सल्तनत काल का प्रशासन

saltanat kal mean bharat mean ek nee prashasanik vyavastha ki shuruat huee, jo mukhy roop se arabi-farasi paddhati par adharit thi. saltanat kal mean prashasanik vyavastha poorn roop se islam dharm par adharit thi. prashasan mean ulemaoan ki mahatvapoorn bhoomika hoti thi. ‘khalifa’ islamik sansar ka paigambar ke bad ka sarvochch neta hota tha. pratyek sultan ke lie avashyak hota tha ki, khalifa use manyata de, phir bhi dilli saltanat ke turk sultanoan ne khalifa ko namamatr ka hi pradhan mana. iltutamish dilli saltanat ka pahala sultan tha, jisane 1229 ee mean bagadad ke khalifa ko ‘naib’ (sahayak) kaha. alauddin khilaji ne apane ko khalifa ka naib nahian mana. kutubuddin mubarak khilaji pahala aisa sultan tha, jisane khilafat ke mithak ko to dakar svayan ko khalifa ghoshit kiya. muhammad tugalaq ne apane shasak kal ke prarambh mean khalifa ko manyata nahian di, kintu shasan ke antim charan mean usane khalifa ko manyata pradan kar di. firozashah tugalaq ne apane sikkoan par khalifa ka nam utkirn karavaya tha.

sultan

sultan ki upadhi turki shasakoan dvara prarambh ki gayi. mahamood gazanavi aisa pahala shasak tha, jisane sultan ki upadhi dharan ki. dilli mean adhikaansh ne apane ko khalifa ka nayak pukara, parantu kutubuddin mubarak khilaji ne svayan ko khalifa ghoshit kiya. khijr khaan ne taimoor ke putr shaharukh ka prabhutv svikar kiya aur 'raiyyat-e-ala' ki upadhi dharan ki. usake putr aur uttaradhikari mubarak shah ne is pratha ko samapt kar diya aur shah sultan ki upadhi grahan ki. sultan kendriy prashasan ka mukhiya hota tha. saltanat kal mean uttaradhikar ka koee nishchat niyam nahian tha, kintu sultan ko yah adhikar hota tha ki, vah apane bachchoan mean kisi ek ko bhi apana uttaradhikari chun sakata tha. sultan dvara chuna gaya uttaradhikari yadi ayogy hai to, aisi sthiti mean saradar naye sultan ka chunav karate the. kabhi-kabhi shakti ke prayog se sianhasan par adhikari kiya jata tha. dilli saltanat mean sultan poorn roop se nirankush hota tha. usaki sampoorn shakti sainik bal par nirbhar karati thi. sultan sena ka sarvochch senapati evan nyayalay ka sarvochch nyayadhish hota tha. sultan ‘shariyat’ ke adhin hi kary karata tha.

amir

saltanat mean sabhi prabhavashali padoan par niyukt vyaktiyoan ki samany sanjna amir thi. amiroan ka prabhav sultan par hota tha. sultan ko shasan karane ke lie amiroan ko apane anookool kiye rahana avashyak hota tha. amiroan ka prabhav us samay badh jata tha, jab sultan ayogy, nirbal ya alpavyask ho. vaise balaban aur alauddin khilaji ke samay mean amir prabhavahin ho gaye the. prayah naye rajavansh ke satta mean ane par purane amiroan ko ya to mar diya jata tha ya phir unhean chhote pad de diye jate the. muhammad tugalaq ke kal mean hue vidroh mean amiroan ka sarvadhik yogadan tha. isalie usane purane amiroan ko kamazor karane ki drishti se mishrit janajatiy adhikar par padadhikariyoan ki ek nee vyavastha sthapit ki. amiroan ka prashasan mean mahatvapoorn yogadan hota tha. lodi vansh ke shasan kal me amiroan ka mahatv apane charamotkarsh par tha.

mantriparishad

yadyapi satta ki dhuri sultan hota tha, phir bhi vibhinn vibhagoan ke karyoan ke kushal sanchalan hetu use ek mantriparishad ki avashyakata p dati thi, jise saltanat kal mean ‘majalis-e-khalavat’ kaha jata tha. mantriparishad ki salah manane ke lie sultan badhy nahian hota tha. parantu sultan nirbal ya ayogy ho to sari shakti mantri apane hath mean kendrit kar lete the. vah inaki niyukti evan padamukti apani ichchhanusar kar sakata tha. ‘majalis-e-khas’ mean ‘majalis-e-khalavat’ ki baithak hua karati. yahaan par sultan kuchh khas logoan ko bulata tha. ‘bar-e-khas’ mean sultan sabhi darabariyoan, khanoan, amiroan, malikoan, aur any reeansoan ko bulata tha. ‘bar-e-ajam’ mean sultan rajakiy karyoan ka adhikaansh bhag poora karata tha. yahaan par vidvan mulla, qazi bhi upasthit rahate the.

saltanakalin mantriparishad mean 4 mantri mahatvapoorn the. ye nimnalikhit haian-

1. vazir (pradhanamantri)
2. divan-e-arij
3. divan-e-iansha
4. divan-e-rasalat

(1) vazir (pradhanamantri)

mantriparishad mean vazir shayad sarvapramukh hota tha. usake pas any mantriyoan ki apeksha adhik adhikar hota tha aur vah any mantriyoan ke karyoan par nazar rakhata tha. vazir rajasv vibhag ka pramukh hota tha, use lagan, kar vyavastha, dan sainik vyay adi ki dekhabhal karani p dati thi. vah prantapatiyoan ke rajasv lekha ka nirikshan karata tha tatha prantapatiyoan se atirikt rajasv ki vasooli karata tha. sultan ki anupasthiti mean use shasan ka prabandh karana p data tha. vah divan-e-virajat (rajasv vibhag), divan-e-imarat (lok nirman vibhag), divan-e-amir kohi (krishi vibhag) vibhag ke mantriyoan ka pramukh hota tha. mustaufi-e-mumalik evan khazin (khazaanchi), hote the. tugalaq kal “muslim bharatiy vazirat ka svarn kal” tha. uttaragami tugalaqoan ke samay mean vazir ki shakti bahut badh gayi thi. aantim tugalaq shasak mahamood tugalaq ke samay mean jab ashaanti phaili to, ek naye karyalay vaqil-e-sultan ki sthapana huee. saiyyadoan ke samay mean yah shakti ghatane lagi tatha afaganoan ke adhin vazir ka pad mahatvahin ho gaya.

• nayab vazir

'nayab vazir', vazir ka sahayogi hota tha tatha vazir ki anupasthiti mean usake karyoan ka nirvahan isake dvara hi kiya jata tha.

• musharif-e-mumalik (mahalekhakar)

prantoan evan any vibhag se prapt hone vali ay evan usake vyay ka lekha-jokha rakhane ka dayatvi 'mushariph-e-mumalik' ka hota tha. najir isaka sahayak hota tha.

• mustaufi-e-mumalik (mahalekh parikshak)

musharif dvara taiyar kiye gaye lekha-jokha ki jaanch ke lie 'mustaufi-e-mumalik' ke pad ki vyavastha thi. kabhi-kabhi yah musharif ki tarah ay-vyay ka nirikshan bhi karata tha.

• khazin (khazaanchi)

yah koshadhyaksh ke roop mean kary karata tha.

• divan-e-vakooph

jalaluddin khilaji dvara sthapit is vibhag ka mukhy kary vyay ki kagazat ki dekh-bhal karana hota tha.

• divan-e-mustakharaj

vitt vibhag se sambadhit is vibhag ki sthapana alauddin khilaji ne ki thi. isaka kary atirikt matra mean vasool kiye ge kar ka hisab rakhana hota tha.

• divan-e-amir kohi

muhammad tugalaq dvara sthapit is vibhag ka mukhy kary malaguzari vyavastha ki dekhabhal karana evan bhoomi ko kheti yogy banana hota tha.

uparyukt samast vibhag 'divan-e-vijarat' vibhag se niyantrit hote the. divan-e-vijarat, vazir ka karyalay hota tha. vijarat ko ek sanstha ke roop mean prayog karane ki prerana abbasi khalifaoan ne faras se li tha. dilli saltanat ke prarambhik vaziroan mean kutubuddin aibak, tajuddin eldoj, nasiruddin kubacha adi the. vazir ka pad dilli saltanat mean firozashah tugalaq ke samay mean apane charamotkarsh par tha. firozashah tugalaq ke vazir khvaja hisamuddin ne vibhinn sooboan ka daura karane ke pashchath samast khalasa bhoomi ka rajasv chhah karo d pachasi lakh tanka nishchit kiya tha. lodi vansh ke shasan kal mean yah pad mahatvahin ho gaya.

(2) divan-e-arij

'arij-e-mumalik' sainy vibhag ka pramukh adhikari hota tha. isaka mahatvapoorn kary sainikoan ki bharti karana, sainikoan evan gho doan ka huliya rakhana, rasad ki vyavastha karana, sena ka nirikshan karana evan sena ki saj-sajja ki vyavastha karana hota tha. arij-e-mumalik ke vibhag ko ‘divan-e-arj’ kaha jata tha. is vibhag ki sthapana balaban ne ki thi tatha alauddin khilaji ke samay isaka mahatv badh gaya.

• vakil-e-sultan

muhammad tugalaq (tugalaq vansh ka antim shasak) dvara sthapit is mantri ka kary shasan vyavastha evan sainik vyavastha ki dekh-bhal karana hata tha. yah vibhag kuchh din bad hi astitvahin ho gaya.

