आयुर्विज्ञान का इतिहास

ayurvijnan ka itihas sootrabaddh vicharavyanjan ke hetu ayurvijnan (medisin) ke kramik vikas ko lakshy mean rakhate hue isake itihas ke tin bhag kie ja sakate haian:

(1) adim ayurvijnan

(2) prachin ayurvijnan

(3) arvachin ayurvijnan

adim ayurvijnan-manav ki srishti huee. ahar, vihar tatha svabhavik evan samajik paristhitiyoan ke karan manav jati pi dit hone lagi. us pi da ki nivritti ke lie upayoan ke anveshanoan se hi ayurvijnan ka pradurbhav hua.

pi da hone ke karanoan ke sanbandh mean logoan ki nimnalikhit dharanaean thian:

(1) shatru dvara mooth (jadoo, tona) ka prayog ya bhoot pishachadi ka sharir mean pravesh.

(2) akasmath‌ vishakt padarth kha jana athava shatru dvara jan boojhakar marak vish ka prayog.

(3) sparsh dvara kisi pi dit se pi da ka sankraman.

(4) iandriyavishesh ka tatsadrish athava tannamadhari vastu ke prati akarshan ya sahanubhooti.

(5) kinhian kriyaoan, padarthoan athava manushyoan mean vidyaman rogotpadak shakti.

inhian samany vicharoan ko bhinn-bhinn vyaktiyoan ne bhinn-bhinn prakar se anek deshoan mean darshaya.

us samay chikitsa tratak (yog ki ek mudra), prayog athava anubhav ke adhar par hoti thi, jisake aantargat shital evan ushn padarthoan ka sevan, raktani:saran, snan, achooshan tatha snehamardan adi ate the. pashanayug se hi vedhanakriya sadrish vismayakari shalyakriyaean prachalit thian. nirmit bheshajoan mean vamanakari aur virechanakari yogoan tatha bhoot pishachadi ke nissaran ke lie tivr yatanadayak dravyoan ka upayog hota tha. is prakar adim ayurvijnan tatkalin sanskriti par adharit tha, kiantu vibhinn deshoan mean sanskritiyaan svayan vibhin thian.

bharatiy ayurvijnan-yah atyant prachin samay mean bhi samunnat dasha mean tha. aj bhi isaka kulash roop se prayog hota hai. ayurvijnan ke udgam ved haian (samay ke lie dr. ved). vedoan mean, visheshat: atharvaved mean, shariravijnan, aushadhivijnan, chikitsavijnan, kitanuvijnan, shalyavijnan adi ki rrichaean upalabdh haian. charak evan sushrut (sushrut ke laitin anuvadak hesalar ke anusar samay lagabhag 1,000 varsh ee.poo.) mean isake prithakh‌-prithakh‌ shaly evan kayachikitsa ke roop mean, do bhed ho ge haian. sushrut shalyachikitsa-pradhan evan kayachikitsa mean gaun tatha charak kayachikitsa mean pradhan evan shalyachikitsa mean gaun mane jate haian. paanch bhautik tatvoan (kshiti, jal, pavak, gagan, samir) ke adhar par vat, pitt, kaph in tinoan ko rogotpadak karan mana hai. kaha gaya ki sharir mean inaki vishamata hi rog hai evan samata arogy. at: visham doshoan ko sam karane ke upay ko chikitsa kahate the. isake ath aang mane ge: kay, shaly, shalaky, bal, grah, vish, rasayan evan bajikaran. nidan mean doshoan ke sath hi sath kitanu sankraman ko bhi rogoan ka karan mana gaya tha. prasang, gatrasansparsh, sahabhoj, sahashayyasan, malyadharan, gandhanulepan adi ke dvara pratishyay (jukam), yakshmadi rogoan ke ek vyakti se doosare mean sankraman ka nirdesh sushrut mean hai. usamean pratham nidan par, tatpashchath‌ chikitsa par bhi jor diya gaya hai.

tridoshoan ke sanchay, prakop, prasar, sthan, sansray (mel), vyakti or bhed ke anusar rogoan ki chikitsa ka nirdesh kiya gaya hai. anuchit bahy padarthoan ke prayog se sharir mean doshoan ka sanchay n ho, is vichar se bhojan--nirman--kal mean hi, athava bhojan karane ke samay hi, bhojy padarthoan mean unake vriddhinivarak bheshajatatvoan ka prayog kiya jay, jaise baiangan ki bhaji banate samay hiang evan methi ka prayog aur kak di ke sevanakal ke poorv usamean kali mirch evan lavan ka yog adi, kyoanki vishvas tha ki hiang, mirch adi ke sath baiangan aur kak di ke sharir mean pravesh karane par in bhajiyoan se utpann doshoan ka avarodh ho jata hai. yah pratham chikitsalay samajha jata tha. sanchay ke avarodh ke lie pahale se hi upay n karane par doshoan ka prakop mana jata tha. is avastha mean bhi chikitsa n ho to unaka prasar hona mana gaya. siddhaant yah tha ki phir bhi yadi chikitsa n ki jay to dosh ghar kar lete haian. isake pashchath‌ vishisht doshoan se vishisht sthanoan mean vibhinn lakshanoan ki utpatti hoti hai. tatpashchath‌ bhi chikitsa mean avahelana se rog ganbhir hota hai aur asadhy koti ka ho jata hai. at: parivarjan (parahej) mukhyat: praranbhik chikitsa mani gee. ayurved mean nidan chikitsa ka praranbhik aang hai. desh ki vishalata evan jalavayu ki vishamata hone se yahaan aushadhavijnan ka bhi b da vikas hua. at: ek hi prakar ke jvar ke lie bhinn-bhinn aushadhiyoan ke prayog nirnit kie ge. isi se nighantu mean aushadhiyoan ki bahulata evan bheshaj-nirman-granthoan mean prayog ki bahulata drishtigochar hoti hai. raktaparibhraman, shvasan, pachan adi sharirik kriyaoan ka jnan bharat mean hajaroan varsh poorv hi ho gaya tha. shalyachikitsa mean yah desh pradhan tha. pray: sabhi avayavoan ki chikitsa shaly aur shalaky (chir pha d) dvara hoti thi. plastik sarjari, shiravedh, soochivedh adi sabhi sookshm kary hote the. bal ko kh da chir sakanevale shastr the. asthiyoan ka sthanabhransh, kshati adi ka bhinn-bhinn bhagnasthibandhoan (spliants) dvara upachar hota tha. at: bharatiy ayurvijnan apane samay mean sarvagunasanpann tha.

eejipt ka ayurvijnan-yah ati prachinakal ke paranparagat abhyasoan tatha iandrajal par avalanbit tha. isake chikitsak mandiroan ke purohit ya kuchh abhyast vyakti hi hote the. ye svasthyavijnan, aharaniyam, virechan, vastikarm adi par dhyan dete the, parantu ye paryapt saphal nahian hue. anulep, pralep tatha aantagrahm bheshajoan ka bhi prayog hota tha. madhu, kshar, devadarutail, aanjiratvacha, tootiya, phitakari tatha praniyoan ke yakrit, hriday, rakt aur siang adi ka prayog hota tha. in sabase achchhe chikitsakoan ke utpann hone mean bhi pragati huee. imhotep (samay khrishtabd ke 3,000 varsh poorv) raja josar ka rajavaidy tha aur eeshvaratuly pooja jata tha. usake nam se mandir bhi bane haian. eejipt ke prachin lekhoan (paipiraee) mean ayurvijnan ke kshetr mean shariravijnan aur shalyavijnan ka yatkianchith‌ ullekh hai.

mesopotaimiya ka ayurvijnan-isamean yakrit sharir ka pradhan aang mana jata tha aur isaki sthiti se phalanuman kiya jata tha. sharir mean pretadi ka prakop rog ka mukhy karan ya vyadhishastr ka adhar samajha jata tha tatha pretadikoan ka ni:saran, pooja path adi unake upachar the. shalyachikitsa shreshth mani jati thi. at: shariravijnan ka jnan bhi avashyak samajha jata tha. aushadhikshetr mean saik doan khanij evan jivajat bheshajoan ka upayog bhi hota tha. tarapin, devadaru, hiangu, sarasoan, loban, erand, tail, khasakhas, aanjir tatha kuchh vishaili vanaspatiyoan ka bhi prayog hota tha.

