सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य एवं वास्तुकला

saltanat kal mean bharatiy sthapaty kala ke kshetr mean jis shaili ka vikas hua, vah bharatiy tatha islami shailiyoan ka sammishrin thi. isalie sthapaty kala ki is shaili ko ‘indo islamik’ shaili kaha gaya. kuchh vidvanoan ne ise 'indo-sarasenik' shaili kaha hai. phargyoosan mahoday ne ise pathan shaili kaha hai, kintu yah vastav mean bharatiy evan islami shailiyoan ka mishran thi. sar j aaun marshal, eeshvari prasad jaise itihasavidoan ne sthapaty kala ki is shaili ko 'indoan-islamik' shaili v hindoo-muslim shaili kahana uchit samajha. indoan-islamik sthapaty kala shaili ki visheshataean nimn prakar thian-

1. saltanat kal mean sthapaty kala ke antargat hue nirman karyoan mean bharatiy evan eerani shailiyoan ke mishran ka sanket milata hai.
   
2. saltan kal ke nirman kary jaise- qila, maqabara, masjid, mahal evan minaroan mean nukile meharaboan-gumbadoan tatha sankari evan ooanchi minaroan ka prayog kiya gaya hai.
   
3. is kal mean mandiroan ko to dakar unake malabe par bani masjid mean ek naye dhang se pooja ghar ka nirman kiya gaya.
   
4. saltanat kal mean sultanoan, amiroan evan soophi santoan ke smaran mean maqabaroan ke nirman ki parampara ki shuruat huee.
   
5. is kal mean hi imaratoan ki majabooti hetu patthar, kankarit evan achchhe qism ke choone ka prayog kiya gaya.
   
6. saltanat kal mean imaratoan mean pahali bar vaijnanik dhang se meharab evan gumbad ka prayog kiya gaya. yah kala bharatiyoan ne araboan se sikhi. turk sultanoan ne gumbad aur meharab ke nirman mean shila evan shahatir donoan pranaliyoan ka upayog kiya.
   
7. saltanat kal mean imaratoan ki saj-sajja mean jivit vastuoan ka chitrin nishiddh hone ke karan unhean sajane mean anek prakar ke phool-pattiyaan, jyamitiy evan quran ki ayatean khudavayi jati thian. kalantar mean turk sultanoan dvara hindoo saj-sajja ki vastuoan jaise- kamalabel ke namoone, svastik, ghantiyoan ke namoone, kalash adi ka bhi prayog kiya jane laga. alankaran ki sanyukt vidhi ko saltanat kal mean ‘arabask vidhi’ kaha gaya.

kal vibhajan

saltanatakalin vastukala ke vikas ko mukhyatah tin bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai-

1. gulam tatha khilaji kal mean vastukala
2. tugalaq kal mean vastukala
3. saiyyad kalin vastukala aur
4. lodi kal mean vastukala

(1) gulam tatha khilaji kal mean vastukala

yah kal sthapaty kala ke vikas ki pratham avastha mana jata hai. is kal ki imaratean hindoo shaili ke pratyaksh prabhav mean bani hai, jinaki divarean chikani evan majaboot haian. is kal mean bane stambh, mandiroan ke pratik hote haian. pahali bar hindoo karigaroan dvara baramadoan mean meharabadar daravaze banaye gaye. musalamanoan dvara nirmit masjidoan ke charoan taraf minarean unake uchch vicharoan ka pratik haian.

gulam kalin vastukala

gulam kal mean bani kuchh pramukh imaratoan ka varnan is prakar hai-

• quvvat-ul-islam masjid

1192 ee. mean tarain ke yuddh mean prithviraj chauhan ke harane par unake qile 'rayapithaura' par adhikar kar vahaan par 'quvvat-ul-islam masjid' ka nirman kutubuddin aibak ne karavaya. vastutah kutubuddin aibak ne dilli vijay ke upalakshy mean tatha islam dharm ko pratishthit karane ke udeshy se 1192 ee. mean 'kutb' athava 'quvvat-ul-islam masjid' ka nirman karaya. 1230 ee. mean iltutamish ne masjid ke praangan ko dugana karaya. alauddin khilaji ne is masjid ka vistar karaya tatha quran ki ayatean likhavaeean. itihasakar j aaun marshal ke anusar- is masjid ka nirman sattais nirmanadhin jain mandiroan ke dhvansavasheshoan par kiya gaya. masjid mean lagi jali stambh evan daravaze mandiroan ke avashesh the. is masjid mean sarvapratham islami sthapaty kala ki mazabooti evan saundary jaisi visheshataoan ka ubhara gaya hai.

is masjid ki sarvotkrisht visheshata usaka 'makasoora' evan isake sath ju da 'kibala livan' hai. yah bharat mean nirmit pahali turk masjid hai. yah masjid 121 phut lambe tatha 150 phut chau de samakonanuma chabootare par sthit hai. 'indo-islamik shaili' mean nirmit sthapaty kala ka yah pahala aisa udaharan hai, jisamean spasht hindoo prabhav parilakshit hota hai.

• kutubaminar

mukhy lekh : kutubaminar

yah minar dilli se 12 mil ki doori par meharauli gaanv mean sthit hai. prarambh mean is masjid ka prayog ajan (namaz ke lie bulana) ke lie hota tha, par kalantar mean ise 'kirti stambh' ke roop mean mana jane laga. 1206 ee. mean kutubuddin aibak ne isaka nirman kary prarambh karavaya. aibak is imarat mean char manziloan ka nirman karana chahata tha, parantu ek manzil ke nirman ke bad hi usaki mrityu ho gee. bad mean isaki shesh manziloan ka nirman iltutamish ne 1231 ee. mean karavaya. kutubaminar ka nirman 'khvaja kutubuddin bakhtiyar kaki' ki smriti mean karaya gaya tha.

