भारत का संवैधानिक विकास

bharat ke sanvaidhanik vikas ke aantargat kee prakar ke ekt aur adhiniyam adi samay-samay par parit kiye ge the.

kampani shasan ke adhin laye gaye adhiniyam

1773 ka regyuletiang ekt

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

is ekt ka uddeshy bharat mean eest indiya kampani ki gatividhiyoan ko british sarakar ki nigarani mean lana tha. isake atirikt kampani ki sanchalak samiti mean amool-chool parivartan karana tatha kampani ke rajanitik astitv ko svikar kar usake vyaparik dhaanche ko rajanitik karyoan ke sanchalan yogy banana bhi isaka uddeshy tha. is adhiniyam ko 1773 ee. mean british sansad mean pas kiya gaya tatha 1774 ee. mean ise lagoo kiya gaya. is ekt ke mukhy pravadhan nimnalikhit the-

1. 'kort aauf dairektars' ka karyakal ek varsh ke sthan par char varsh ka ho gaya tatha dairektaro ki sankhya 24 nirdharit ki gayi, jisamean se 25 arthath chh: sadasyo dvara prativarsh avakash grahan karana p data tha. 1000 paund ke hissedaroan ko vot ka adhikar diya gaya. 3, 6 evan 10 hazar paund ke hissedaroan ko kramashah 2, 3 evan 4 mat dene ke adhikar mile.

1781 ka sanshodhanatmak adhiniyam

sarakar ko sudridh karane ke uddeshy se is adhiniyam mean nimnalikhit pravadhan kiye gaye the-

1. kampani ke padadhikariyoan ko uchchatam nyayalay ke adhikar kshetr se bahar kar diya gaya.
2. sarvochch nyayalay ke adhikatam kshetr ko spasht karate hue kalakatta (vartaman kolakata) ke sabhi nivasiyoan par usaki adhikarita ko pramanit kiya gaya.
3. gavarnar-janaral tatha usaki parishad dvara banaye gaye niyamoan tatha viniyamoan ko uchchatam nyayalay mean panjikrit karane ki badhyata samapt kar di gayi.
4. koee bhi niyam ya viniyam banate samay bharatiy dharmik va samajik riti-rivajoan par dhyan dene ki avashyakata par bal diya gaya.

pit ekt

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

regyuletiang ekt mean vyapt khamiyoan ko door karane ke lie british sarakar ne is ekt ko parit kiya tha. ekt ke mukhy pravadhan is prakar the-

1. bharat ke gavarnar-janaral ki kauansil ke sadasyoan ki sankhya tin kar di gayi. gavarnar v gavarnar janaral ki niyukti ka adhikar sanchalako ko tha, par unhean vapas bulane ka adhikar sanchalak mandal tatha raja ko mil gaya. madras evan bambee ki sarakarean poori tarah se bangal sarakar ke adhin ho gayian.
2. chh: kamishnaroan ke ek bord ka gathan hua, jise bharat mean aangrezi kshetr par niyantran ka poora adhikar de diya gaya. sanchalakoan dvara samast adeshoan ko isi ki anumati se bheja jana sunishchit kiya gaya.
3. sanchalak ya 'bord aauf kantrol' ki anumati ke bina gavarnar-janaral ko kisi bhi bharatiy naresh ke sath sangharsh arambh karane ya kisi rajy ko any rajyoan ke akraman ke viruddh sahayata ka ashvasan dene ka adhikar nahian tha. is adhiniyam dvara kanpani ke sanvidhan mean do mukhy parivartan hue. pahala yah ki is adhiniyam dvara dvaidh shasan pranali, ek kampani dvara aur doosari sansadiy bord dvara bana di gayi, jo 1858 tak chalati rahi. doosara yah tha ki is adhiniyam se karyakari parshadoan ki sankhya tin rah gayi, jinamean se ek mukhy senapati tha. parantu is adhiniyam ki sabase mahattvapoorn dhara yah thi ki isake dvara akramak yuddhoan ko hi samapt nahian kiya gaya, apitu jo pratyabhooti sandhiyaan karnatak evan avadh se ki gee thian, unhean bhi samapt kar diya gaya, kintu vyavaharik roop se is adesh ka palan viparit disha mean hi hua.

1786 ka ekt

pit dvara rakhe gaye is adhiniyam mean gavarnar-janaral ko vishesh vyavastha mean apani parishad ke nirnay ko radd karane tatha apane nirnay lagoo karane ka adhikar bhi de diya gaya.

1793 ka chartar ekt

kampani ka bharat mean vyapar karane ka adhikar 20 varsh ke lie badha diya gaya. apani parishadoan ke nirnay ko radd karane ka adhikar sabhi gavarnar-janaraloan ko diya gaya. gavarnar-janaral ka bambee tatha madras presideans par bhi adhikar spasht ho gaya.

1813 ka chartar ekt

1813 ee. mean kampani ko bis varsh ke lie mile vyaparik adhikaro ka chartar laya gaya, jisake anusar kampani ka bharatiy vyapar par ekadhikar samapt kar diya gaya, parantu chin ke sath vyapar v chay ke vyapar ka ekadhikar kampani ke pas surakshit raha. kampani ke bhagidaroan ko bharatiy rajasv se 10.5 pratishat labhaansh dene ka nishchay kiya gaya. bharatiyoan ke lie ek lakh rupaya varshik shiksha ke sudhar, sahity ke sudhar evan punaruthan ke lie aur bharatiy pradeshoan mean vijnan ki pragati ke lie kharch karane ka pravadhan kiya gaya.

1833 ka chartar ekt

ek adhiniyam dvara kampani ka chin ke sath vyaparik ekadhikar samapt kar diya gaya. ab kampani ek rajanitik sanstha bhar rah gayi. kampani ko ane vale 20 varshoan ke lie kraun v usake uttaradhikariyoan ke nyas ke roop mean bharat par prashasan ka adhikar de diya gaya. adhiniyam ne prashasan ka kendriyakaran kar diya, bangal ke gavarnar-janaral ko ab bharat ka gavarnar-janaral bana diya gaya aur saparishad gavarnar-janaral ko kampani ke sainik tatha asainik kary ka niyantran, nirakshan tatha nirdeshan sauanpa gaya. bambee, madras tatha bangal v any pradesh gavarnar-janaral ke niyantran mean de diye gaye. gavarnar-janaral ko apani kauansil sahit sare aangrezi ilakoan ke lie qanoon banane ka adhikar prapt ho gaya. bambee tatha madras ki sanvidhan sabhaoan ki qanoon banane ki shakti samapt ho gayi. saparishad gavarnar-janaral sabhi vishayoan par sabhi sthanoan tatha logoan ke lie qanoon bana sakata tha aur usake qanoon sabhi nyayalayoan dvara lagoo kiye jate the. gavarnar-janaral ki sahayata ke lie usaki kauansil mean ek atirikt qanoon sadasy ko chauthe sadasy ke roop mean shamil kiya gaya. bharatiy qanoonoan ko sanhitabaddh karane ke lie ek 'vidhi kamishan' banaya gaya. is adhiniyam mean jati, varn, liang evan vyavasay ke adhar par sarakari sevaoan mean chayan ke lie bhedabhav apanane par kuchh pratibandh laga. is adhiniyam mean das pratha ko khatm karane ke lie bhi vyavastha ki gee thi.

