अपेनाइंस

apenaians ek parvatashreni hai jo itali prayadvip ke bich ek or se doosare chhor tak ridh ke saman phaili huee hai. kul lanbaeean lagabhag 800 mil aur chau daee 70 se 80 mil tak hai. apenaians ailps, himalay parvat samooh se sanbaddh hai. thik sanbandh ka ab bhi byorevar pata nahian hai aur vaijnanikoan mean kuchh matabhed hai. apenaians mean raktashm, mahasarat, khati, prakanootan aur madhyanootan yugoan ke prastaroan ki tahean haian.

vibhag

apenaians ke samanyat: tin vibhag ho jate haian-

1. uttari apenaians
2. keandriy apenaians
3. dakshini apenaians

uttari apenaians

uttari apenaians ke aantargat pashchim mean ligooriyan apenaians aur poorv mean itraskan apenaians hai. ye donoan mausami kshati dvara adhik prabhavit hue haian aur is prakar inamean kam ooanchaee ke hi darre ban ge haian jisase avagam sulabh ho gaya hai. itraskan apenaians mukhyat: balukashm, mrittika aur choone ki chattan dvara nirmit haian. yahaan ausat ooanchaee 3,000 phut hai. maanti nimone namak shikhar 7,097 phut ooancha hai. uttari apenaians ki mukhy nadiyaan skriviya, trebiya, taro aur rino haian. inamean se pahali tin po nadi se ja milati haian jab ki rinoan nadi aidriaitik sagar mean girati hai. is parvatiy predash ki dakshini upajaoo dhal par jaitoon ityadi ki upaj hoti hai. yahaan karara ki prasiddh sangamaramar ki khanean sthit haian. samipavarti samudratatiy pradesh ko riviyara kahate haian; yahaan kee ek ramanik sthal haian jo mahatvapoorn paryatak keandr ban ge haian.

keandriy apenaians

keandriy apenaians itraskan apenaians ke dakshin se aranbh hote haian. yahaan choone ki shilaoan dvara nimrit shreniyoan ki adhikata hai. is pradesh ki mukhy nadi taibar hai. anek any chhoti-chhoti nadiyaan poorv ki or bahakar aidriaitik sagar mean girati haian. aidriaitik sagariy dhal par krishi mahatvapoorn hai. keandriy apenaians ka uchchatam shikhar maanti karno 9584 phut uancha hai. kuchh aur pashchim ki or kee khanijoan ki khanean haian parantu svayan apenaians se koee upayogi khanij nahian prapt hota hai.

dakshini apenaians

dakshin apenaians mean any bhagoan se kuchh vibhinnataean paee jati haian; udaharan- yahaan samaantar shrriankhalaoan ka abhav aur vichchhijh parvatakhandoan ki adhikata hai. is pradesh ki ausat ooanchaee madhy apenaians se apekshakrit kam hai aur uchchatam shikhar sira dolsidorme 7,451 phut ooancha hai. pashchim ki or jvalamukhi parvat sthit haian jo mukhy apenaians se prithakh‌ haian. inamean nepuls nagar ke samip sthit visuvies adhik prasiddh hai. yah ek jagrat jvalamukhi hai. emipavarti kshetr ki lava dvara nirmit mitti khoob upajaoo hai. samudravarti dhal par jaitoon ki upaj mahatvapoorn hai.

apenaians ke ar-par kee ek rel aur s dak marg haian. kee sthanoan par ghane van haian jinaki suraksha ka prabandh sarakar dvara hota hai. apenaians ke adhik uanche bhag shit rritu mean himachchhadit rahate haian.

bhoovijnan

apenaians ailps-himalay-parvat-samooh se sanbaddh hai. thik sanbandh ka ab bhi byorevar pata nahian hai aur vaijnanikoan mean kuchh matabhed hai. apenaians mean raktashm (traiaisik), mahasarat (jooraisik), khati (kriteshiyas), prakanootan (iyosin) aur madhyanootan (mayosin) yugoan ke prastaroan ki tahean haian. kahian-kahian inase bhi prachin patthar dikhaee p date haian. prakanootan yug ke aant mean prithvi ki parpati is prakar dohari hone lagi ki apenaians ka janm hua. sare madhyanootan yug tak yah parvat badhata raha. atinootan (plaiosin) yug mean apenaians lagabhag vartaman ooanchaee tak pahuanch gaya, yadyapi ooancha hone ki kriya aur jvalamukhiyoan ka sakriy hona donoan aj tak kahian-kahian jari haian. apenaians mean ab himaniyaan (gleshiyar) nahian haian, parantu kahian-kahian atinootan yug ke pashchath‌ ve vidyaman thian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh