नालन्दा

[[chitr:Nalanda-University-Bihar.jpg|thumb|250px|nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay, nalanda
Nalanda University, Nalanda]] bharat mean prachinakal mean bihar zile mean nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay tha, jahaan desh-videsh ke chhatr shiksha ke lie ate the. ajakal isake avashesh dikhalaee dete haian.

patana se 90 kilomitar door aur bihar sharif se qarib 12 kilomitar dakshin, vishv prasiddh prachin bauddh vishvavidyalay, nalanda ke khandahar sthit haian. yahaan 10,000 chhatroan ko padhane ke lie 2,000 shikshak the.

• prasiddh chini yatri hvenasaang ne 7vian shatabdi mean yahaan jivan ka mahattvapoorn ek varsh ek vidyarthi aur ek shikshak ke roop mean vyatit kiya tha.
• bhagavan buddh ne samrat ashok ko yahaan upadesh diya tha.
• bhagavan mahavir bhi yahian rahe the.
• prasiddh bauddh sariputr ka janm yahian par hua tha.

itihas

• bakhtiyarapur rajagir relamarg par nalanda steshan se 1,1/2 mil door, prachin bharat ke is prasiddh vishvavidyalay ke dhvansavishesh vistirn bhoobhag ko ghere hue haian. yahaan ajakal b dagaanv namak gram sthit hai jo rajagir (prachin rajagrih) se 7 mil tatha bakhtiyarapur se 25 mil hai.
• chini yatri yuvanachvaang ne, jo nalanda mean kee varsh rahakar adhyayan karate rahe the, nalanda ka savistar hal likha hai. usase tatha yahaan ke khandaharoan se prapt abhilekhoan tatha avasheshoan se jnat hota hai ki guptavansh ke raja kumaragupt pratham ne 5 vian shati ee. mean is prachin aur sabhy sansar ke sarvashreshth tatha jag prasiddh vishvavidyalay ki sthapana ki thi.

[[chitr:Temple-Ruins-Nalanda.jpg|thumb|250px|left|nalanda vishh‍vavidyalaymean mandir ke avashesh]]

• pahale yahaan keval ek bauddh vihar bana tha jo dhire-dhire ek mahanh vidyalay ke roop mean parivartit ho gaya. is vishvavidyalay ko gupt tatha maukhari nareshoan tatha kanyakubjadhip harsh se nirantar arth sahayata aur sanrakshan prapt hota raha aur inhoanne yahaan anek bhavanoan, viharoan tatha mandir ka nirman karavaya.
• nalanda ke sanrakshak nareshoan mean harsh ke atirikt narasianhagupt, kumaragupt dvitiy, venyagupt, vishnugupt, sarvavarman aur avantivarman maukhari tatha kamaroop naresh bhaskaravarman mukhy haian.
• inake atirikt ek prastar lekh mean kannauj ke yashovarman aur tamrapatt lekhoan mean dharmapal aur devapal (bangal ke pal naresh) namak rajaoan ka bhi ullekh hai.
• shrivijay ya java sumatra ke shaileanndr naresh balaputradev ka bhi nalanda ke sanrakshakoan mean nam milata hai.
• yuvanachvaang nalanda ne pratham bar 637 ee. mean pahuanche the aur unhoanne kee varsh yahaan adhyayan kiya tha. unaki vidvata par mugdh hokar nalanda ke vidvanoan ne unhean 'mokshadev' ki upadhi di thi. unake yahaan se chale jane ke bad, nalanda ke bhikshu prajnadev ne yuvanachvaang ko nalanda ke vidyarthiyoan ki or se bheant ke roop ek jo di vastr bhijavae the.
• yuvanachvaang ke pashchath bhi agale 30 varshoan mean nalanda mean prayah gyarah chini aur koriyayi yatri ae the.
• chin mean itsiang aur huili aur koriya se hainih, yahaan ane vale videshi yatriyoan mean mukhy hai. 630 ee. mean jab yuvanachvaang yahaan ae the tab yah vishvavidyalay apane charamotkarsh par tha. is samay yahaan das sahastr vidyarthi aur ek sahastr achary the.
• vidyarthiyoan ka pravesh nalanda vishvavidyalay mean kafi kathinaee se hota tha kyoanki keval uchchakoti ke vidyarthiyoan ko hi pravisht kiya jata tha.
• shiksha ki vyavastha mahasthavir ke niyantran mean thi. shilabhadr us samay yahaan ke pradhanachary the. ye prasiddh bauddh vidvanh the. yahaan ke any khyatiprapt acharyoan mean nagarjun, padamasanbhav (jinhoanne tibbat mean bauddh dharm ka prachar kiya), shaantirakshit aur dipakar, ye sabhi bauddh dharm ke itihas mean prasiddh haian.