1853 ka chartar ekt

is adhiniyam ke tahat kampani ko british sarakar ki or se bharat ka kshetr, trast ke roop mean tab tak rakhane ki ajna di gayi, jab tak ki british sansad aisa chahe. adhiniyam mean di gayi vyavastha ke antargat niyantran bord, sachiv evan any adhikariyoan ka vetan british sarakar nishchit karegi, par dhan kampani upalabdh karayegi. ab dairektaroan ki sankhya mean katauti kar 24 se 18 kar diya gaya, jisamean 6 ki niyukti kraun dvara hoti thi. sarakari sevaoan mean niyuktiyaan ab dairektaroan ke dvara na hokar pratiyogi parikshaoan dvara ki jane lagi. 1854 ee. mean 'maikale samiti' niyukt ki gayi, taki is yojana ko kriyanvit kiya ja sake. vidhi sadasy ab gavarnar-janaral ki kaunsil ka poorn sadasy ban gaya, parishad jab naya qanoon banayegi to 6 atirikt sadasy, jisamean uchchatam nyayalay ke mukhy nyayadhish, ek any nyayadhish, tinoan presideansiyoan v uttar-pashchim sima prant ka ek-ek asainik pratinidhi hona chahie. prantiy asainik padadhikari ke lie yah avashyak tha ki vah lagabhag 10 varsh tak kampani ke adhin sevarat raha ho. is adhiniyam ki sabase b di truti yah thi ki bharatiyoan ko apane vishay mean qanoon banane ki anumati nahian di gayi thi.

kraun shasan mean vikas

1857 ee. ke vidroh ke shaant hone ke bad bharat ka shasan eest iandiya kampani ke hathoan se nikal kar british kraun ke hathoan mean pahuanch gaya.

british sansad dvara parit adhiniyam

1858 ka adhiniyam

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

is adhiniyam ke parit hone ke kuchh mahattvapoorn karan the. bharat ke pratham svadhinata sangram, jo 1857 ee. mean hua tha, ne bharat mean kampani shasan ke doshoan ke prati british janamanas ka dhyan akrisht kiya. isi samay briten mean sampann hue am chunavoan ke bad pamastarn pradhanamantri bane, inhoanne tatkal kampani ke bharat par shasan karane ke adhikar ko lekar british kraun ke adhin karane ka nirnay liya. us kampani ke adhyaksh 'ros megals' evan 'j aaun stuart mile' ne is nirnay ki alochana ki.

adhiniyam ki pramukh visheshataean-

1. british eest iandiya kampani ka shasan samapt kar shasan ki zimmedari british kraun ko sauanp di gayi. bharat ka gavarnar-janaral ab 'bharat ka vayasaray' kaha jane laga.
2. 'bord aauf dairektars' evan 'bord aauf kantrol' ke samast adhikar 'bharat sachiv' ko sauanp diye gaye. bharat sanchiv british mantrimandal ka ek sadasy hota tha, jisaki sahayata ke lie 15 sadasyiy 'bharatiy parishad' ka gathan kiya gaya tha, jisamean 7 sadasyoan ki niyukti 'kort aauf dayarektars' evan shesh 8 ki niyukti british sarakar karati thi. in sadasyoan mean adhe se adhik ke lie yah shart thi ki ve bharat mean kam se kam 10 varsh tak rah chuke hoan.
3. bharat sachiv v usaki kauansil ka kharch bharatiy rajakosh se diya jayaga. sanbhavit janapad seva mean niyuktiyaan khuli pratiyogita ke dvara ki jane lagi, jisake lie rajy sachiv ne janapad ayuktoan ki sahayata se nigam banae.

1861 ka bharatiy parishad adhiniyam

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

1858 ee. ka adhiniyam apani kasauti par poornatah khara nahian utara, parinamasvaroop 3 varsh bad 1861 ee.mean british sansad ne 'bharatiy parishad adhiniyam' parit kiya. yah pahala aisa adhiniyam tha, jisamean 'vibhagiy pranali' evan 'mantrimandaliy pranali' ki nianv rakhi gayi. pahali bar vidhi nirman kary mean bharatiyoan ka sahayog lene ka prayas kiya gaya.

