आपातकाल (भारत)

thumb|250px|iandira gaandhi apatakal (aangrezi: The Emergency) svatantr bharat ke itihas mean sabase vivadaspad aur alokataantrik kal tha. 26 joon, 1975 se 21 march, 1977 tak 21 mahine ki avadhi mean bharat mean apatakal ghoshit tha. tatkalin rashtrapati fakharuddin ali ahamad ne tatkalin bharatiy pradhanamantri iandira gaandhi ke kahane par bharatiy sanvidhan ki dhara 352 ke adhin apatakal ki ghoshana kar di thi. apatakal mean chunav sthagit ho ge tatha nagarik adhikaroan ko samapt kar diya gaya. iandira gaandhi ke rajanitik virodhiyoan ko kaid kar liya gaya aur pres par pratibandhit laga diya gaya. jayaprakash narayan ne apatakal ke is samay ko "bharatiy itihas ki sarvadhik kali avadhi" kaha tha. apatakal lagoo hone ke bad jayaprakash narayan, moraraji desaee aur any saik doan chhote-b de netaoan ko giraftar karake jel mean dal diya gaya. aisa mana jata hai ki apatakal ke dauran ek lakh vyaktiyoan ko desh ki vibhinn jeloan mean band kiya gaya. inamean matr rajanitik vyakti hi nahian, aparadhik pravritti ke log bhi the jo aise aandolanoan ke samay lootapat karate the. sath hi bhrasht kalabazariyoan aur histrishitar aparadhiyoan ko band kar diya gaya.

apatakal ki prishthabhoomi

apatakal ki prishthabhoomi iandira gaandhi ki sarakar ke nyayapalika ke takarav ke sath banani shuru ho gee thi. lalabahadur shastri ki maut ke bad iandira gaandhi pradhanamantri bani thian. aise mean kya parti aur kya parti ke bahar nyayapalika se takarav ke halat, kisi ne socha nahian tha. lekin 1967 mean hue lokasabha chunavoan ke bad jab iandira gaandhi ne 13 march ko dobara pradhanamantri ki kursi sanbhali, usake tho de samay pahale hi yani 27 faravari, 1967 ko uchchatam nyayalay ka ek b da phaisala aya. pahali bar gathit huee 11 jajoan ki khandapith ne golakanath mamale mean apana phaisala sat banam chhah jajoan ke bahumat se sunaya. chiph jastis subbarav ki aguaee vale bahumat phaisale ke tahat ye tay kiya gaya ki sansad mean do tihaee bahumat ke sath bhi kisi sanvidhan sanshodhan ke jariye moolabhoot adhikaroan ke pravadhan ka n to khatma kiya ja sakata hai aur n hi inhean simit kiya ja sakata hai. sarakar ko ye phaisala kafi nagavar gujara, kyoanki ye sansad ke adhikar par nyayapalika ki taraph se hamala mana gaya. kuchh samay bad jab rashtrapati ke chunav hue, to vipaksh ne iandira gaandhi ke pratinidhi jakir husain ke samane subbarav ko maidan mean utar diya. subbarav ne chiph jastis ke pad se tyagapatr dekar rashtrapati chunav ke lie namaankan bhara tha, isase iandira gaandhi kafi naraj ho gee thian.

