नालन्दा विश्‍वविद्यालय

nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay
nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay|200px|center
vivaran	desh-videsh ke chhatr shiksha ke lie nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay ate the. ajakal isake avashesh dikhalaee dete haian.
rajy	bihar
zila	nalanda zila
nirman kal	450-470 ee.
sthapana	guptakalin samrat kumaragupt pratham ne 415-454 ee. poo. mean nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay ki sthapana ki.
bhaugolik sthiti	uttar- 25° 8' 12.47", poorv- 85° 26' 37.78"
marg sthiti	patana se 95 kilomitar, rajagir se 12 kilomitar, bodhagaya se 90 kilomitar (gaya hokar), pavapuri se 26 kilomitar ki doori par sthit hai.
kaise pahuanchean	viman, rel, bas, kar adi.
havaee adda	patana aur gaya havaee adda
relave steshan	nikatavarti relave sh‍teshan rajagir v nalanda
yatayat	bas, tॅksi, aauto riksha adi
kya dekhean	nalanh‍da puratath‍viy sangrahalay
kahaan thaharean	hotal, dharmashala, atithi grah
es.ti.di. kod	61194
e.ti.em	lagabhag sabhi
chitr:Map-icon.gif	googal manachitr
kshetraphal	2367 varg kilomitar
any janakari	ab tak ke mile avasheshoan se aisa pratit hota hai ki yahaan par vyakhyan hetu 7 b de kaksh evan 300 chhote kaksh banaye gaye the.

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nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay (aangrezi: Nalanda University) prachin bharat mean uchchh shiksha ka sarvadhik mahatvapoorn aur vikhyat kendr tha. bihar ke nalanda zile mean ek nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay tha, jahaan desh - videsh ke chhatr shiksha ke lie ate the. ajakal isake avashesh dikhalaee dete haian. patana se 90 kilomitar door aur bihar sharif se qarib 12 kilomitar dakshin mean, vishv prasiddh prachin bauddh vishvavidyalay, nalanda ke khandahar sthit haian. yahaan 10,000 chhatroan ko padhane ke lie 2,000 shikshak the. prasiddh chini yatri hvenasaang ne 7vian shatabdi mean yahaan jivan ka mahattvapoorn ek varsh ek vidyarthi aur ek shikshak ke roop mean vyatit kiya tha. prasiddh 'bauddh sariputr' ka janm yahian par hua tha. pustakalay ke pas stoop, nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay|thumb|left

itihas

is vishvavidyalay ke nirman ke vishay mean nishchit janakari ka abhav hai phir bhi gupt vanshi shasak kumaragupt (414-455 ee.) ne is bauddh sangh ko pahala dan diya tha. hnenasaang ke anusar 470 ee. mean gupt samrat narasianh gupt baladity ne nalanda mean ek sundar mandir nirmit karavakar isamean 80 phut ooanchi taanbe ki buddh pratima ko sthapit karavaya.

vishh‍vavidyalay ki sthapana

• guptakalin samrat kumaragupt pratham ne 415-454 ee.poo. nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay ki sthapana ki thi.
• nalanda sanskrit shabh‍d 'nalamh + da' se bana hai. sansh‍krit mean 'nalam' ka arth 'kamal' hota hai. kamal jnan ka pratik hai. nalamh + da yani kamal dene vali, jnan dene vali. kalakram se yahaan mahavihar ki sh‍thapana ke bad isaka nam 'nalanda mahavihar' rakha gaya.

thumb|left|sariputta stoop, nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay

• maharaj shakadity, sambhavat: guptavanshiy samrat kumar gupt, 415-455 ee., ne is jagah ko vishvavidyalay ke roop mean vikasit kiya. usake bad unake uttaradhikari any rajaoan ne yahaan anek viharoan aur vishvavidyalay ke bhavanoan ka nirman karavaya. inamean se gupt samrat baladity ne 470 ee. mean yahaan ek suandar mandir banavakar bhagavan buddh ki 80 phit ki pratima sthapit ki thi.
• nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay mean adhyayan karane ke lie java, chin, tibbat, shrilanka v koriya adi ke chhatr ate the.
• jab hvenasaang bharat aya tha us samay nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay mean 8500 chhatr evan 1510 adhyapak the. isake prakhyat adhyapakoan shilabhadr ,dharmapal, chandrapal, gunamati, sthiramati, prabhamitr, jinamitr, dikanag, jnanachandr, nagarjun, vasubandhu, asang, dharmakirti adi the.
• videshi yatriyoan ke varnan ke anusar nalanda vishvavidyalay mean chhatroan ke rahane ki uttam vyavastha thi. ullekh milata hai ki yahaan ath shalaean aur 300 kamare the. kee khandoan mean vidyalay tatha chhatravas the. pratyek khand mean chhatroan ke snan lie suandar taranatal the jinamean niche se oopar jal lane ka prabandh tha. shayanasthan pattharoan ke bane the. jab nalanda vishvavidyalay ki khudaee ki gee tab usaki vishalata aur bhavyata ka jnan hua. yahaan ke bhavan vishal, bhavy aur suandar the. kalatmakata to inamean bhari p di thi. yahaan taanbe evan pital ki buddh ki moortiyoan ke praman milate haian.
• is vishh‍vavidyalay mean pali bhasha mean shikshan kary hota tha. 12vian shati mean bakhtiyar khilaji ke akraman se yah vishvavidyalay nasht ho gaya tha.
• pahale yahaan keval ek bauddh vihar bana tha jo dhire-dhire ek mahanh vidyalay ke roop mean parivartit ho gaya. is vishvavidyalay ko gupt tatha maukhari nareshoan tatha 'kanyakubjadhip' harsh se nirantar arth sahayata aur sanrakshan prapt hota raha
• yuvanachvaang ke pashchath bhi agale 30 varshoan mean nalanda mean prayah gyarah chini aur koriyayi yatri ae the.
• nalanda vishvavidyalay ke shikshak apane jnan evan vidya ke lie vishv mean prasiddh the. inaka charitr sarvatha ujjval aur dosharahit tha. chhatroan ke lie kathor niyam tha. jinaka palan karana avashyak tha. chini yatri henasaang ne nalanda vishvavidyalay mean bauddh darshan, dharm aur sahity ka adhyayan kiya tha. usane das varshoan tak yahaan adhyayan kiya. usake anusar is vishvavidyalay mean pravesh pana saral nahian tha. yahaan keval uchch shiksha prapt karane vale chhatr hi pravesh pa sakate the. pravesh ke lie pahale chhatr ko pariksha deni hoti thi. isamean uttirn hone par hi pravesh sanbhav tha. vishvavidyalay ke chh: dvar the. pratyek dvar par ek dvar pandit hota tha. pravesh se pahale vo chhatroan ki vahian pariksha leta tha. is pariksha mean 20 se 30 pratishat chhatr hi uttirn ho pate the. vishvavidyalay mean pravesh ke bad bhi chhatroan ko kathor parishram karana p data tha tatha anek parikshaoan mean uttirn hona anivary tha. yahaan se snatak karane vale chhatr ka har jagah samman hota tha.
• chin mean itsiang aur huili aur koriya se hainih, yahaan ane vale videshi yatriyoan mean mukhy hai. 630 ee. mean jab yuvanachvaang yahaan ae the tab yah vishvavidyalay apane charamotkarsh par tha. is samay yahaan das sahastr vidyarthi aur ek sahastr achary the.

thumb|left|sariputta stoop, nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay

• vidyarthiyoan ka pravesh nalanda vishvavidyalay mean kafi kathinaee se hota tha kyoanki keval uchchakoti ke vidyarthiyoan ko hi pravisht kiya jata tha.
• shiksha ki vyavastha mahasthavir ke niyantran mean thi. shilabhadr us samay yahaan ke pradhanachary the. ye prasiddh bauddh vidvanh the. yahaan ke any khyatiprapt acharyoan mean nagarjun, padamasanbhav, jinhoanne tibbat mean bauddh dharm ka prachar kiya, shaantirakshit aur dipankar, ye sabhi bauddh dharm ke itihas mean prasiddh haian.
• nalanda 7vian shati mean tatha usake pashchath kee sau varshoan tak eshiya ka sarvashreshth vishvavidyalay tha. yahaan adhyayan ke lie chin ke atirikt chanpa, kanboj, java, sumatra, brahmadesh, tibbat, lanka aur eeran adi deshoan ke vidyarthi ate the aur vidyalay mean pravesh pakar apane ko dhany manate the.
• nalanda vishvavidyalay mean shiksha, avas, bhojan adi ka koee shulk chhatroan se nahian liya jata tha. sabhi suvidhaean ni:shulk thian. rajaoan aur dhani sethoan dvara diye gaye dan se is vishvavidyalay ka vyay chalata tha. is vishvavidyalay ko 200 gramoan ki ay prapt hoti thi.

thumb|250px|nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay mean mandir ke avashesh

• nalanda ke vidyarthiyoan ke dvara hi eshiya mean bharatiy sabhyata evan sanskriti ka vistrit prachar v prasar hua tha. yahaan ke vidyarthiyoan aur vidvanoan ki maang eshiya ke sabhi deshoan mean thi aur unaka sarvatradar hota tha. tibbat ke raja ke nimantran par bhadant shaantirakshit aur padmasanbhav tibbat ge the aur vahaan unhoanne sanskrit, bauddh sahity aur bharatiy sanskriti ka prachar karane mean apratim yogyata dikhaee thi.
• nalanda mean bauddh dharm ke atirikt hetuvidya, shabdavidya, chikitsa shastr, atharvaved tatha saankhy se sanbandhit vishay bhi padhae jate the. yuvanachvaang ne likha tha ki nalanda ke ek sahastr vidvanh acharyoan mean se sau aise the jo sootr aur shastr janate the, paanch sau, 3 vishayoan mean parangat the aur bis, 50 vishayoan mean. keval shilabhadr hi aise the jinaki sabhi vishayoan mean saman gati thi.

pustakalay

nalanda vishvavidyalay ke tin mahanh pustakalay the-

1. ratnodadhi,
2. ratnasagar
3. ratnaranjak.

thumb|stoop aur mandir, nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay inake bhavanoan ki ooanchaee ka varnan karate hue yuvanachvaang ne likha hai ki 'inaki satamanjili atariyoan ke shikhar badaloan se bhi adhik ooanche the aur in par pratahkal ki him jam jaya karati thi. inake jharokhoan mean se soory ka sataranga prakash andar akar vatavaran ko suandar evan akarshak banata tha. in pustakalayoan mean sahastroan hastalikhit granth the.' inamean se anekoan ki pratilipiyaan yuvanachvaang ne ki thi. jain granth 'sootrakritaang' mean nalanda ke 'hastiyan' namak suandar udyan ka varnan hai. 1303 ee. mean musalamanoan ke bihar aur bangal par akraman ke samay, nalanda ko bhi usake prakop ka shikar banana p da. yahaan ke sabhi bhikshuoan ko akraantaoan ne maut ke ghat utar diya. musalamanoan ne nalanda ke jagath prasiddh pustakalay ko jalakar bhasmasat kar diya aur yahaan ki satamanjili bhavy imaratoan aur suandar bhavanoan ko nasht-bhrasht karake khandahar bana diya. is prakar bharatiy vidya, sanskriti aur sabhyata ke ghar nalanda ko jisaki suraksha ke bare mean sansar ki kathor vastavikataoan se door rahane vale yahaan ke bhikshu vidvanoan ne shayad kabhi nahian socha tha, ek hi akraman ke jhatake ne dhool mean mila diya.

utkhanan

ab tak hue utkhanan mean mile avasheshoan se aisa pratit hota hai ki yahaan par vyakhyan hetu 7 b de kaksh evan 300 chhote kaksh banaye gaye the. vidyarthiyoan ke rahane ke lie chhatravasoan ki suvidha thi. shailendr shasak balaputr dev ne tatkalin magadh naresh devapal ki anumati se nalanda mean java se aye bhikshuoan ke nivas ke lie ek vihar ka nirman karavaya tha. yahaan hastalikhit granthoan ka ek nau manjila 'dharmagaj' namak pustakalay tha jo tin b de bhavan ratnasagar ratnodadhi evan ratnaranjak nam se vibhajit tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

bahari k diyaan

• sangrahalay-nalanda
• bharat ke prachin shiksha kendr
• nalanda-shikshan ka prachin adhishthan
• bhagalapur:ek parichay
• nalanda vishh‍vavidyalay, jahaan jnan praph‍t kie bina shiksha adhoori mani jati thi
• bihar : pramukh ऎtihasik sthal

sanbandhit lekh

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