आधुनिक काल में लोकविश्वास

lokavishvas lok aur vishvas do shabdoan se bana hai, jisaka arth hai-lokamany vishvas. ve vishvas jo lok dvara svikrit aur lok mean prachalit hote haian, lokavishvas kahalate haian. vaise vishvas kisi prasthapana ya manyata ki vyaktiparak svikriti hai, lekin jab use lok ki svikriti prapt ho jati hai, tab vah lok ka hokar lokavishvas ban jata hai.

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bisavian shati ke praranbh mean hi is aanchal ki saanskritik chetana mean badalav dikhaee p data hai. maithilisharan gupt ke rashtriy muktak 1903-04 ee. mean rache gaye the. 1907-08 ee. mean unake muktak aur git lokapriy ho chuke the. 1912-14 ee. mean bharat-bharati ke muktak ek kraantikari adhyay jo d chuke the. tatpary yah hai ki doosare dashak se ek naye parivartan ka charan apane aangadi paanv rop chuka tha. do dishaean bilkul spasht thian-ek to rashtriy chetana ka jagaran aur svatantrata ke lie sangharsh tatha doosari vaijnanik yug ki bauddhikata ka lokajivan mean prabhav. phalasvaroop lokavishvasoan mean bhi parivartan hua. ek taraph rudhibaddh lokavishvasoan ka viredh kiya gaya, to doosari takaph naye lokavishvasoan ka prasav praranbh hua. purane aur naye ke bich dvividha ka bhav bhi nayi manasikata ki tisari disha thi. lokakavy mean rashtriy chetana ki dhara 1842 ee. ki parichhat ki aangrezoan se l daee ke bad hi phoot chuki thi aur buandelakhand ke haraboloan ne 1857 ee. ke pahale ghar-ghar aur gaanv-gaanv jakar use pravahit kar diya tha. eesuri ke pahale khan phakire, dadooram aur gangasianh ne sattavan ke sangharsh ka varnan kiya tha. sanh 1942 evan 1947 ke gitoan ke anek udaharan milate haian. mahatma gaandhi, subhash aur charakha, khadi, svadeshi aandolan, rajaoan ka atyachar, svarajy-prapti adi unake pramukh vishay rahe haian. mahatma gaandhi ke lie avatar ka paramparit lokavishvas is samay bhi lokamukh mean raha hai. svarg aur moksh ke sthan par yash chha gaya hai. paramparit lokavishvasoan mean manav ka kshanabhangurata (ik din chalo sabee koan janean), ram hi rakshak hai (kiko ko hai sang sahela, rakshak ram akela), manav ka sharir durlabh hai (ganga phir paee na paee duralabh deiya manas ki), janmabhoomi iandrapuri (svarg) se bhi badhakar hai, ab satayug chala gaya aur kaliyug a gaya hai (a go ab kalajug ko paro, satajug dai go taro) adi aj bhi many haian, lekin rudhiyoan ke prati vidroh bhi jari hai-

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       kaisi chhaee hiye nadani, karat sada manamani.
       khir khaan d ko piand khaany ko det banakar sani.
       dhor saman man pitran koan det talaiya pani.
       jiyoan pita ki bat n pooanchhi marean bhaye baradani.
       'baladev' tajo pop lila koan tum soan kahat bakhani.. 1..

       ka mil jat pathariya poojean, tumhean kachhoo ni soojean.
       poojan karat sada j d kero, j d buddhi ban gooanjean .. 2..

ukt panktiyoan mean piand dena, tarpan karana, patthar poojana adi ko pop lila ya pakhand batakar usake viruddh vidroh kiya gaya hai. vaijnanik avishkaroan se ayi bauddhikata ne pap-puny, svarg-narak adi ke prati prashnachinh kh de kar die haian. phir bhi kuchh vargoan mean paramparit lokavishvas jame hue haian. is drishti se is aanchal mean tin prakar ke varg banaye ja sakate haian-

1. paramparit lokavishvasoan ke anuyayi, jinhean ham paramparavadi kah sakate haian
2. roodhibaddh lokavishvasoan ya aandhavishvasoan ke virodhi tatha paramparit lokavisvasoan ko manyata dene vale, jinhean ham paramparashil man sakate haian
3. purane lokavishvasoan ke sthan par naye lokavishvasoan ke samarthak, jinhean paranparamukt ya svachchhand ke roop mean abhihit kiya ja sakata hai.

