अफ़ीम

afim (aangrezi: Opium ; vaijnanik nam : Papaver somniferum) ek paudhe se prapt hoti hai. afim ke paudhe ke 'doodh' (latex) ko sukhakar banaya gaya padarth hai jisake sevan se madakata ati hai. isaka sevan karane vale ko any batoan ke alava tej nid ati hai. afim ka doodh nikalane ke liye usake kachche, apakv 'phal' mean ek chira lagaya jata hai; isaka doodh nikalane lagata hai jo nikalakar sookh jata hai. yah lasila hota hai. yah paudha tin se paanch phut tak ooancha hota hai. isaki dhoandhi (phal) ko pe d mean hi kachchi avastha mean chhichhala chir diya jata hai (nashtar laga diya jata hai) aur usase jo ras nikalata hai usi ko sukhane aur saph karane se afim banati hai.

utpadan

sabase adhik afim bharat mean utpann hoti hai. any desh, jahaan afim utpann hoti hai, turki (tarki), gris, eeran aur chin haian. bharat mean sadharanat: saphed phalavala paudha boya jata hai. bij navanbar mean boya jata hai, phool lagabhag janavari ke aant mean lagata hai aur pray: ek mahine bad dhoandhi lagabhag murgi ke aande ke barabar ho jati hai. tab isako pachha jata hai, arthath‌ nashtar lagaya jata hai. yah kam tisare pahar se lekar aandhera hone tak kiya jata hai aur doosare din sabere nikale hue doodhiya ras ko kachh liya jata hai. is ras ko hava mean tin-char saptah tak sookhane diya jata hai aur tab karakhane mean shuddh karane ke lie bhej diya jata hai. gazipur (uttar pradesh) mean isake lie ek sarakari b da karakhana hai. karakhane mean b de bartanoan mean dalakar afim ko gooantha jata hai aur tab gola ya eeant banakar becha jata hai. bharat ki afim adhikatar videsh hi jati hai, kyoanki yahaan ke log afim khana ya tanbakoo ki tarah pina bahut bura samajhate haian. yoorop mean afim se isake rasayanik padarthoan ko alag karake m aaurafin, kodin ityadi aushadhiyaan banate haian.

rasayanik gun

afim ki sanrachana b di jatil hai. isamean se lagabhag 16 vibhinn rasayanik padarth prithakh‌ kie ge haian jinamean m aaurafin, kodin, narsin aur thiben mukhy haian. manushy sharir par m aaurafin ka prabhav lagabhag vahi hota hai jo ashodhit afim ka. isalie m aaurafin ko shodhit afim samajha ja sakata hai. 9 pratishat se kam m aaurafin vali afim ko amarika mean dava ke lie bekar samajha jata hai. kodin ka prabhav bahut kuchh m aaurafin ki tarah ka hi hota hai parantu utana tivr nahian. thiben prabal bish hai. yah merukeandroan ko uttejit tatha vishakt karata hai tatha hath-pair mean aianthan aur chhatapatahat utpann karata hai.

afim khane ka prabhav

afim ka svad k dava hota hai aur khane se michali atian hai. isaki gandh b di lakshanik hoti hai- madak aur bhari. chauthaee se tin gren tak afim aushadh ke roop mean ek matra (khurak) samajhi jati hai. isake khane se pi da ka anubhav mit jata hai, gahari niand ati hai aur aankh ki putaliyaan chhoti ho jati haian. niand khulane par bhookh mit jati hai, kuchh michali ati hai, koshthabaddhata (kabj) hoti hai, sar bhari jan p data ya dukhata hai. parantu yadi bahut kam matra mean afim khaee jae to isaka prabhav uttejak aur kalpanashaktivardhak hota hai. bar-bar afim khane par dinoan-din aur adhik ki avashyakata p dati jati hai. phir aisi lat lag jati hai ki afim chho dana kathin ho jata hai. aise vyakti bhi dekhe ge haian jo ek chhataank afim roj khate the.
adhikatar log afim ki goli khate haian ya ese gholakar pite haian, parantu videsh mean kuchh log m aaurafin (afim se nikale rasayan) ka ianjekshan lete haian. kuchh log to afim se utpann ahlad ke lie isaka sevan karate haian, parantu adhikatar log pi da se chhutakara pane ke lie, daktar ki ray se ya svayan apane se, isaka sevan aranbh karate haian aur mahine bis din ke pashchath‌ ise chho d nahian pate. chikitsakoan ke anusar isaka sevan karane valoan mean se lagabhag 50 pratishat log sharirik pi da se chhutakara pane ke lie afim khate haian, bis-pachchis pratishat manasik klesh ya chianta se chhutakara pane ke lie aur keval pandrah-bis pratishat shauk ke lie.

chandoo

kuchh log afim ko tanbakoo ki tarah aanch par tapakar pite haian. is kam ke lie banaee gee afim ko chandoo kahate haian. isake lie afim pani mean ubalate haian aur oopar se mail kaanchhakar pheank dete haian. phir use sukhakar rakhate haian. pine ke lie lohe ki tili par jara sa nikalakar use dip shikha mean garam karate haian (bhoonate haian) aur tab vishesh nali mean rakhakar turant lete lete pite haian. ek phooank mean pina samapt ho jata hai. nasha turant hota hai. adhik avashyakata hoti hai to phir sab kam doharaya jata hai.

vitaran

bharat mean to log ise ghrina ki drishti se dekhate hi haian, ianglaiand mean bhi sanh‌ 1843 mean ek prastav parliyameant mean upasthit kiya gaya tha ki sarakar afim ke vyapar ka tyag kare, kyoanki "yah eesaee sarakar ke samman aur kartavy ke poornataya viruddh hai." parantu yah prastav svikrit n ho saka. sanh‌ 1840 mean chin sarakar ne afim ke ayat par rok laga di aur is karan chin tatha gret-briten mean yuddh chhi d gaya. 15 varsh bad isi bat ko lekar phir donoan rajyoan mean l daee lagi aur usamean phraans bhi gret-briten ki or se sammilit hua. chin vale har avashy ge, parantu vah prashn dab n saka. 1907 mean bharat ki british sarakar aur chin ki sarakar mean samajhauta hua ki das varsh mean afim ka bhejana bharat band kar dega. is samajhaute ke anusar kuchh varshoan tak to chin mean afim jana kam hota raha; parantu aant tak samajhaute ka nirvah n ho saka. 1909 mean amarika ke presideant roojavelt ne ek ayog (kamishan) baithaya. phir 1913, 1914, 1919, 1924, 1925, 1930 mean kee rajyoan ke pratinidhiyoan ki sabhaean hueean. parantu yah samasya kabhi hal n ho paee. ab to chin mean samyavadi ganatantr rajy hone ke bad is vishay mean b di k daee barati ja rahi hai aur afimachiyoan ki sankhya nagany ho gee hai. bharat sarakar ne apane desh mean afim ki khapat kam karane ke lie yah ajna nikal di hai ki afimachi log daktari jaanch ke bad panjikrit kie jaeange (unaka nam rijastar mean likha jaega). unako nyoonatam avashyak matra mean afim mila karegi aur yah matra dhire-dhire kam kar di jaegi.

afim ka upachar

6 gren ya adhik afim khane se vyakti mar ja sakata hai. afim khane ke aranbhik lakshan ve hi hote haian jo adhik madira pine ke, mastishk mean raktasrav ke athava kuchh any rogoan ke. parantu in sabhi ke lakshanoan mean sookshm bhed hote haian, jinhean chikitsak pahachan sakata hai. afim ke karan chetanahin vyakti ki tvacha thandi aur pasine se chipachipi ho jati hai. aankh ki putaliyaan (tare) suee ke chhed ki tarah chhoti ho jati haian aur hoanth nile p d jate haian. saans dhire-dhire chalati hai aur na di bhi mand tatha aniyamit ho jati hai. saans rukane se mrityu ho jati hai. upachar ke lie pet mean adhe-adhe ghante par pani chadhakar dhoya jata hai. dava dekar ulati (vaman) karaee jati hai. kahava pilana labhadayak hai. chikitsak kahava mean pae jane vale rasayanik padarth ko guda marg se bhitar chadhate haian. saans ko uttejit karane ke lie aitropin salphet ke ianjekshan lagae jate haian. rogi ko jagrat rakhane ke lie sab upay karana chahie. use chalana chahie, amoniya suanghani chahie ya bijali ka halka jhataka (sh aauk) lagana chahie. saans ke rukate hi kritrim shvasan chaloo karana chahie. jab tak hriday dh dakata rahe nirash nahian hona chahie aur kritrim shvasan jari rakhana chahie.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

afim (hiandi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 4 disambar, 2013.