[[chitr:Central-Temple-Nalanda-University.jpg|250px|thumb|nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay ka buddh mandir]]

• nalanda 7vian shati mean tatha usake pashchath kee sau varshoan tak eshiya ka sarvashreshth vishvavidyalay tha. yahaan adhyayan ke lie chin ke atirikt chanpa, kanboj, java, sumatra, brahmadesh, tibbat, lanka aur eeran adi deshoan ke vidyarthi ate the aur vidyalay mean pravesh pakar apane ko dhany manate the.
• nalanda ke vidyarthiyoan ke dvara hi sari eshiya mean bharatiy sabhyata evan sanskriti ka vistrit prachar v prasar hua tha. yahaan ke vidyarthiyoan aur vidvanoan ki maang eshiya ke sabhi deshoan mean thi aur unaka sarvatradar hota tha. tibbat ke raja ke nimantran par bhadant shaantirakshit aur padmasanbhav tibbat ge the aur vahaan unhoanne sanskrit, bauddh sahity aur bharatiy sanskriti ka prachar karane mean apratim yogyata dikhaee thi.
• nalanda mean bauddh dharm ke atirikt hetuvidya, shabdavidya, chikitsa shastr, atharvaved tatha saankhy se sanbandhit vishay bhi padhae jate the. yuvanachvaang ne likha tha ki nalanda ke ek sahastr vidvanh acharyoan mean se sau aise the jo sootr aur shastr janate the, paanch sau, 3 vishayoan mean parangat the aur bis, 50 vishayoan mean. keval shilabhadr hi aise the jinaki sabhi vishayoan mean saman gati thi.
• nalanda vishvavidyalay ke tin mahanh pustakalay the-

1. ratnodadhi,
2. ratnasagar aur
3. ratnaranjak.

• inake bhavanoan ki ooanchaee ka varnan karate hue yuvanachvaang ne likha hai ki 'inaki satamanjili atariyoan ke shikhar badaloan se bhi adhik ooanche the aur in par pratahkal ki him jam jaya karati thi. inake jharokhoan mean se soory ka sataranga prakash andar akar vatavaran ko suandar evan banata tha. in pustakalayoan mean sahastroan hastalikhit granth the.' inamean se anekoan ki pratilipiyaan yuvanachvaang ne ki thi.
• jain granth sootrakritaang mean nalanda ke hastiyan namak suandar udyan ka varnan hai.

[[chitr:Buddhist-Nalanda-University.jpg|thumb|250px|nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay ka pustakalay|left]]

• 1303 ee. mean musalamanoan ke bihar aur bangal par akraman ke samay, nalada ko bhi usake prakop ka shikar banana p da. yahaan ke sabhi bhikshuoan ko akraantaoan mean maut ke ghat utar diya. musalamanoan ne nalanda ke jagath prasiddh pustakalay ko jala kar bhasmasat kar diya aur yahaan ki satamanjili, bhavy imaratoan aur suandar bhavanoan ko nasht-bhrasht karake khandahar bana diya. is prakar bharatiy vidya, sanskriti, aur sabhyata ke ghar nalanda ko jisaki suraksha ke bare mean sansar ki kathor vastavikataoan se door rahane vale yahaan ke bhikshu vidvanoan ne shayad kabhi nahian socha tha, ek hi akraman ke jhatake ne dhool mean mila diya.
• nalanda ke khandaharoan mean viharoan, stoopoan, mandiroan tatha moortiyoan ke aganit avashesh pae ge hai jo sthaniy sangrahalay mean surakshit haian. anekoan abhilekh jinamean eeantoan par aankit 'nidanasootr' tatha 'pratityasamutpadasootr' jaise bauddh granth bhi haian, tatha mitti ki muharean bhi, nalanda mean mile haian. yahaan ke mahavihar tatha bhikshu sangh ki mudraean bhi mili haian.
• nalanda mean moortikala ki ek vishisht shaili prachalit thi jis par saranath kala ka kafi prabhav tha. buddh ki ek suandar pratima jo yahaan se prapt huee hai, saranath ki moortiyoan se a di bhauhoan, kesh vinyas tatha ushnish ke aankan mean bahut kuchh milati julati hai kiantu donoan mean tho da bhed bhi hai. nalanda ki moorti mean uttariy tatha adhovastr donoan vishisht prakar se pahane hue haian aur unamean vastroan ke mo d dikhane ke lie roodhigat dhariyaan aankit ki gee haian.
• nalanda ka naland gram ke roop mean ullekh paravarti gupt-naresh adityasen ke shahapur abhilekh mean hai.

nav nalanda mahabihar

bihar sarakar ne yahaan nav nalanda mahabihar namak shodh sansthan ki sthapana ki hai. jahaan vishv ke vibhinn deshoan ke vidyarthi bauddh paandulipiyoan par shodh karate haian nalanda vishvavidyalay ke puravashesh ke pas hi ek puratatvik samagri se yukt sangrahalay hai.

prachin nam udantapuri

nalanda zila mukhyalay, bihar sharif mean 13vian se 16vian shatabdi ke madhy muslim sanskriti apani charam sima par vikasit huee, jisaka prachin nam udantapuri tha.

bihar sharif se 8 kilomitar dakshin-poorv pavapuri jainiyoan ka pramukh tirthasthal hai. jahaan bhagavan mahavir ne parinirvan prapt kiya tha. yahaan kamal talab ke bich jal mandir vishv prasiddh hai. somasharan mandir moksh mandir aur naya mandir bhi darshaniy hai.

nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay

prachin kal se bihar shiksha ka pramukh kendr raha hai. -

• guptakalin samrat kumaragupt pratham ne 415-454 ee.poo. nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay ki sthapana ki thi.
• nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay mean adhyayan karane ke lie java, chin, tibbat, shrilanka v koriya adi ke chhatr ate the.
• jab hvenasaang bharat aya tha us samay nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay mean 8500 chhatr evan 1510 adhyapak the. isake prakhyat adhyapakoan shilabhadr ,dharmapal, chandrapal, gunamati, sthiramati, prabhamitr, jinamitr, dikanag, jnanachandr, nagarjun, vasubandhu, asang, dharmakirti adi the.
• is vishh‍vavidyalay mean pali bhasha mean shikshan kary hota tha. 12vian shati mean bakhtiyar khilaji ke akraman se yah vishvavidyalay nasht ho gaya tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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