is tarah lokaman ke tin roop haian- ek jo parampara ko sabakuchh manakar chalata hai, doosara vah jo bilkul svachchhand hai aur tisara vah jo samanvayavadi hokar upayogi purane ko grahan karata hai aur naye ko samarthan deta hai. vastut: lokavishvas itane adhik aur itane vividh haian ki unhean vargabaddh karana kathin hai, phir bhi adhyayan ki suvidha ke lie nimn vargikaran kiya gaya hai-

1. manav aur jagath sanbandhi lokavishvas
2. prakriti-sanbandhi lokavishvas
3. dharmik lokavishvas
4. atiprakrit lokavishvas
5. krishi-sanbandhi lokavishvas
6. jyotish-sanbandhi lokavishvas
7. ghar-parivar-sanbandhi lokavishvas
8. shakunapashakun
9. svasthy-sanbandhi lokavishvas
10. nitiparak lokavishvas
11. aandhavishvas

manav aur jagath-sanbandhi lokavishvas

prachalit

• manushy ki yoni shreshth hai.
• sansar ke prani aur vastuean nashvar haian.
• karm ka phal milata hai, sukarmoan se kirti milati hai.

arddhaprachalit

• brahma srishti ki rachana, vishnu usaka poshan aur mahesh sanhar karate haian.
• is janm mean kiye karmoan ka phal agale janm mean milata hai.
• jagath ki sabhi vastuean eeshvar ki ichchha se paida hauti, ghatati-badhati aur nasht hoti haian.

aprachalit

• prithvi sheshanag ke phan par tiki hai.
• yuddh mean joojhane se svarg milata hai.

prakriti-sanbandhi lokavishvas

prachalit

• vrikshoan mean jivan hota hai.
• phaladar vrikshoan ko sianchana puny hai.
• tulasi, pipal, aanvala, kela aur vat ki pooja se ichchha ki poorti hoti hai.

arddhaprachalit

• vriksh ke patte rat mean to dana pap hai.
• morapankh se sapane nahian ate.
• chiantiyaan aur machhaliyaan chugane se puny hota hai.
• kaua ghar ki muan der par bolakar kisi ke agaman ki soochana deta hai.
• mrityu ke samay gangajal aur tulasidal muanh mean dalane se moksh milata hai.

aprachalit

• aanvale ki pooja se pap-nash hota hai.
• gay ki pooja se moksh milata hai.
• chi diya ke dhool mean lotane se varsha hoti hai.
• machhali ke daant gale mean pahanane se bachche ke daant jaldi nikal ate haian.
• beri vriksh mean bhoot ka vas hota hai.

dharmik lokavishvas

prachalit

• devi-devataoan ki pooja se ichchha ki poorti hoti hai.
• shubh avasaroan par devataoan ki pooja aur nimantran se kary nirvighn sanpann hote haian.
• atma amar hai.
• janm aur maran ka chakr chalata rahata hai.
• punarjanm hota hai.
• ganga-snan sabako pavitr kar deta hai.
• tirth-yatra aur parv-snan se puny milata hai.

arddhaprachalit

• prasad chadhane se devata prasann hote haian.
• vrat-upavas ka phal milata hai.
• katha aur bhajan-kirtan se jivan pavitr hota hai.
• vriksh-pooja, tirth-yatra, bhookhe ko bhojan dene aur anath ki sahayata karane se puny hota hai.

aprachalit

• nar ya pashu-bali se devata prasann hote haian.
• devi-devata vesh badal kar vicharan karate haian.
• devataoan ki savari adhi rat ke bad nikalati hai.
• jap-tap se moksh milata hai.
• pap karane se narak milata hai.

atiprakrit lokavishvas

prachalit

• bhoot-pret kisi purane vriksh, purani behar aur purane khali p de makan mean vas karate haian.
• bhoot-pret tarah-tarah ke krityoan se vyakti ko tang karate haian.
• bhoot-pret ya chu dail se bachane ke lie agni ya loha rakhana aur tantroan ya mantroan ka prayog labhakari hota hai.

arddhaprachalit

• akal mrityu hone par pretayoni milati hai.
• g de dhan ki chinta mean mrityu ko prapt vyakti bhoot ban jata hai.
• bhoot khajane ya sampatti ki raksha karate haian aur anadhikrit vyakti ko tang karate haian.

aprachalit

• chu dail vyakti ka khoon piti hai.
• pretatma ya chu dail sher ya sherani ka roop rakhakar badale ki bhavana se hamala karate haian aur mar dalate haian.
• bhoot-pret ya chu dail ko kisi patr mean bandakar ga d dete haian.

krishi-sanbandhi lokavishvas

prachalit

• amavasya ko bail hal mean nahian jotate.
• maee n parase bhare n pet, magha n barase bhare n khet.
• svaanti gohooan ardra dhan, n byapai kira au gham.
• barasan lagi ootara, kodoan n khay kootara.

arddhaprachalit

• mangalavar aur guruvar ko sabji ki kushalata ke lie kachhi hom-dhoop dete haian.
• barasau ram pakai dhuniyaan, khay kisan marai baniya.
• saun paili panchami.
• jo garajai adharat, tum jiyo piy malabai ham jaibi gujarat.

aprachalit

• iandr pani barasate haian.
• jab tak rabi ki bauni hoti rahati hai, tab tak kisan bal nahian banavate.
• bauni se bache anaj ko dan karane se phasal achchhi hoti hai.

ghar-parivar-sanbandhi lokavishvas

prachalit

• kanya ke pair poojane se puny hota hai.
• putri ke ghar pita ya koee samakaksh sadasy khana nahian khata.
• dakshin ki or pair karake sona amaangalik hai.
• paile dina ko pauno dusare dina ko pi, tisare dina na go to beijjati bhi.

arddhaprachalit

• baanjh ka shubh karm mean bhag lene se anisht hota hai.
• sooryoday ke pahale aangan buharane se ghar mean lakshmi ka nivas hota hai.
• ghar ke sadasy ke videsh jane ke bad jhadoo nahian lagayi jati.

aprachalit

• ghar ka dvar dakshin ki or hona ashubh hai.
• putri ki sasural ke gaanv ka pani pine se sadgati nahian hoti.
• ghar mean diya jalakar usaka muanh dakshin ki or rakhana ashubh hai.

svasthy-sanbandhi lokavishvas

prachalit

• upavas karane se svasthy-labh hota hai.
• pet thik n rahane se sab rog hote hai.
• nim ki pattiyaan prat: sevan karane se jvar nahian ata.
• ninnean pani je piyean harr bhoon kean khayan, dood biyari je karean tin ghar baid n jayan.

arddhaprachalit

• bachchoan ke rone aur kai karane par agar mukh se gandh ati hai, to use n lagi hoti hai aur n utarane ka totaka karane se bachcha svasth ho jata hai.
• paraya ya tijari jvar totakoan se thik ho jata hai.

aprachalit

• doodh dalane par bachche ko saphed dudhi pahanane se labh hota hai.
• haija ki rok ke lie devi ki savari nikalate haian.
• sookha rog jha d-phooank ya tabij se thik ho jata hai.

nitiparak lokavishvas

prachalit

• paradhin sapanehuan sukh nahian.
• seva karai so meva pabai.
• jake paanv n phati bimaee, bau ka janean pir paraee.
• prem mean nem neean hot.
• paraee asa marai upasa.
• dhavai so pabai.
• karata se karatar haro.
• man ke hare har hai man ke jite jit.

arddhaprachalit

• dharam karai dhan na ghatai.
• beta sean baiti bhali jo kulavanti hoy.
• b de bol ko sir uancho.
• b doan ka arshivad labh deta hai.

aprachalit

• praja ke dukhi hone par raja ko narak milata hai.
• baant khay barakkat hot.
• chakar hokean ka jinai.
• b doan ke samane jhukakar chalane se labh hota hai.

jyotish-sanbandhi lokavishvas

prachalit

• grahoan ke prakop se hani hoti hai.
• grah-dasha par vyakti ka sukh-du:kh nirbhar hai.
• nau devi ke nau din har shubh karm ke lie shubh hote haian.
• ekapakh do gaina (grahan) piraja marai kai sena.