prachin ayurvijnan-ek prakar se us vaijnanik ayurvijnan ki utpatti gris se huee jisase adhunik pashchaty ayurvijnan nikala. eesa se 500 varsh poorv se lekar rom rajy ke utthan tak yah isi desh mean simit tha; isake pashchath‌ isaka vikas madhy eshiya, etheans, itali adi gris ke adhirajyoan mean bhi hua. isamean tatkalin sabhi prachalit paddhatiyaan sammilit thian. prachin krit, mesopotaimiya, eejipt, parshiya tatha bharat ki chikitsapaddhatiyoan ke siddhaant isamean samavisht the. at: ek sammilit vaijnanik ayurvijnan ka pradurbhav yahaan se hua. eesa ke lagabhag 400 varsh poorv gris desh ke hipokretiz ne isake vikas mean yog diya. hipokretiz ne vaidyoan ke lie jis shapath ka nirdesh kiya tha vah prabhavashali thi, yatha-maian ayurvijnan ke gurujanoan ka apane poojy grihajanoan ke saman sadar karooanga. unaki avashyakataoan par upasthit rahooanga. unaki santati mean bhratribhav rakhooanga aur yadi ve chaheange to unhean yah vijnan sikhaooanga tatha is vijnan ke vikas ke lie satat prayatnashil rahooanga. rogiyoan ki bhalaee ke lie aushadhiprayog karooanga, kisi ke ghat athava garbhapat ke lie nahian. rugnoan ki gupt batoan tatha vyavaharoan ko gupt rakhooanga ityadi.

hipokretiz ka shirvroan namak granth ullekhaniy hai. usamean shirobhed ka ullekh tatha shirosthibhang ka upachar tatha any avayavoan ka shalyopachar bhi paya jata hai. us kal mean any asthibhang tatha asthibhransh ke bhi saphal upachar hote the.

us kal mean kisi vishesh rog ke visheshajn nahian hote the. sabhi sab prakar ke rogiyoan ko dekhate the. jahaan shalyachikitsa sanbhav nahian hoti thi vahaan ve sharir ko pusht rakhane ka upay karate the, kyoanki unaka vishvas tha ki sharir mean svayan vranarodhak shakti hai. isake atirikt rogi ki bahy chikitsa, seva shushrusha adi ka bhi ullekh paya jata hai. hipokretiz ki sootr namak pustak bhi b di saphal huee. is pustak mean darshae kuchh vichar nimnalikhit haian:

(1) vriddhavastha mean upavas ka sahan saral hota hai.

(2) akaran thakavat rog ki dyotak hai.

(3) uttam bhojan ke pashchath‌ sharir ka shushk rahana vyadhi nirdeshit karata hai.

(4) vriddhavastha mean vyadhiyaan kam hoti haian, parantu yadi koee vyadhi dirghakal tak rah jati hai ta asadhy hi ho jati hai.

(5) ghav ke sath akshepak (sharir mean aianthan) hona achchha lakshan nahian hai.

(6) kshay lagabhag 18 se 35 varsh ki ayu ke bich hota hai.

is tarah ke inake kee ullekh aj bhi akaty haian. hipokretiz ne nidanavijnan evan rogoan ke bhavi parinam vishayak jnan ka bhi vikas kiya.

aristautil ne pranishastr ko mahatv dete hue ayurvijnan ke vishay mean apane vaktavy mean kaha ki ushn evan shit, ardr evan shushk ye char praranbhik gun haian. inakee bhinn-bhinn matraoan mean sanyog se char padarthoan ka nirman hua jinhean tatv kahate haian. ye tatv prithvi, vayu, agni evan jal haian. is vichar ka hipokretiz ke ayurvijnan se samanvay kar inhoanne yah nishkarsh nikala ki sharir mukhy char dravoan (hyamars) se nirmit hai, jinhean rakt, kaph, krishna pitt (blaik bail) eanv pit pitt (yalo bail) kahate haian aur inhian dravoan mean arogyavastha ke anupat se bhinnata rogotpadak hoti hai. is tarah drav-vyadhi-shastr (hyamaral paith aaul aauji) ka uday hua. bharat ke prachin tridoshasiddhaant se yah itana milata julata hai ki prashn uthata hai ki kya yah jnan gris mean bharat se pahuancha. kee pashchaty tatha bharatiy vidvanoan ka mat hai ki avashy hi yah jnan vahaan bharat se gaya hoga (karanoan tatha poore byore ke lie dr. maheandranath shastri krit 'ayurved ka sankshipt itihas').