• adhaee din ka jhop da

kutubuddin aibak ne adhaee din ka jhop da, jo vastav mean ek masjid hai, ka nirman ajamer mean karavaya. isake nam ke vishay mean j aaun marshal ka kahana hai ki, chooanki is masjid ka nimarn matr dhaee din mean kiya gaya tha, isalie is masjid ko 'adhaee din ka jhop da' kaha jata hai. parsi braun ka kahana hai ki, yahaan ek jhop di ke pas adhaee din ka mela lagata tha, is karan is sthan ko adhaee din ka jhop da kaha gaya hai.

vigraharaj bisaladev ne is sthan par ek sarasvati mandir banavaya tha. bisaladev dvara rachit 'harikeli' namak natak tatha somadev krit 'lalit vigraharaj' ki kuchh panktiyaan aj bhi isaki divaroan par maujood hai. kutubuddin aibak ne ise tu davakar masjid banavayi. yah masjid qubbat masjid ki tulana mean adhik b de akar ki evan akarshak hai. is masjid ke akar ko kalantar mean iltutamish dvara vistar diya gaya. is masjid mean tin stambhoan ka prayog kiya gaya, jisake oopar 20 phut ooanchi chhat ka nirman kiya gaya hai. isamean paanch meharabadar daravaze bhi banaye gaye haian. mukhy daravaza sarvadhik ooancha hai. masjid ke pratyek kone mean chakrakar evan baansuri ke akar ki minarean nirmit haian.

• nasiruddin mahamood ka maqabara ya sultanagadhi

sthapaty kala ke kshetr mean is maqabare ke nirman ko ek navin prayog ke roop mean mana jata hai. chooanki turk sultanoan dvara bharat mean nirmit yah pahala maqabara tha, isalie iltutamish ko maqabara nirman shaili ka janmadata kaha ja sakata hai. sultanagadhi maqabare ka nirman iltutamish ne apane jyeshth putr nasiruddin mahamood ki yad mean kutubaminar se lagabhag 3 mil ki doori par sthit malakapur mean 1231 ee. mean karavaya tha. parsi braun ke shabdoan mean sultanagadhi ka shabdik arth hai- ‘gupha ka sultan’. yah maqabara akar mean durg ke saman hi pratit hota hai. maqabare ki chaharadivari ke madhy mean lagabhag 66 phut ka aangan hai. aangan ke bich mean ashtakoniy chabootara nirmit hai, jo dharatal mean maqabare ki chhat ka kam karata hai. aangan mean kahi bhoore rang ka patthar to kahi sangamaramar ka prayog kiya gaya hai. masjid ke poorvi chhor par ek khamba sthit hai, jisaki ooanchaee chaharadivari se adhik hai. stambhayukt masjid ke baramade mean ek chhoti masjid ka nirman kiya gaya tha, jisamean raj parivar ke log namaz padha karate the. masjid mean ek tahakhana bhi bana tha, jahaan raj-parivar ke log ekantik kshan vyatit kiya karate the. masjid mean nirmit meharaboan mean muslim kala evan poojasthan tatha gumbad ke akar ki chhat mean hindoo kala shaili ka prabhav dikhaee p data hai.

• iltutamish ka maqabara

is maqabare ka nirman iltutamish dvara quvvat masjid ke samip lagabhag 1235 ee. mean karavaya gaya tha. 42 phut vargakar is imarat ke tin taraf poorv, dakshin evan uttar mean pravesh dvar bana hai. pashchim ki or ka pravesh dvar band he. 30 ghan phit ka bana antarik kaksh apani sundarata ke karan hindoo tatha jain mandiroan ke samakaksh thaharata hai. maqabare ki divaroan par quran ki ayatean khudi haian. maqabare mean bane gumbadoan mean ghumavadar patthar ke tuk doan ka prayog kiya gaya hai. gumbad ke chokor kone mean golaee lane ke lie jis shaili ka prayog kiya gaya hai, use gumbad nirman ke itihas mean ‘skrich shaili’ ke nam se jana jata hai. yah maqabara ek kakshiy hai.

iltutamish ke any nirman karyoan mean badayooan mean nirmit ‘hauj-e-shamsi’, ‘shamsi’ eedagah’ evan jama masjid pramukh hai. jama masjid, jisaka nirman 1223 ee mean hua, yah apane samay ki sarvadhik b di evan mazaboot masjid hai. isaka pun:rniman muhammad bin tugalaq evan akabar ne karavaya tha. jodhapur rajy ke nagaur sthan par iltutamish ne 1230 ee. mean ‘atarikin’ namak ek vishal daravaze ka nirman karavaya. kalantar mean muhammad bin tugalaq ne isaka jirnodvar karavaya. mugal samrata akabar ne isi daravaze se prerit hokar buland daravaze ka nirman karavaya tha.

• sultan balaban ka maqabara

sultan balaban ka maqabara vastukala ki drishti se ek mahatvapoorn rachana hai. is maqabare ka kaksh vargakar hai. sarvapratham vastavik meharab ka roop isi maqabare mean dikhaee deta hai.

• muinuddin chishti ki daragah

is daragah ya khanaqah ka nirman iltutamish ne karavaya tha. kalantar mean alauddin khilaji ne ise vistrit karavaya. balaban ne rayapithaura qile ke samip svayan ka maqabara evan lal mahal namak makan ka nirman karavaya. dilli mean bana usaka maqabara shuddh islami shaili mean nirmit hai.

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