iandira gaandhi tatha nyayapalika

yahi nahian, suprim kort ke do tatkalik phaisaloan ko iandira gaandhi ne 1971 ke lokasabha chunavoan ko jaldi karane ka adhar banaya. pahala phaisala 5 mee, 1970 ka raha, jo baiank rashtriyakaran kes ke taur par mashahoor hai. 11 jajoan ki beanch ne suprim kort ke jaj jastis je. si. shah ki aguaee mean is mamale ki sunavaee ki. chiph jastis hidayatulla ne karyakari rashtrapati ki bhoomika mean khud us bil par hastakshar kiye the, jisaki vaidhata ko is kes mean chunauti di gee thi, isalie ve is mamale ki sunavaee se alag rahe. [[chitr:Indira-Gandhi-with-Congress-leaders.jpg|thumb|300px|left|kaangresi netaoan ke sath iandira gaandhi]] gyarah jajoan ki is beanch ne jo phaisala sunaya, usamean ek jaj jastis e. en. re ko chho dakar baki sabhi jajoan ne iandira gaandhi sarakar ke us kadam ko kharij kar diya, jisake tahat pachas karo d rupaye ya usase adhik ke karobar vale chaudah baiankoan ka rashtriyakaran kar diya gaya tha. aisa is kanoon ki kee khamiyoan ke maddenajar kiya gaya tha, jisamean se ek paryapt muavaja n dena bhi tha. yahi nahian, apane samyavadi soch vale sahayogiyoan ke dabav aur rajaoan-maharajaoan ki bahutayat vali svatantr parti se mil rahi chunauti ke maddenajar jab iandira gaandhi ne ek aaurdineans ke jariye privi pars ko samapt karane ki koshish ki, to use bhi suprim kort ne 15 disanbar, 1970 ke apane phaisale mean kharij kar diya. chiph jastis hidayatulla ki aguaee vali gyarah jajoan ki beanch mean ye phaisala nau banam do jajoan ke bahumat se hua. jin do jajoan ne is phaisale ka samarthan nahian kiya, vo the- jastis ji. ke. mittar aur jastis e. en. re. isi phaisale se krodhit iandira gaandhi ne lokasabha bhang kar chunav karavane ka phaisala kiya aur is mudde par chunav jitakar ane ke sath hi sanvidhan sanshodhan ke jariye privi pars khatm kar diya.

nyayapalika ke sath iandira gaandhi ka takarav shirsh par tab pahuancha, jab keshavanand bharati kes mean suprim kort ne apana phaisala sunaya. suprim kort ke itihas mean pahali aur akhiri bar terah jajoan ki beanch ne koee phaisala sunaya. halaanki terah jajoan ki beanch ne ye phaisala sat banam chhah ke bahumat se 24 aprail, 1973 ko sunaya. bahumat vale is phaisale mean, jisamean chiph jastis sikari, jastis shelat, jastis heg de aur jastis grovar shamil the, ye tay kiya ki sansad apani sanvaidhanik bhoomika mean sanvidhan ke sabhi pravadhanoan ko badal nahian sakati. yahi nahian, ye bhi saph kiya gaya ki sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 368 ke tahat sansad sanvidhan ke mool dhaanche ke sath koee chhe dachha d nahian kar sakati.

bharatiy nyayapalika ke itihas mean besik strakchar jajameant ke taur par mashahoor is phaisale ke agale din hi sarakar ne apane irade jahir kar diye. sarakar ne chiph jastis sikari ki sifarish ko darakinar kar diya, jisamean jastis shelat ko agala mukhy nyayadhish banane ke lie kaha gaya tha. yahi nahian, nyayadhish heg de aur nyayadhish grovar ko bhi suparasid kar agale mukhy nyayadhish ke taur par nyayadhish e. en. re ke nam ka ailan kar diya gaya. ye vahi jastis e. en. re the, jinhoanne baiank neshanalaijeshan, privi pars ya phir keshavanand bharati mamale mean sarakar ke rukh ka samarthan apane jajameant mean kiya tha. suparasid kiye gaye tinoan jajoan ne tatkal istipha de diya, lekin ye to shuruat thi, iandira sarakar ke us irade ki, jisamean sarakari rukh ka virodh karane vale jajoan ko pareshan kiya jana aghoshit niyam bana diya gaya.

gujarat tatha bihar mean aandolan

halaanki ek taraph jahaan iandira gaandhi kanooni aur adalati morche par l daee l d rahi thian, vahian siyasi morche par bhi vipakshi partiyoan ke sath unaki l daee tej hoti gee. 1973 ate-ate mahangaee aur bhrashtachar ke aropoan ne iandira aur unaki sarakar ko gherana shuru kar diya. mudrasphiti rik aaurd bis phisadi tak ja pahuanchi. vipaksh ke tevar ugr hote chale gaye. isaki shuruat huee gujarat se. rajy ke kuchh ianjiniyariang k aaulejoan mean mes bil mean huee badhotari se jo aandolan shuru hua, vo ‘sanpoorn kraanti’ ke jepi ke ahvan ka adhar bana. halat is had tak big de ki akhirakar janabhavanaoan ko dhyan mean rakhate hue iandira gaandhi ko gujarat vidhanasabha bhang karava naye sire se chunav tak karane ko majaboor hona p da. gujarat ke bad ye aandolan bihar mean bhi ugr hona shuru hua. chhatroan ne shaikshanik sudhar ki maang karate hue aandolan tej kiya. tatkalin mukhyamantri abdul gaphoor ne chhatroan ke sangharsh ko dabane ke lie goliyaan tak chalava dian, jisase mamala aur big da. tin haphte tak hiansa ka daur chala, halat is had tak big de ki sena aur ardhasainik baloan ko bihar ki s dakoan par utarana p da. isi dauran jayaprakash narayan ne chhatroan ke aandolan ki aguaee li, 8 aprail, 1974 ko patana ki s dakoan par mook raili nikali aur aupacharik taur par ahvan kar dala ‘sanpoorn kraanti’ ka.

jaldi hi jepi ke sath n sirph chhatr, balki vipaksh ke jyadatar dal ju date chale gaye. is gathajo d ke ek taraph janasangh tha, to doosari taraph sipiem. sirph sipiaee hi ek matr aisi b di parti rahi, jo is gair-kaangresi gathabandhan mean shamil nahian huee. jepi ki aguaee mean ikattha hue in daloan ne rashtriy star ki apani samanvay samiti bhi bana dali aur iandira gaandhi ki sarakar ke samane dharane, pradarshan aur akraman ka silasila tej hota gaya. j aaurj pharnaandis ne to aprail, 1974 mean relave straik ki taraph kadam badha diye. iandira gaandhi ke lie is chautarapha hamale se nibatana asan nahian raha. ‘dipheans aauph iandiya ekt’ ka sahara lekar bhale hi kafi kathorata ke sath iandira ne rel karmachariyoan ki h datal ko tin haphte mean hi to d dala, lekin mamala shaant nahian hua. am adami, shramik varg, sarakari karmachari, sabaka asantosh badhata chala gaya aur iandira ke lie ye khatare ki ghanti thi. isake sath hi desh mean iandira gaandhi aur unake sahayogiyoan ko apatakal lagane ka bahana milane laga tha.

rajanarayan ki yachika

halaanki iandira gaandhi ne apatakal lagane ka jo vivadit phaisala kiya, usake tatkalik aur sabase pramukh karan vo do adalati phaisale bhi the, jo apatakal lagaye jane ke thik pahale ke chaudah dinoan ke aandar ae the. pahala phaisala ilahabad haeekort se aya tha, to doosara phaisala uchchatam nyayalay (suprim kort) se. donoan hi phaisale siangal jaj beanch ke the aur donoan hi pradhanamantri iandira gaandhi ke lokasabha chunav se sanbandhit the. halaanki ye phaisale koee achanak nahian ae the, inaki prishthabhoomi mean the 1971 ke lokasabha chunav, vo chunav jinamean iandira gaandhi ne apani parti ko jabaradast kamayabi dilaee thi. halaanki khud iandira gaandhi ki jit par saval uthate hue unake chunavi pratidvandvi rajanarayan ne adalat ka daravaja khatakhata 1971 mean hi khatakhata diya tha. sanyukt soshalist parti ke ummidavar ke taur par iandira gaandhi ke samane rayabareli lokasabha sit par chunav l dane vale rajanarayan ne apani yachika mean arop lagaya tha ki iandira gaandhi ne chunav jitane ke lie galat tarikoan ka istemal kiya hai. rajanarayan 1971 ke lokasabha chunavoan mean iandira gaandhi se 1, 11, 810 votoan ke aantar se hare the. apani jit ko lekar vo itane sunishchit the ki natije ghoshit hone ke pahale hi vijay juloos nikal dala tha. lekin parinam ghoshit hue to rajanarayan ke hosh u d gaye. halaanki itani b di marjin se harane ke bad bhi rajanarayan chup nahian baithe. unhone adalat se ye guhar lagaee ki chooanki iandira gaandhi ne chunav jitane ke lie n sirph sarakari mashinari aur sansadhanoan ka istemal kiya hai, balki vot kharidane ke lie paise bhi baante haian, aise mean unaka chunav nirast kar diya jae.

is mamale ki sunavaee 15 julaee, 1971 ko ilahabad haeekort mean shuru huee. jastis bien lokur is mamale ki sunavaee karane vale pahale jaj the; lekin jastis lokur se jastis jagamohan lal sinha ke pas ye kes ate-ate ek bar rajanarayan to doosari bar iandira gaandhi ne suprim kort ka daravaja khatakhataya apane hak mean rahat hasil karane ke lie. akhirakar march, 1975 ka mahina aya. jastis sinha ki kort mean donoan taraph se dalilean pesh hoti rahian. donoan pakshoan ko sunane ke bad jastis sinha ne pradhanamantri iandira gaandhi ko unaka bayan darj karane ke lie adalat mean pesh hone ka pharaman jari kiya. iandira gaandhi adalat mean pesh bhi hueean, lekin pradhanamantri hote hue bhi unake samman mean unake vakil sirph adha hi uthe, baki sabhi baithe rahe, kyoanki adalat ka adesh saph tha, iandira gaandhi aropi ke taur par adalat mean thian.

apatakal ki ghoshana

[[chitr:Indira-Gandhi-with-Fakhruddin-Ali-Ahmed.jpg|thumb|300px|fakharuddin ali ahamad tatha iandira gaandhi]] donoan pakshoan ki daliloan ko sunane ke bad jastis sinha ne 12 joon, 1975 ko apana phaisala sunaya aur iandira gaandhi ke chunav ko nirast kar diya. halaanki jastis sinha ne unhean suprim kort mean apil karane ki mohalat di, lekin suprim kort se bhi iandira gaandhi ko poorn rahat nahian mili. vaikeshan jaj ki bhoomika mean jastis vi. ar. krishna ayyar ne ilahabad haeekort ke phaisale par ste to lagaya, lekin aanshik taur par. 24 joon, 1975 ke apane phaisale mean jastis ayyar ne iandira gaandhi ko bataur pradhanamantri sansad mean ane ki ijajat to di, lekin bataur lokasabha sadasy vot karane par pratibandh laga diya. is phaisale se iandira gaandhi itana krodhit ho geean ki agale din hi unhone bina kaibinet ki aupacharik baithak ke apatakal lagane ki anushansa rashtrapati se kar dali, jis par rashtrapati fakharuddin ali ahamad ne 25 joon aur 26 joon ki madhy ratri mean hi apane hastakshar kar dale aur is tarah desh mean pahala apatakal lagoo ho gaya.

agali subah samooche desh ne rediyo par iandira ki avaj mean sandesh suna ki- "bhaiyo aur bahano, rashtrapati ji ne apatakal ki ghoshana ki hai. isase atankit hone ka koee karan nahian hai." ...lekin, sach iandira ji ki ghoshana se thik ulata tha. desh bhar mean ho rahi giraphtariyoan ke sath atank ka daur pichhali rat se hi shuroo ho gaya tha. ramalila maidan mean huee 25 joon ki raili ki khabar desh mean n pahuanche isalie, dilli ke bahadur shah japhar marg par sthit akhabaroan ke daphtaroan ki bijali rat mean hi kat di gee. rat ko hi iandira gaandhi ke vishesh sahayak ar. ke. dhavan ke kamare mean baith kar sanjay gaandhi aur om mehata un logoan ki list bana rahe the, jinhean giraphtar kiya jana tha. namoan par bar-bar iandira gaandhi se salah-mashvira kiya ja raha tha. 26 joon ki subah jab iandira sone geean, tab tak jayaprakash narayan, moraraji desaee samet tamam b de neta giraphtar kie ja chuke the. magar ye to abhi shuruat hi thi.

sarakar ke asimit adhikar

apatakal vo daur tha, jab satta ne am adami ki avaj ko kuchalane ki sabase nirankush koshish ki. isaka adhar vo pravadhan tha jo dhara-352 ke tahat sarakar ko asimit adhikar deti hai. apat kal ka matalab tha-

1. iandira gaandhi jab tak chahean satta mean rah sakati thian.
2. lokasabha-vidhanasabha ke lie chunav ki zaroorat nahian thi.
3. midiya aur akhabar ajad nahian the.
4. sarakar kaisa bhi kanoon pas kara sakati thi.
5. sare vipakshi netaoan ko jel, misa-diaeear ka kahar jhelana.

sarakar ka virodh karane par damanakari kanoon misa aur diaeear ke tahat desh mean ek lakh gyarah hajar log jel mean thooans die ge. khud jepi ki kidani kaid ke dauran kharab ho gee. karnatak ki mashahoor abhinetri d aau. snehalata reddi jel se bimar hokar nikalian, bad mean unaki maut ho gee. us kale daur mean jel-yatanaoan ki dahala dene vali kahaniyaan bhari p di haian. desh ke jitane bhi b de neta the, sabhi ke sabhi salakhoan ke pichhe dal die ge. ek tarah se jelean rajanitik pathashala ban geean. b de netaoan ke sath jel mean yuva netaoan ko bahut kuchh sikhane-samajhane ka mauka mila. laloo, nitish aur sushil modi jaise bihar ke netaoan ne isi pathashala mean apani sabase mahatvapoorn rajanitik padhaee ki.

netaoan ki giraftariyaan

apatakal ki ghoshana ke sath hi sabhi nagarikoan ke maulik adhikar nilanbit kar die ge the. abhivyakti ka adhikar hi nahian, logoan ke pas jivan ka adhikar bhi nahian rah gaya. 25 joon ki rat se hi desh mean vipaksh ke netaoan ki giraphtariyoan ka daur shuroo ho gaya. jayaprakash narayan, lalkrishna adavani, atal bihari vajapeyi, j aaurj pharnadis adi b de netaoan ko jel mean dal diya gaya. jeloan mean jagah nahian bachi. apatakal ke bad prashasan aur pulis ke dvara bhari utpi dan ki kahaniyaan samane aee. pres par bhi sesaraship laga di gee. har akhabar mean seansar adhikari baitha diya, usaki anumati ke bad hi koee samachar chhap sakata tha. sarakar virodhi samachar chhapane par giraphtari ho sakati thi. yah sab tab tham saka, jab 23 janavari, 1977 ko march mahine mean chunav ki ghoshana ho gee.

sanjay gaandhi ka paanch sootriy karyakram

[[chitr:Indira-Gandhi-and-Sanjay-Gandhi.jpg|thumb|250px|iandira gaandhi putr sanjay gaandhi ke sath]] ek taraph netaoan ki nee paudh rajaniti sikh rahi thi, doosari taraph desh ko iandira ke bete sanjay gaandhi apane dost bansilal, vidyacharan shukl aur om mehata ki tik di ke jarie chala rahe the. sanjay gaandhi ne visi shukla ko naya soochana prasaran mantri banavaya, jinhoanne midiya par sarakar ki ijajat ke bina kuchh bhi likhane-bolane par pabandi laga di, jisane bhi inakar kiya, usake lie jel ke daravaje khule the. midiya hi nahian nyayapalika bhi dar gee thi. darasal, jabalapur ke ediem ne apane adesh mean kaha tha ki apatakal mean sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 19 ke tahat svatantrata aur nagarik adhikar khatm ho jate haian. suprim kort (uchchatam nyayalay) ne bhi is par muhar laga di. yahaan tak kaha gaya ki kisi nirdosh ko goli bhi mar di jae to bhi apil nahian ho sakati, kyoanki anuchchhed 21 ke tahat jine ke adhikar bhi khatm ho chuke haian.

doosari taraph sanjay gaandhi ne desh ko age badhane ke nam par paanch sootriy ejeande par kam karana shuroo kar diya tha, jisamean shamil tha-

1. vayask shiksha
2. dahej pratha ka khatma
3. pe d lagana
4. parivar niyojan
5. jati pratha unmoolan

kahate haian ki suandarikaran ke nam par sanjay gaandhi ne ek hi din mean dilli ke turkaman get ki jhuggiyoan ko saph karava dala, lekin paanch sootriy karyakram mean jyada jor parivar niyojan par tha. logoan ki jabaradasti nasabandi karaee gee. kaangres neta satyavrat chaturvedi kahate haian ki us samay yooth kaangres ne bahut achchha kam bhi kiya tha, lekin nasabandi program ne khel kharab kar diya kyoanki yooth kaangres aur adhikariyoan ne jabaradasti shuroo ki aur janata mean akrosh phail gaya. yah bhi kaha jata hai ki 19 mahine ke dauran desh bhar mean karib 83 lakh logoan ki jabaradasti nasabandi kara di gee. kaha to ye bhi jata hai ki pulis bal gaanv ke gaanv gher lete the aur purushoan ko pak dakar unaki nasabandi kara di jati thi.

sh aauk tritameant

apatakal kyoan laga? kya isalie ki jepi ne sena-pulis tak se sarakar ka adesh n manane ko kaha tha? kya isalie ki bagavat ka aandesha tha? shayad nahian kyoanki apatakal ke bahut bad ek sakshatkar mean iandira ji ne kaha tha ki- "unhean lagata tha ki bharat ko sh aauk tritameant ki zaroorat hai." lekin, is sh aauk tritameant ki yojana 25 joon ki raili se chhah mahine pahale hi ban chuki thi. 8 janavari, 1975 ko siddharth shankar re ne iandira ko ek chitthi mean apatakal ki poori yojana bheji thi. chitthi ke mutabiq ye yojana tatkalin kanoon mantri ech. ar. gokhale, kaangres adhyaksh devakaant barua aur baanbe kaangres ke adhyaksh rajani patel ke sath unaki baithak mean bani thi. iandira ji jis sh aauk tritameant se virodh shaant karana chahati thian, usi ne 19 mahine mean desh ka be dagark kar diya. sanjay gaandhi aur unaki tik di se lekar suraksha bal aur naukarashahi sabhi nirankush ho chuke the. sushil modi kahate haian ki ek maraghat ki shaanti poore desh mean sthapit ho gee. svayan mujhe 9 mahine jel mean rahana p da tha. ham logoan ne javani ka b da hissa jel ke aandar bita diya. sureandr kishor batate haian ki aphasar tanashah ho ge the. pulis kuchh bhi kar sakati thi. rajanitik gatividhiyaan bilkul band thian. koee juloos-pradarshan nahian. janata ki pareshaniyoan ke lie koee jagah nahian thi sirph tanashahi chal rahi thi.

b aaulivud par chala sarakari danda

virodh pradarshan ka to saval hi nahian uthata tha, kyoanki janata ko jagane vale lekhak-kavi aur philm kalakaroan tak ko nahian chho da gaya. kahate haian midiya, kaviyoan aur kalakaroan ka muanh band karane ke lie hi nahian balki inase sarakar ki prashansa karane ke lie bhi vidyacharan shukla soochana prasaran mantri banae ge the. unhoanne philmakaroan ko sarakar ki prashansa mean git likhane-gane par majaboor kiya, jyadatar log jhuk ge, lekin kishor kumar ne adesh nahian mana. unake gane rediyo par bajane band ho ge. unake ghar par ayakar ke chhape p de. amrit nahata ki philm 'kissi kursi ka' ko sarakar virodhi man kar usake sare priant jala die ge. gulazar ki 'aandhi' par bhi pabandi lagaee gee. ar ke dhavan kahate haian ki "sanjay gaandhi ke p aaulitiks mean ane ke bad 5 sootriy program ke tahat nasabandi ka mamala kharab ho gaya aur jab iandira ji ko laga ki ab durupayog ho raha hai to unhoanne imarajeansi hatane ka phaisala kiya." varishth patrakar kuladip naiyar kahate haian ki- "sanjay gaandhi ne mujhe bataya ki vo 35 sal tak imarajeansi rakhana chahate the, lekin maan ne chunav karava die."

pahali gair kaangresi sarakar

apatakal lagoo karane ke lagabhag do sal bad virodh ki lahar tez hoti dekh pradhanamantri iandira gaandhi ne lokasabha bhang kar chunav karane ki sipharish kar di. chunav mean apatakal lagoo karane ka faisala kaangres ke lie ghatak sabit hua. khud iandira gaandhi apane gadh rayabareli se chunav har geean. janata parti bhari bahumat se satta mean aee aur moraraji desaee pradhanamantri bane. sansad mean kaangres ke sadasyoan ki sankhya 350 se ghat kar 153 par simat gee aur 30 varshoan ke bad keandr mean kisi gair kaangresi sarakar ka gathan hua.

kaangres ko uttar pradesh, bihar, panjab, hariyana aur dilli mean ek bhi sit nahian mili. nee sarakar ne apatakal ke dauran lie ge faisaloan ki jaanch ke lie "shah ayog" gathit ki. halaanki nee sarakar do sal hi tik paee aur aandarooni aantarvirodhoan ke karan 1979 mean sarakar gir gee. up pradhanamantri chaudhari charan sianh ne kuchh mantriyoan ki dohari sadasyata ka saval uthaya jo janasangh ke bhi sadasy the. isi mudde par charan sianh ne sarakar se samarthan vapas le liya aur kaangres ke samarthan se unhoanne sarakar banaee, lekin chali sirf paanch mahine. unake nam kabhi sansad nahian jane vale pradhanamantri ka rik aaurd darj ho gaya." iandira gaandhi tatha sanjay gaandhi donoan hi chunav har chuke the. is prakar 21 march ko apatakal khatm ho gaya, lekin pichhe chho d gaya 'lokatantr ka sabase b da sabak'.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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bahari k diyaan

• apatakal kab aur kyoan
• 26 joon 1975
• azad bharat ke mukhy p dav