aristautil ki mrityu ke pashchath‌ usi ke desh ke hirophilas tath erasisatratas ne apane ne sangh ka nirman kiya jise ailekzaidriyan sanpraday kahate haian. hirophilas ne na di, dhamani evan shiraoan ke gunoan ka varnan kar sharirashastr ko janm diya. isilie vah sharirashastr ka janak mana gaya. erasisatratas ne shvasan kriya ka adhyayan kar pratham bar vayu evan sharir mean sanbandh sthapit karane ka prastav kiya. usaka mat tha ki vayu mean ek adrisht shakti hai, jo shakti evan kanpan sthapit karati hai. isane yah bhi kaha ki avayavoan ka nirman na di, dhamani tatha shira se hai, jo vibhajit hote-hote atyant sookshm ho jati haian. mastishk ka bhi adhyayan kar isane isake vibhinn bhagoan ko darshaya. rakt ki adhikata ko kee vyadhiyoan, jaise miragi, nyoomoniya, raktavaman ityadi, ka karan bataya evan inake shaman ke hetu niyamit vyayam, pathy, vashpasnanadi vihit kie.

rom rajy ke aantargat ayurvijnan - gris ke vijnan tatha sanskriti ke vikas ke samay ayurvijnan ke vikas ka bhi aranbh hua, kiantu dirghakal tak yah sushupt raha. grik aikslepiyadiz ne 40 varsh eesa se poorv hipokretiz ke prakriti par bharosa karanevale upachar ka khandan kar shighr prabhavakari ka anumodan kiya. shanai:-shanai: isaka vikas hota gaya tatha diyoskoridiz ne ek ayurvejnanik nighantu ki rachana ki.

sanh‌ 30 ee. mean selsash‌ ne pun: ayurvijnan ko susangathit kiya. usane svachchhata (sainiteshan) tatha janasvasthy ka bhi vikas kiya. aushadhalayapaddhati ka aranbh rom se hua, kiantu dirghakal tak yah prayog sena tak hi simit raha; pichhe janasadharan ko bhi yah suvidha upalabdh huee.

gailan (130-200) ne apane vaktavy mean darshaya ki mukhyat: tin shaktiyoan ka jivan se ghanisht sanbandh hai:

(1) prakritik shakti (naichural spirit), jo yakrit mean nirmit hokar shiraoan dvara sharir mean vistarit hoti hai.

(2) daivi shakti (vaital spirit), jo hriday mean banakar dhamaniyoan dvara prasarit hoti hai.

(3) pashav shakti (ainimal spirit), jo mastishk mean banakar na diyoan dvara prasarit hoti hai. gailan ne kaha ki pashav shakti ka sanbandh sparsh ka karyasanchalan se hai. prakritik shakti hriday mean aur daivi shakti mastishk mean pashav shakti mean parinat ho jati hai.

bheshajashastr ki unnati mean bhi gailan ne b da yog diya, kiantu isaki mrityu ke pashchath‌ isake prayasoan ko protsahan n mil saka.