(3) divan-e-iansha

yah vibhag ‘dabir-e-mumalik’ ke antargat tha. shahi patr vyavahar ke lie kary ka bhar is vibhag dvara hota tha. yah sultan ki ghoshanaoan evan patroan ka masavida taiyar karata tha. sabhi rajakiy abhilekh isi karyalay mean surakshit rakhe jate the. dabir evan lekhak isake sahayogi hote the. firozashah tugalaq ke samay mean isaka star mantri ka nahian rah gaya. minahaj-us-siraj is vibhag ko “divan-e-asharaf” kahakar sanbodhit karata tha. is vibhag ka kary atyant gopaniy hota tha.

(4) divan-e-rasalat

is vibhag ke karyoan ke bare mean vivad hai. kuchh itihasakaroan ke anusar, yah vibhag videshoan se patr vyavahar tatha videshoan ko bheje jane vale evan videsh se ane vale rajadootoan ki dekhabhal karata tha. kuchh itihasakaroan ke anusar yah dharm vibhag se sambadhit tha. khilaji vansh ke sultan svayan is vibhag ka kary dekhate the. isake lie kisi amir ki niyukti khilaji kal mean nahian huee. uparyukt mantriyoan ke atirikt bhi kuchh mantri hote the. ye nimnalikhit haian-

• naib (naib-e-mumalikat)

is pad ki sthapana iltutamish ke putr muizuddin baharamashah ke samay mean usake saradaroan dvara ki gee. is pad ka mahatv ayogy sultanoan ke samay mean adhik raha, aisi sthiti mean yah pad sultan ke bad mana jata tha. nayab ke pad par asin hone vala pratham vyakti aitagin tha. naib ke pad ka sarvadhik prayog balaban ne kiya.

• sadr-us-sudoor

yah dharm vibhag evan dan vibhag ka pramukh hota tha. rajy ka pradhan qazi evan sadr-us-sadur prayah ek hi vyakti ko diya jata tha. musalaman praja se lie jane vala kar ‘jakat’ par is adhikari ka adhikar hota tha. yah masjidoan, makataboan evan madarasoan ke nirman ke lie dhan muhaiya karata tha.

• qazi-ul-kujat

sultan ke bad nyay ka sarvochch adhikari qazi-ul-kujat hota tha. prayah muqadamean isi ke nyayalay mean shuroo kiye jate the. yah apane se niche ke qaziyoan ke nirnay par phir se vichar karane ka adhikar rakhata tha. prayah yah pad sadr-us-sudoor ke pas hi rahata tha. muhammad bin tugalaq yadi qazi ke nirnay se santushth nahian hota tha to, us nirnay ko badal deta tha.

• divan-e-barid

barid-e-mumalik guptachar vibhag ka pradhan adhikari hota tha. isake adhin guptachar, sandeshavahak evan dak chaikiyaan hoti thian.

• divan-e-risayat

sultan alauddin khilaji ne bazar niyantran ke lie ek vibhag sthapit kiya gaya tha.

• divan-e-amir kohi

muhammad tugalaq dvara krishi ke vikas ke lie yah vibhag sthapit kiya gaya tha.

• divan-e-mustakharaj

is vibhag ki sthapana alauddin khilaji ne ki thi. isaka pramukh kary bakaya rajasv vasoolana tha.

• divan-e-nazar

isaki sthapana muhammad bin tugalaq dvara ki gee thi. isaka kary upahar vitarit karana tha.

raj darabar se sambandhit pad nimnalikhit the - vakil-e-dar - yah pad atyant mahatvapoorn hota tha. yah shahi mahal evan sultan ki vyaktigat sevaoan ki dekhabhal karata tha.

barabak - yah darabar ki shan shaukat evan rasmoan ki dekh-rekh karata tha.

amir-e-hajib - yah sultan se milane valoan ki jaanch-p datal karata tha. isake atirikt yah darabari shishtachar ke lie uttaradayi tha.

amir-e-shikar - yah sultan ke shikar ki vyavastha kiya karata tha.

amir-e-majalis - yah shahi utsavoan evan davatoan ka prabandh karata tha.

sar-e-jaandar - yah sultan ke aang rakshakoan ka adhikari hota tha.

amir-e-akhoor - yah ashvashala ka adhyaksh hota tha.

shahana-e-pil - hastishala ka adhyaksh.

divan-e-istihak - peanshan vibhag

divan-e-khairat - dan vibhag

divan-e-bandagan - das vibhag.

mutasarriph - karakhanoan ka pramukh.

divan-e-istihak, divan-e-khairat v divan-e-bandagan, ye tinoan vibhag phirojashah tugalak dvara sthapit kiye gaye the.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh