आदिकाल में लोकविश्वास

lokavishvas lok aur vishvas do shabdoan se bana hai, jisaka arth hai-lokamany vishvas. ve vishvas jo lok dvara svikrit aur lok mean prachalit hote haian, lokavishvas kahalate haian. vaise vishvas kisi prasthapana ya manyata ki vyaktiparak svikriti hai, lekin jab use lok ki svikriti prapt ho jati hai, tab vah lok ka hokar lokavishvas ban jata hai.

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adikal mean lokavishvas

adikal se tatpary us kalakhand se hai, jisamean pragaitihasik se lekar ramayan-kal tak ke lokavishvasoan ke udbhav aur vikas ka sanpoorn lekha-jokha a jata hai. is yug mean buandelakhand adivasi lokasanskriti ka palana raha hai. yahaan puliand, nishad, shabar, ramath, raut aur unake bad goan d, kol, bhil, sahariya jaisi janajatiyaan mool nivasi hone ke karan adikalin lokavishvasoan ko dhalane mean pramukh rahian. ramayan-kal ke aant mean aryoan ke lokavishvas ashramoan se nikalakar bahar ae aur unhoanne lok ko prabhavit karana shuru kar diya. atev yah yug is aanchal mean adivasiyoan ke lokavishvasoan ka yug hai. pragaitihasik lokavishvasoan ka adhyayan guhachitroan ke adhar par sanbhav hai. chhatarapur (jatashankar, bhimakuand, devara, kishunagadh), panna (barachh-pandavan, itava, majhapahara-tapakaniya, hathidaul, putarayaoo ghati, kalyanapur-bila di), sagar (abachand, narayavali, bhapel, baroda), rayasen (barakhe da, kharavee, hathitol, putalikarar) aur hoshangabad (adamagadh, panchamadhi) mean sthit shailashrayoan mean prapt chitroan se spasht hai ki us samay pashu, ayudh, shikar aur amod-pramod-sanbandhi vishvasoan ka vikas hua tha aur ve pratyaksh anubhavoan par adharit the. shikar mukhy ajivika thi, isalie pashuoan ka samana, bhojan aur usake bad git-nrity-sab samooh mean kiye jate the. nishchit hai ki 'sahakarita' ka vishvas pradhan raha aur sath hi hiansak pashuoan se raksha ke lie sharirik virata ka bhi. 'prakriti se raksha' ke prayojan mean prakriti-pooja-sanbandhi lokavishvasoan ka udbhav bhi isi samay hua. ye lokavishvas dharm ke aang nahian the, varanh unaka adhar 'upayogita' aur 'kshati' the. dhire-dhire prakriti ke upayogi aang lokadevoan mean parivartit hote ge. unake lie di ja rahi phal ya maans ki bheant 'bali' ke roop mean svikrit huee. guhachitroan mean prakriti ki vastuoan ke aankan se unaki prakriti-pooja ka bhav pramanit hota hai. gupha-yug ke bad adivasi maidanoan mean utar ae aur krishi-yug mean nana prakar ke lokavishvas janme tatha palapus kar b de hue. pashu, jal, nadi, varsha aur pashupati evan jaladevata ki pooja isi samay shuru huee. bhoodevi ya bhuiyaan rani ko phasal ki utpadak devi ki manyata mili. krishi, dharm aur atiprakrit vishayak lokavishvas isi samay lok mean phaile. vastut: lokavishvasoan ka itihas ek samasya hai, kyoanki unake lokaprachalan ke praman durlabh ho ge haian.
adikal ke lokavishvasoan ka sahi svaroop sthir karane ke lie is aanchal ke goan doan, sauanr, bhil, sahariya adi ka sarvekshan zaroori hai. goan doan ke lokavishvas 'bhay' ki manasikata se phoote haian. isilie har 'bhay' ka ek lokadevata unaki sarjana ka aang hai. prakriti ki sabhi shaktisanpanna vastuoan ki pooja unake jivan ki astha hai. unaka vishvas hai ki yah sansar hi sab kuchh hai, isake siva doosara lok nahian. sansar ka srijan aur sanchalan b de dev karate haian, unhian ko lokagitoan mean parabhoo (prabhu) kaha gaya hai. prabhu ki maya sansar mean anek lilaean karati haian. goan d, kevat, brahman, kshatriy-sab jatiyaan usi ki banaee haian. manav ka sharir kshanabhagur hai. usaka sabase b da sukh manasik santosh hai, jo apane dhandhe (karm) ke bad milata hai. is manasikata ke bavajood goan d chhoti-b di badhaoan se bhayabhit rahate haian aur unhean door karane ke lie jha d-phooank, jadoo-tona aur jantr-mantr ka sahara lete haian. unaki manyata hai ki bimariyaan jha d-phooank, jantr-mantr se thik ho jati haian. ashchary to yah hai ki hamare bahut se shakun-apashakun goan doan se ae haian. udaharanarth ke lie purush ka dahina or stri ka bayaan aang ph dakana, kisi kam ke lie jate samay pani se bhara gh da ya machhali lie dhimar athava bachh de ko doodh pilati gay mil jana shubh hai. ye shakun buandelakhand mean yatr-tatr aj bhi prachalit haian. isi tarah samane khali gh da dikhana, kana milana, billi ka rasta katana, nikalate samay samane chhiank hona, kaua sir par baithana adi ashubh goan doan mean prachalit rahe haian. kuchh bhavishyasoochak vishvas bhi goan doan mean the aur aj bhi haian, jaise gauraiya ka dhool mean lotana, baguloan ka ek pankti mean u dana aur chandrama ke charoan taraph mandal banana varsha ki soochana deta hai.
sauanroan ka vishvas hai ki mahadev ne hal, bail aur sansar ki srishti ki hai. jis tarah goan d karm aur bhagy par vishvas karate haian, usi tarah sauanr bhi. sauanr pretayoni ko manate haian. unaka vishvas hai ki manushy mrityu ke bad pretayoni pata hai, isilie ve mritak ko khetoan ke pas ya sagain ke vrikshoan ke niche ga date haian. mritak ki atma khetoan aur vrikshoan ki raksha karati hai. sauanr jantr-mantr aur jadoo-tona mean kushal hote haian. drisht atmaoan ko mantr- aur jadoo se baandh dete haian. bhil bhi atmavadi haian. ve atma ki amarata mean vishvas rakhate haian. unake anusar parvatoan nadiyoan, vanoan-sabhi mean atmaean haian. drisht atmaean manushy ko satati haian. bimari ya doorghatana kisi devata ke krodh ka phal hai athava bhoot ya chu dail ka kary hai. tatpary yah hai ki adivasiyoan ke lokavishvasoan mean kafi samanata milati hai. buandelakhand ke uttari kshetroan mean basane vali sahariya janajati ke pap-puny aur pavitr-apavitr-sanbandhi lokavishvas poore pradesh mean prachalit haian. gay ki hatya sabase b da pap hai, jisake dandasvaroop jahaan jati-biradari mean roti deni p dati hai, vahaan ganga-snan bhi anivary hai. masik dharm, bachche ka janm ya parivar mean kisi ki mrityu apavitrata ka karan mana jata hai aur vyakti ya parivar pavitr hone par hi shubh kary kar pata hai. is prakar bahut-se vishvas evan aandhavishvas inhian janajatiyoan ke prabhav se vikasit hue haian.

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• lokavishvas