adhunik ayurvijnan-16vian shatabdi mean kshetravistar tatha uchch koti ki upalabdh suvidhaoan dvara ayurvijnan mean navin sphoorti prasphutit huee. sankramak vyadhiyoan ki adhikata se inaki or bhi dhyan akarshit hua. eandriyas viseliyas mean paidua mean sharirashastr ka pun: aranbh se adhyayan kiya. taduparaant paidua nagar shiksha ka uttam keandr ban gaya. sharirashastr ke vikas mean shalyachikitsa ko bhi protsahan mila. is kshetr mean phraans ke shalyachikitsak aanbraj pare (1517-90 ee.) ke kary ullekhaniy haian: parantu is kal mean sharir-kriya-vijnan mean vikas n hone se bheshajachikitsa unnati n kar saki. rog--nidan--shastr mean 16vian evan 17vian shatabdi mean sarahaniy kary hue, parantu isamean hipokretiz tatha gailas ki kritiyoan se barabar sahayata li jati thi. prithvi ke ajnat bhagoan ki khoj ke bad aushadhi kshetr mean bhi vikas hua, kyoanki kee nee aushadhiyaan prapt hueean, jaise ku daki (ipikakuanha), kunain aur tanbakoo. vanaspati shastr ka bhi vistar hua. sankramak rogoan ke vishay mean adhik janakari huee. sanh‌ 1546 ee. mean verona ke phrakastoro ne rogakramanoan par prabhav dala. in prayatnoan ke phalasvaroop kitanujagath‌ ke vishay ka bhi abhas hua. upadansh, motijhara, kukarakhaansi, amavat, gathiya aur khasara adi rogoan par prakash dala ja saka. 15vian shatabdi mean upadansh mahamari ke roop mean phaila aur is rog ke sanbandh mean anusandhan hue, kiantu anek bhinn mat hone se koee nishchit anuman nahian lagaya ja saka.

sharir-kriya-vijnan ka vikasakal-16vian tatha 17vian shatabdiyoan mean sharir--kriya--vijnan, bhautiki tatha chikitsavijnan ka vikas samaantar riti se hua. isi samay paidua (itali) ke sektoriyas (sanh‌ 1561-1636) ne sharir ki tap-santulan-kriya ko samajhate hue tapamapi yantr ki rachana ki aur upapachay (metab aaulizm) ki nianv dali. paidua ke shikshak jerom phabrishiyas (sanh‌ 1537-1619) ne bhroonavijnan evan raktasancharan par kary kiya. taduparaant usake shishy harvi ne in parinamoan ka adhyayan kar ayurvijnanajagath‌ ki b di samriddhi ki. usi ne rudhiraparivahan ka pata lagaya, jo adhunik ayurvijnan ka adhar hai. isikal mean sharirashastr tatha sharir-kriya-vijnan ka adhunik roop prapt hua. sookshmadarshak yantr (maikr aauskop) ke avishkar ne bhi kee kathinaiyoan ko hal karane mean sahayata di tatha kee bhram door kie. 17vian shatabdi ke is yantr ke karan kee batoan ka pata chala.

sharirarasayan-rabart bael (sanh‌ 1627-91) ne prachin adharahin dharanaoan ko nasht kar ayurvijnan ko adhunik rooparekha di. 1662 ee. mean rene dekart ne sharir-kriya-vijnan par dihomin namak pratham patyapustak rachi. kshar par laiden (nidaralaiand) ke silaviyas (sanh‌ 1614-72) ka kary bhi bahut sarahaniy raha. inhoanne sarvapratham vaijnanik tarikoan se pachak rasoan ka vishleshan kiya. haraman boorahave (sanh‌ 1688-1738) ne 18vian shatabdi mean sharirarasayan par ullekhaniy kary kiya. boorahave ko us samay ayurvijnan mean sarvochch pad prapt tha. inhone prayogashalaoan ka nirman kiya tatha prayogik shiksha ki or dhyan akarshit kiya. uchit roop ki vaijnanik shalaoan ko janm dene mean inaka b da sahayog tha. inhoanne edinabara ke ayurvijnan vidyalay ko janm diya. svitzaralaiand ke alabrekht phon halar (sanh‌ 1708-77) ne shvasanakriya, asthi--nirman--kriya, bhroonavriddhi tatha pachanakriya, maansapeshiyoan ke kary evan na ditantuoan ka sookshm adhyayan kiya. in sabaka varnan inhoanne apani sharir--kriya--vijnan ke tatv namak pustak mean kiya. pachan kriya evan bhojan ke jaran ki kriya par silaviyas ke pashchath‌ phreanch vaijnanik reomyoor (sanh‌ 1683-1757), itali ke spalanazani (sanh‌ 1729-99) tatha ianglaiandavasi praut (sanh‌ 1785-1850) ka kary sarahaniy hai. pranividyut ke kshetr mean italiyan gailavaini (sanh‌ 1737-98), sk aautalaiand nivasi blaik (sanh‌ 1728-99) evan aangrej pristale ne kary kiya. 1791 ee. mean gailavaini ne dikhaya ki vidyuddhara se maansapeshiyoan mean sankoch hota hai. 18vian shatabdi mean rasayanashastr ke vistar ke sath-sath sharirarasayan bhi pragati kar saka. aksijan ka avishkar tatha praniyoan se usaka sanbandh phraans ke rasayanik levajye (sanh‌ 1743-94) ne sthapit kiya.

