean keval samudr ki disha mean phayar kar sakati thian.

doosare vishvayuddh se yah lagabhag siddh ho gaya ki sthayi durgabandi ke nirman mean dhan aur shram vyay karana vyarth hai, kyoanki shatru ke ane mean der utpann karane ke aur bhi upay haian. isaka arth yah nahian ki sthayi durg sarvada ke lie samapt ho ge, kyoanki bhavishy mean paramanaviy yuddh ke samay senaoan ko kankrit ki bani khaiyoan ka ashray lena p d sakata hai.