मंगलयान

mangalayan (aupacharik nam- 'mangal kakshitr mishan', aangrezi- Mars Orbiter Mission, sankshipt nam- MOM) bharat ka pratham mangal abhiyan hai. vastut: yah 'bharatiy aantariksh anusandhan sangathan' (isaro) ki mahattvakaankshi antariksh pariyojana hai. is pariyojana ke antargat 5 navambar, 2013 ko mangal grah ki parikrama karane ke liye chho da gaya ek upagrah aandhr pradesh ke shriharikota sthit satish dhavan aantariksh keandr se dhruviy upagrah prakshepan yan (piesऍlavi) si-25 ke dvara saphalatapoorvak chho da gaya. isake sath hi bharat bhi un deshoan mean shamil ho gaya, jinhoanne mangal par apane yan bheje haian. bharat vishv ka aisa pahala desh hai, jisane apane pahale hi prayas mean mangal par upagrah bhejane mean saphalata prapt ki hai. is mishan par bharat ne karib 450 karo d rupaye kharch kie haian, jo baki deshoan ke abhiyanoan ki tulana mean sabase zyada qifayati hai.

itihas

isaro ke adhyaksh madhavan nayar dvara 23 navanbar, 2008 ko mangal grah ke lie ek manav rahit mishan ki pahali sarvajanik abhisvikriti ki ghoshana ki gee thi. bharat ke mangalayan mishan ki avadharana 2008 mean chandr upagrah chandrayan-1 ke prakshepan ke bad aantariksh vijnan aur bharatiy praudyogiki sansthan dvara 2010 mean ek vyavaharyata adhyayan ke sath shuroo huee. bharat sarakar ne is pariyojana ko 3 agast, 2012 mean manjoori de di thi. 'bharatiy aantariksh anusandhan sangathan' ne 125 karo d rupaye ke aaurbitar ke lie avashyak adhyayan poora kiya. pariyojana ki kul lagat 450 karo d rupaye huee. aantariksh ejeansi ne 28 aktoobar, 2013 ko prakshepan ki yojana banaee, lekin prashaant mahasagar mean kharab mausam ke karan isaro ke aantariksh yan, traikiang jahajoan ko pahuanchane mean deri huee. is karan abhiyan ko 5 navanbar, 2013 tak sthagit kar diya gaya.

eeandhan ki bachat ke lie hohamann sthanaantaran kaksha mean prakshepan ke avasar har 26 mahine mean ghatit hote haian. pieselavi-eksel laanch si25 vahan ko jo dane ka kary 5 agast, 2013 ko shuroo hua tha. mangalayan ko vahan ke sath jo dane ke lie 2 aktoobar, 2013 ko shriharikota bhej diya gaya. upagrah ke vikas ko teji se rik aaurd 15 mahine mean poora kiya gaya. amerika ki sanghiy sarakar ke band ke bavajood nasa ne 5 aktoobar, 2013 ko mishan ke lie sanchar aur nevigeshan samarthan pradan karane ki pushti ki. 30 sitanbar, 2014 ko ek baithak ke dauran nasa aur isaro ke adhikariyoan ne mangal grah ke bhavishy ke sanyukt mishan ke lie marg sthapit karane ke lie ek samajhaute par hastakshar kie tatha donoan deshoan ne mangalayan aur meven aantariksh yanoan ke aank de ko sajha karane ka phaisala kiya.

uddeshy

mangalayan mishan ka mukhy uddeshy grahoan ke mishan ke sanchalan ke lie upagrah dijain taiyar karana, yojana banana aur prabandhan ke lie avashyak praudyogiki ka vikas karana hai. isamean nimn kary pramukh haian-

1. aaurbit kushalata - aantariksh yan ka prithvi ki kaksha se soory keandriy prakshepan path mean sthanaantaran karana tatha aant mean yan ko mangal grah ki kaksha ke pravesh karana.
2. kaksha aur drishtikon gananaoan ke vishleshan ke lie bal m aaudal aur elgoridam ka vikas karana.
3. sabhi charanoan mean nevigeshan.
4. mishan mangalayan ke sabhi charanoan mean aantariksh yan ka rakharakhav.
5. bijali, sanchar, tharmal aur pelod sanchalan ki avashyakataoan ko poora karana.
6. apat sthitiyoan ko sanbhalane ke lie svayatt suvidhaoan ko shamil karana.

vaijnanik uddeshy

1. mangal grah ki satah ki akriti, sthalakriti aur khanij ka adhyayan karake visheshataean pata lagana.
2. sudoor sanvedan takanik ka upayog kar mangal grah ka mahaul ke ghatak sahit mithen aur karban daiaauksaid ka adhyayan karana.
3. mangal grah ke oopari vayumandal par saur hava, vikiran aur bahy aantariksh ke gatishilata ka adhyayan karana.

upakaran

bharat ka manavarahit chandrayan duniya ke samane chandrama par pani ki maujoodagi ke pukhta saboot lekar aya tha. isaro ki sabase b di pariyojana chandrayan thi. isake bad isaro ke vaijnanik buland hausale ke sath mangal mishan ki taiyari mean jut ge the. lekin mangal ki yatra ke lie ravanagi aur chaand ki yatra mean zamin asaman ka aantar tha. chandrayan ko apane mishan tak pahuanchane ke lie sirf char lakh kilomitar ki doori tay karani p di, jabaki mangalayan ko chalis karo d kilomitar ki doori tay karani p di. mangalayan pariyojana ke zarie bharat vastavikata mean gahare aantariksh mean qadam badhane ki shuruat kar chuka hai. yah yan apane sath 15 kilo ke paanch prayog upakaran le gaya hai-

1. laiman alpha photomitar (LAP) - yah ek khas tarah ka photomitar hai. yah mangal grah ke vayumandal mean maujood dyooteriyam aur haidrojan ka pata lagaega. isaki madad se vaijnanik yah janane ki koshish kareange ki is grah se pani kaise gayab hua.
2. mithen seansar mars (MSM) - yah seansar hava mean maujood mithen ki jaanch karega.
3. mars iksospherik nyootaral kampojishan enalaidar (MENCA) - yah mangal grah ke vatavaran mean maujood nyootral kampojishan ki jaanch karega.
4. mars kalar kaimara (MCC) - yah kaimara mangal grah ke satah ki tasvirean lega. is kaimare ki tasviroan se vaijnanik mangal grah ke mausam ko bhi samajh sakeange.
5. tharmal ianphrared imejiang spektromitar (TIS) - yah kaimara mangal grah se nikalane vali garmi ki tasvirean lega. ise din aur rat donoan samay istemal kiya ja sakega.

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