arddhaprachalit

• ashadh-krishna pratipada ko badal garajane par yuddh hota hai ya akal p data hai.
• sas bahoo ki ekee sor, lachchho kadh gee pakho phor.

aprachalit

• pushy, punarvasu nakshatroan mean choo diyaan pahanane par pati-patni ko chho d deta hai, rohini nakshatr mean pahanane par pati ki mrityu ho jati hai, lekin tinoan uttara mean pahanane se pati ka sukh prapt hota hai.
• paush mean somavar, shukravar aur guruvar ko amavasya hone par har ghar sukhi rahata hai.

shakunapashakun

prachalit

jalabhara kalash, machhali, nilakanth, dahibhara bartan, shmashan le jata hua shav, nevala, bachh de ko doodh pilati gay dekhana shubh aur billi ya sapan ka rasta katana, kana manushy, chhoochha gh da dikhaee dena ashubh.

arddhaprachalit

paanch-sat ki sankhyaean, purush ki dayian aur stri ki bayian bhuja ph dakana, mangal git sunana shakun aur yatra ke lie jate samay kutte ka bhauankana ya gid d ka bolana, sir par kaua baithana, billi ka rona, svapn mean seandur dhulak jana apashakun.

aprachalit

god mean balak lie suhagin stri, hathi, veshya, brahman, sadhu dekhana shakun aur teli, vidhava, asaman se tare ka tootana dekhana apashakun.

aandhavishvas

ve lokavishvas haian, jo anupayogi hone par bhi prachalan mean rahate haian. unake prachalan ka karan ya to roodhi ka dabav hai ya phir dvividha ki manasikata. udaharan ke lie yatra ke praranbh mean hi chhiank hone par yadi koee tokata hai ki do minat thahar jaean, to rukana p data hai. man mean aisa lagata hai ki kahian chhiank ke karan kuchh ho gaya to. do minat rukane mean kya hani hai. kabhi-kabhi vyaktigat anubandhan (kandishaniang) se bhi koee aandhavishvas jivit rahata hai. yadi ek-do bar kana vyakti milane par yatra asaphal rahati hai, to yatra karate samay kane vyakti se parahej karana p data hai. jab dayian aankh ek-do bar ph dakati hai, tab koee shubh suchana milati hai aur jab dayian hatheli khujalati hai, tab arth ki prapti hoti hai. yah bhi poorvanuman ka anubandhan ho sakata hai. kuchh lokavishvas b de vichitr haian. ek jati sanbandhi lokavishvas hai ki 'maange kurami bar n dey. ghianch marorai sabaro dey..' kahian-kahian yah vaishy ke sanbandh mean prachalit hai. moorti-sanbandhi ek lokavishvas hai ki prat: balika, dopahar yauvana aur sandhya vriddha ke roop mean dikhaee p dati hai. beta-bahoo ki bali dene se talab bharana, prat: gaanv ka nam lene se us din khane ko nahian milana, moorti ka sona ugalana adi isi tarah ke lokavishvas haian. lokagitoan mean in vichitr vishvasoan ka samavesh hai. jaise nimn panktiyoan mean 'din ke bail aur rat ko mard bana lena' evan 'kodoan ke dan karane se chhote pati milana' ka ullekh hai-

            jadoo marakean bail bana lo re,
            din ke bailava rat ke mard bana lo re ram.
            maiannean daye kodoan ke dan balam nanne mile ri,
            maiannean daye goooan ke dan balam gore mile ri.

sagunauti uthana, ramashalaka prashn mean uangali ek akshar par rakhana adi alag ratah ke lokavishvas haian. lokagit hai ki 'nanad baee sagun to dharo re, sagun to dharo kab ahean tumaye raja vir ho.' nayika nanad se sagunauti uthane ko kahati hai ki usake bhaee kab aeange. sagunauti uthane ka riti ke anusar gehooan ki rashi mean se kuchh yani ki manachahe gehooan uthakar unhean ginate haian. yadi sankhya visham ho, to pahale se sochi bat poori hona sanbhav mana jata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

bahari k diyaan

• lokavishvas