adhiniyam ki pramukh visheshataean-

1. vayasaray ki parishad mean ek sadasy aur badha kar sadasyoan ki sankhya 5 kar di gayi. 5vaan sadasy vidhi visheshajn hota tha.
2. qanoon nirman ke lie vayasaray ki kaunsil mean kam se kam 6 evan adhikatam 12 atirikt sadasyoan ki niyukti ka adhikar vayasaray ko diya gaya. in sadasyoan ka karyakal 2 varsh ka hota tha. gair sarakari sadasyoan mean kuchh uchch shreni ke the, par bharatiy sadasyoan ki niyukti ke prati vayasaray badhy nahian tha, kintu vyavahar mean kuchh gair sarakari sadasy 'uchch shreni ke bharatiy' the. is parishad ka kary kshetr qanoon nirman tak hi simit tha.
3. is adhiniyam ki vyavastha ke anusar bambee evan madras prantoan ko vidhi nirman evan unamean sanshodhan ka adhikar punah pradan kar diya gaya, kintu inake dvara nirmit qanoon tabhi vaidh mane jate the, jab unhean vayasaray vaidh thaharata tha.
4. vayasaray ko prantoan mean vidhan parishad ki sthapana ka adhikar tatha leftinent gavarnar ki niyukti ka adhikar prapt ho gaya.

1892 ka bharatiy parishad adhiniyam

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

1861 ka bharatiy parishad adhiniyam jahaan ek or uttaradayi sarakar sthapit karane mean asamarth raha, vahian doosari or litan ki barbar nitiyoan se janata mean asantosh vyapt ho gaya. aisi sthiti mean 1892 ka parishad adhiniyam parit kiya gaya.

pramukh pravadhan

1892 ke bharatiy parishad adhiniyam ke pramukh pravadhan is prakar the-

1. atirikt sadasyoan ki sankhya kendriy parishad mean badhakar kam se kam 10 v adhikatam 16 kar di gayi. bambee tatha madras ki kauansil mean bhi 20 atirikt sadasy, uttar-pashchim sima praant v bangal ki kauansil mean bhi 20 atirikt sadasy niyukt kiye gaye.
2. parishad ke sadasyoan ko kuchh adhik adhikar mile. varshik bajat par vad-vivad v isase sambandhit prashn poochhe ja sakate the, parantu mat vibhajan ka adhikar nahian diya gaya tha. atirikt sadasyoan ko bajat se sambandhit vishesh adhikar tha, kintu ve poorak prashn nahian poochh sakate the.
3. atirikt sadasyoan mean se 2/5 sadasy gair sarakari hone chahie. ye sadasy bharatiy samaj ke vibhinn vargoan, jatiyoan, v vishisht hitoan ke adhar par niyukt kiye gaye. yah parampara kalantar mean bharatiy rashtriy ekata ke vikas mean badhak bani.

1909 ka bharatiy parishad adhiniyam

is adhiniyam ko marle-minto sudhar ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. is adhiniyam ka mukhy uddeshy kaangres ke udaravadi dal ke netao evan musalamanoan ko padhana tatha ugr rashtravadi tatvoan ka daman karana tha.

adhiniyam ki mukhy dharayean is prakar thian-

1. kendriy kauansil mean vidhi se sambandhit karyoan ke atirikt sadasyoan ki sankhya badhakar 60 kar di gayi. isamean 27 nirvachati v 33 manonit sadasy the. karyakarani ke 6 sadasy, 1 senadhyaksh, 1 prantiy gavarnar v gavarnar-janaral ko milakar 69 sadasyoan ki 'kendriy lejisletiv kaunsil' ki sathapana ki gayi.
2. bangal, uttar pradesh, bambee aur madras adi mean vidhan parishad ke sadasyoan ki sankhya badhakar 50 aur panjab, barma, asam ki vidhan parishad ke sadasyoan ki sankhya 30 nishchit ki gayi.
3. vidhan parishad ke adhikaroan mean vriddhi huee. use samany sarvajanik hitoan se sambandhit prastavoan par bahas karane v poorak prashnoan ko poochhane ka adhikar mil gaya. varshik bajat par bahas ka adhikar to parishad ke pas tha hi, parantu parishad is par matadan nahian karava sakati thi. vidhan parishad ke sadasy adhyaksh ki sahamati se sarvajanik hitoan se sambandhit prashn poochh sakate the kuchh aise mamale bhi the, jinaki vivechana sadasy nahian kar sakate the. videshi sambandhoan tatha deshi rajaoan se sanbandhoan, qanoon ke samaksh nirnay ke liye aye prashnoan, relave par vyay tatha rrin par byaj adi prashnoan ko nahian uthaya ja sakata tha.
4. kendriy v prantiy karyakarani parishad mean ek-ek bharatiy sadasy niyukt hue.
5. musalamanoan ke lie prithakh nirvachan kshetr ki vyavastha ki gayi. is adhiniyam ki mahattvapoorn buraee thi- musalamanoan ko prithakh pratinidhitv pradan karana. adhiniyam mean aisi vyavastha kar sarakar ne bharat mean sampradayikta ka bij bo diya, jo kalantar mean "bharat vibhajan" ka karan bana.

