मुक्त छंद
mukt chhand ka prayog hindi kavyakshetr mean ek vidroh ka pratik raha hai. ise 'svachchhand chhand' bhi kaha gaya hai. atukaant kavita utani vidrohatmak siddh nahian huee, jitana mukt chhand, kyoanki atukaant ke paksh mean sanskrit ka vipul kavy sahity uddhrit kiya ja sakata tha, parantu 'mukt chhand' chhand:shastr ke anek paramparagat sarvasvikrit niyamoan ka ullanghan karata hua dikhaee diya. charanoan ki aniyamit, asaman svachchhand gati aur bhavanukool yatividhan, yahi mukt chhand ki mukhy visheshataean haian, jinhean prachin shastriy drishti se vihit nahian mana gaya aur mukt chhand ka prayog karane vale kaviyoan par nana prakar ke vyangy vidroop hote rahe.[1]
hindi kavy mean sthapana
mukt chhand ki svachchhand pravritti ka parihas karate hue ise rab d chhand, keanchua, kangaroo chhand ityadi anek nam diye gaye, phir bhi chhand-svatantryabhavana ke yuganuroop hone ke karan isaki satta unmoolit nahian ki ja saki. aangrezi[2] aur baangla sahity mean vikasit unmukt chhand-pranali ne hindi mukt chhand ki udbhavana aur sthiti mean paryapt prerana evan sahayog diya. sooryakaant tripathi 'nirala' aur sumitranandan pant ko mukt chhand ko hindi kavy mean sansthapit karane ka shrey hai. jayashankar prasad ne bhi kuchh kavitaean mukt chhand mean rachian, jaise- 'peshola ki pratidhvani', parantu vyapak roop se ve mukt chhand ko svikar n kar sake. nirala ne apane 'parimal' ki bhoomika mean isaka parichay nimnalikhit roop mean diya hai-
"mukt chhand to vah hai, jo chhand ki bhoomi mean rahakar bhi mukt hai. is pustak ke tisare khand mean jitani kavitaean haian, sab isi prakar ki haian. inamean koee niyam nahian. keval pravah kavitt chhand ka sa jan p data hai. kahian-kahian ath akshar ap-hi-ap a jate haian. mukt chhand ka samarthak usaka pravah hi hai. vahi use chhand siddh karata hai aur usaka niyamarahity usaki 'mukti".[1]
pant tatha nirala ka matabhed
sumitranandan pant ki suprasiddh panktiyaan svayan chhandobaddh hote hue bhi mukt chhand ka unmukt udghosh karati haian- "khul gaye chhand ke bandh, prasake rajat pash. ab git mukt au, yugavani bahati ayas".[3] pant ne mukt chhand ka adhar matrik sangit ko bhi mana, parantu sooryakant tripathi 'nirala' ka agrah raha ki mukt chhand keval varnik athava akshar-chhand par hi adharit hona chahiye, kyoanki usaki prakriti stri-prakriti n hokar purush-prakriti hai. donoan mean is sambandh mean paryapt vad-vivad bhi chala, jisaka parichay nirala ki 'pant aur pallav' namak rachana se milata hai. kuchh aansh drashtavy hai-
"pant ji ki kavitaoan mean svachchhand chhand ki ek l di bhi nahian, parantu ve kahate haian, 'pallav' mean meri adhikaansh rachanaean isi chhand mean haian, jinamean 'uchchhas', 'aansoo' tatha 'parivartan' vishesh b di haian. yadi giti kavy aur svachchhand chhand ka bhed, donoan ki visheshataean pant ji ko maloom hotian to ve aisa n likhate.... pant ji ne jo likha hai ki svachchhand hrasv-dirgh matrik sangit par chal sakata hai, yah ek bahut b da bhram hai. svachchhand chhand mean 'art aauf myoojik' nahian mil sakata, vahaan hai 'art aauf ridiang', vah svar pradhan nahian, vyanjan pradhan hai. vah kavita ki stri-sukumarata nahian, kavitv ka purush-garv hai'[4] sooryakaant tripathi 'nirala' ki uparyukt sthapanaean is bat ka praman haian ki ve hindi mean mukt chhand ke sabase adhik ojasvi pravakta rahe haian aur is sambandh mean unaki dharanaean svatantr mahattv rakhati haian. nirala ke vyaktitv mean mukt chhand ne apani sarthakata upalabdh ki, isamean sandeh nahian. unaki 'jagaran' shirshak kavita mean mukt chhand ki vyakhya mukt chhand mean hi ki gayi hai- "alankar lesh-rahit, shleshahin. shoony visheshanoan se- "nagn nilima-si vyakt. bhasha surakshit vah vedoan mean aj bhi. mukt chhand, sahaj prakash vah man ka. nij bhavoan ka akritrim chitr".[5]
mahavir prasad dvivedi ne atukant kavita ka to paksh liya, parantu mukt chhand ka samarthan ve n kar sake aur 'ajakal ki kavita' namak ek nibandh mean unhoanne mukt chhand ke prayokta kaviyoan ko ahanvadi ghoshit kiya. unaka virodh bhi mukt chhand ki pragati ko kunthit n kar saka. chhayavadottar kal mean hindi kavita ki ek pramukh dhara ne mukt chhand ko apanaya aur ab adhikaansh prayog mukt chhand mean hi ho rahe haian, jinase usake svaroop vaividhy aur samarthy mean vikas parilakshit hone laga hai.
pashchimi bij ka poorvi aankur
mukt chhand ke lie kaha gaya hai ki "yah pashchimi bij ka poorvi aankur hai".[6] is kathan mean bahut-kuchh saty hai, kyoanki pashchimi mukt chhand ki kavitaoan ne adhunik bharatiy kavita ke roop vidhan ko avashy prabhavit kiya hai. ameriki kavi valt hvitamain (1819-1892) ne apane kavita sangrah 'ghas ki pattiyaan' mean, jise vah jivanabhar parivardhit karata raha, mukt chhand ka agrahapoorvak vyavahar kiya hai. us kal mean aangrezi ke prachalit chhand vidhan ke viruddh usaka mukt chhand ek kraantikari tattv ke roop mean samane aya. mukt chhand ki panktiyaan ghas ki pattiyoan ki tarah asaman hote hue bhi sahaj saundary se yukt hoti haian, kadachith isi sadrishy se hvitamain ne apane sangrah ka ukt namakaran kiya hoga, aisi kalpana ki jati hai. 'd myoojik aauf poitri' shirshak nibandh mean ti. es. eeliyat ne likha hai ki "mukt chhand ke nam se bahut-sa aparipakv gady bhi likha gaya hai, jo anapekshit hai. mukt chhand ka svagat us kavy roop ko punarujjivit karane ya naye roop ko vikasit karane ki drishti se hi avirbhoot hua. brahya ekata ke viruddh kavita ki aantarik ekata par mukt chhand bal deta hai, jo pratyek kavy-rachana ke lie saty hai. kavita apane 'roop' se poorv hi janm le chukati haian, is arth mean ki 'roop' kuchh kahane se hi utpann hota hai".[1]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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