vikrit sharir evan nidanashastr-18vian shatabdi ke aranbh mean kuchh maranottar shavaparikshaoan dvara shariroan ka adhyayan hua. vyadhi sanbandhi jnan mean ashatit unnati huee. avayavoan ka sookshm nirikshan kar inaka vyadhi se sanbandh sthapit kiya. paidua (itali) mean 56 varsh tak adhyapan karanevale moraganthi (sanh‌ 1682-1771) ka kary is kshetr mean sarvochch raha.

nidan ke lie is yug mean na dipariksha ko mahatv diya gaya evan tapamapak yantr ki bhi rachana ki gee. viyana mean thiyopold auenaboozar (sanh‌ 1722 se 1870) ne abhitadan (parakashan) vidhi tatha ar.ti.ech. lenek (sanh‌ 1781-1826) ne sanshravanakriya (aauskuleshan) ka avishkar 18vian shatabdi ke aant mean kiya. lenek ne 1819 ee. mean pratham urashshravanayantr (stithaskop) ki rachana kar nidanashastr ko susajjit kiya.

isi yug se nidan mean rogiyoan ka avalokan, sparsh, abhitadan tatha avayavoan ke shravan adi kriyaoan ka prachar hua. is adhyayan ke pashchath‌ bheshajashastr tatha shalyachikitsa mean b da vikas hua.

shaly tatha stri-rog-chikitsa-18vian shatabdi mean svasth tatha vyadhikiy sharir--rachana--vijnan ke vikas ne is shalyachikitsa ki unnati mean bhi adhik yog diya. kee shalyayantroan ka nirman hua. prasooti mean chikitsak viliyam hantar (sanh‌ 1718-83) ne pratham bar sandanshika (f aauraseps) ka upayog kiya. inake bhaee jan hantar ne is kshetr mean any sarahaniy kary kie aur ayurvijnan ke sangrahalayoan ka nirman kar unaka mahatv darshaya. sar viliyam peti dvara ayurvijnan ke anveshanoan ko darshit karane ka navin marg bataya gaya aur janm, mrityu tatha vividh rogoan se pi ditoan ki sankhyaoan ka pata lagaya gaya. ise jivanaank (vaital staitistiks) nam diya gaya. isi kal se jivan aur maran ka byora banaya jane laga. is tarah ke adhyayan ne vyadhirodhak karyoan ki saphalata par bahut prakash dala. sarvapratham is kary ka praranbh ianglaiand mean bandiyoan se hua; taduparaant jab isaki mahatta ka jnan hua, tab isaka vistar janasadharan mean bhi ho saka. sar jan priangil (sanh‌ 1707-82) evan jems liand ne motojhira tatha ushn deshoan mean honevali vyadhiyoan ka adhyayan kiya.

janasvasthy mean sudhar-vijnan eanv sanskriti ki unnati ke sath-sath yantrayug mean karakhanoan tatha shramikoan ke vikas se shramikoan ke svasthy par bhi dhyan diya jane laga aur maleriya (joo di) adi kee vyadhiyoan se chhutakara pane ke upay khoj nikale ge.

ianglaiand mean sanh‌ 1762 ee. mean jo vidhan bane unake karan b de nagaroan mean svachchhata adi par paryapt dhyan diya jane laga.

aushadhalayoan ka vikas-chikitsa ki avashyakataoan ke karan vaijnanik roop se svachchhata par dhyan rakhate hue uttam aspataloan ka nirman 18vian shatabdi ke madhy se hona aranbh hua. paricharikaoan ki vyavastha se bhi aspatal bahut janapriy ban ge aur vishesh unnati kar sake.

rogapratirodh ke lie tike ka vikas-yah kary 18vian shatabdi se aranbh hua. sarvapratham 1796 ee. mean aidavard jenar ne chechak ki bimari ka adhyayan kar usake pratirodh ke hetu tike ka avishkar kiya. dharmik evan any badhaoan ke karan kuchh samay tak isaka prachar n ho saka, kiantu isake pashchath‌ tike ki vyadhirodhak shakti par dhyan gaya aur dhire-dhire tika lagavane ki pratha badhi. phraans ke luee pashchar (sanh‌ 1822-95), lard listar (sanh‌ 1827-1912), rabart kokh (sanh‌ 1843-1910), emil phan beriang (sanh‌ 1854-1917) adi vaijnanikoan ka kary is kshetr mean sarahaniy raha.

19vian tatha 20vian shatabdi mean shariravijnan ke sookshm adhyayan ki prerana mili tatha tantuoan ki rachana par bhi prakash dala gaya.

jarmanoan ne 19vian shatabdi mean sharir-kriya-vijnan ke kshetr mean kee ullekhaniy kary kie. phraans ne bhi is kary mean sahayog diya. is desh ke vidvanh‌ klad baranard (sanh‌ 1813-78) ke kary is kshetr mean sarahaniy rahe. usane sharir ko ek yantr manakar usake vibhinn avayavoan ke karyoan ka, jaise yakrit ke karyoan tatha raktasanchalan evan pachanakriya sanbandhi karyoan ka, sookshm anveshan kiya. isi kshetr mean mular (sanh‌ 1801-58) ne ek pathyapustak ki rachana ki, jisase is shastr ki unnati mean bahut sahayata mili.

phan liviang (sanh‌ 1803-73) ne sharirarasayan mean avishkar kie. unaki khojoan mean yooriya ko pahachanane tatha mapan ki vidhi, padarth ki paribhasha, jaranakriya tatha usase utpann tap, netrajanachakr adi pramukh haian.

1840 ee. mean sharir ki koshikaoan (sels) ka pata chala. jivadravy (protoplajm) par bhi bahut khoj huee. roodolph phirsho ne rakt ke shvet kanoan ke karyoan par prakash dala. isane kaiansar adi vyadhiyoan ke sanbandh mean bhi bahut anveshan kie.

kitanu tatha vyadhi-19vian shatabdi ke praranbh mean yah abhas hua ki kuchh vyadhiyaan kitanuoan ke akramanoan se sanbandh rakhati haian. phraans ke luee paschar (sanh‌ 1822-95) ne isaki pushti ke hetu kee ullekhaniy prayog kie. rabart kokh (sanh‌ 1843-1910) ne kitanushastr ko astitv dekar is kshetr mean b da kary kiya. yakshma, haija ad ke kitanuoan ka anveshan kiya tatha anek prakar ke kitanuoan ko palane ki vidhiyoan tatha unake gunoan ka adhyayan kiya. bharat ki iandiyan medikal sarvis ke sar rolald r aaus (sanh‌ 1857-1932) ne maleriya par sarahaniy kary kiya. is rog ke kitanuoan ke jivanachakr ka jnan prapt kiya tatha usake vistarak ainopheliz machchhar ka adhyayan kiya. sanh‌ 1893 mean atyant sookshm vishanuoan (vairas) ka jnan hua. taduparaant is kshetr mean bhi ashatit unnati huee. vishanuoan se utpann anek vyadhiyoan, unake lakshanoan aur unaki rokatham ke upayoan ka pata lagaya gaya tatha in rogoan ka samana karanevali sharirik shakti ki riti bhi khoji gee. phan beriang ka kary is kshetr mean sarahaniy raha.

gat pachis varshoan mean jivanudveshi dravyoan (aiantibayotiks), jaise salfanilaimaid, salfathayazol ityadi tatha peenisilin, streptomaisin adi se phuphphusarti (nimoniya), raktapootita (septisimiya), kshay (thaisis) adi bhayankar rogoan par bhi niyantran shaky ho gaya hai.

upasanhar-ayurvijnan ke itihas ke avalokan se yah jnat hota hai ki isaka pradurbhav ati prachin hai. nirantar manushy vyadhiyoan tatha unase mukt hone ke upayoan par vichar tatha anveshan karata aya hai. vijnan evan usaki vibhinn shakhaoan ke vikas ke sath-sath ayurvijnan bhi apani disha mean drut gati se age ki or badhata chal raha hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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