madan mohan malaviy, gopal krishna gokhale jaise udaravadi neta, jo pahale is adhiniyam ke prashansak the, isake sabase b de alochak ban gaye. raimje maikdonald ne likha ki "marle-minto sudhar janatantravad aur naukarashahi ke bich ek adhoora or alpakalin samajhauta tha."

1919 ka bharat sarakar adhiniyam

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

is adhiniyam ko maantegyoo-chemsaford sudhar ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. bharatamantri l aaurd maantegyoo ne 20 agast, 1917 ko british sansad mean yah ghoshana ki ki british sarakar ka uddeshy bharat mean uttaradayi shasan ki sthapana karana hai. navambar, 1917 mean bharatamantri maantegyoo ne bharat akar tatkalin vayasaray chemsaford evan any asainik adhikariyoan evan bharatiy netaoan se prastav ke bare mean vichar-vimarsh kiya. ek samiti sar viliyam dyook, bhoopendranath basu, charls r aaubart ki sadasyata mean banaee gayi, jisane bharatamantri evan vayasaray ko prastavoan ko antim roop dene mean sahayog diya. 1918 ee. mean is prastav ko prakashit kiya gaya. yah adhiniyam antim roop se 1921 ee. mean lagoo kiya gaya. maantegyoo-chemsaford riport ke pravartanoan bharat ke rang birange itihas mean "sabase mahattvapoorn ghoshana" ki sanjna di gayi aur ise ek yug ka ant aur ek navin yug ka praranbh mana gaya. is ghoshana ne kuchh samay ke lie bharat mean tanavapoorn vatavaran ko samapt kar diya. pahali bar 'uttaradayi shasan' shabdoan ka prayog isi ghoshana mean kiya gaya.

1935 ka bharat sarakar adhiniyam

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'bharat sarakar adhiniyam- 1935' ke parit hone se poorv isasean 'saiman ayog riport', 'neharoo samiti ki riport', briten mean sampann tin golamej sammelanoan mean huye kuchh vichar-vimarshoan se sahayata li gayi. tisare golamej sammelan ke sampann hone ke bad kuchh prastav 'shvet patr' nam se prakashit hue, jin par bahas ke lie briten ke donoan sadanoan evan kuchh bharatiy pratinidhiyoan ne riport prastut ki. antatah is riport ke adhar par 1935 ee. ka adhiniyam parit hua. 1935 ee. ka adhiniyam kafi lamba evan jatil tha. ise 3 julaee, 1936 ko aanshik roop se lagoo kiya gaya, kintu poornaroop se chunavoan ke bad aprail, 1937 mean yah lagoo ho paya.

1947 ka bharatiy svadhinata adhiniyam

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'bharatiy svadhinata adhiniyam- 1947' british sansad dvara bharat ko diya gaya ek abhootapoorv tohapha tha. svatantrata ka yah mahanh aitihasik tohapha asankhy svadhinata senaniyoan evan kraantikariyo ke tyag ka parinam tha. tatkalin vayasaray l aaurd maunt betan ki yojana par adharit yah vidheyak 4 julaee, 1947 ko british sansad mean pesh kiya gaya aur 18 julaee, 1947 ko shahi sanstuti milane par yah vidheyak adhiniyam bana.

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