कत्था

kattha bharat mean ek suparichit vastu hai, jo mukhy roop se pan mean lagakar khane ke kam ata hai. kabhi-kabhi aushadhi aur rang ke roop mean bhi isaka prayog hota hai. kattha 'khair' namak vriksh ki bhitari kathor lak di se nikala jata hai. khair ke vriksh bharat bhar mean, visheshat: sookhe kshetroan mean pae jate haian. khair ka vriksh vanaspati vijnan mean, asali kaitichoo kism ka kaha jata hai. yah panjab, jammoo-kashmir, uttar pradesh mean gadhaval aur kumaooan, bihar, madhy pradesh, uttari kanara aur dakshin mean ganjam tak paya jata hai.

purana udyog

poorvi himalay tatha asam ki or is khair ke vrikshoan ke hone ki soochana nahian hai. khair ki lak di se kattha nikalane ka udyog bahut purana hai. khair se kattha nikalane ka kam pray: ve log karate haian jo pidhiyoan se ise karate ae haian. ye log 'khairayya' ya 'chaee' kahalate haian aur uttari bhag mean goanda aur baharaich zile ke nivasi athava paha di hote haian. kattha kutir udyog ke karane vale door-door phaile hue haian. in vyaktiyoan dvara prativarsh kitana kattha taiyar kiya jata hai, isake vishay mean thik aank de prapy nahian haian. anuman hai ki ye log prati varsh 2-2 hazar tan kattha taiyar karate haian. kattha banane ka kam kuchh sangathit karakhanoan mean bhi kiya jata hai. ye karakhane adhikatar uttar pradesh, muanbee aur madhy pradesh mean sthit haian. inake dvara prativarsh 1-1 hazar tan kattha taiyar kiya jata hai.

kattha nikalane ki purani vidhi

desh ke vibhinn bhagoan mean sab milakar lagabhag 50,000 khair ke vriksh prativarsh kattha banane ke lie kate jate haian. jo vriksh 25-30 varsh purane hote haian aur jinaki motaee ek phut ya adhik hoti hai, ve is kam ke lie prayukt hate haian. girane ke bad vrikshoan ke do tin phut (60 se 100 sean.mi.) lanbe bote bana lie jate haian aur un par se chhal aur mulayam lak di utar di jati hai. inaka upayog eedhann ke roop mean kiya ja sakata hai. bhitar vali lal lak di ko chhate-chhote tuk doan mean kat liya jata hai, jo akar mean lagabhag ek varg ianch (lagabhag sadhe chhah varg se.mi.) hote haian. inako mitti ki haandiyoan mean rakhakar pani ke sath khaulaya jata hai. haandiyoan ko ek lanbi bhatthi ke oopar pankti mean rakha jata hai. khaulane se lak di ka ghulanashil bhag pani mean a jata hai. nishkarshan ki is kriya ko ee ghantoan tak kiya jata hai aur tin se lekar paanch bar tak duharaya jata hai. in chhipatiyoan (tuk doan) se lal rang ka jo nisar milata hai use taji chhipatiyoan par dalate aur ubalate haian. is kam ko us samay tak duharate haian, jab tak ichchhit saghanata ka ghol taiyar nahian ho jata. garm nishkarsh ko malamal se chhan lete haian aur chhanit ko mitti ke bartanoan mean us samay tak gadha karate haian, jab tak vah chashani ke saman nahian ho jata. is prakar saandr banae hue nishkarsh ko thanda kiya jata hai aur phir mahin ret mean gadhe banakar athava mitti ke bartanoan par tokari rakhakar unamean u del diya jata hai.

ab isako tat se dhakakar kuchh saptah ke lie chho d dete haian, jisase kattha alag ho jata hai. jab nishkarsh ko tokari mean rakha jata hai, tab ghulanashil taiannine bartan mean chhan jati haian aur ashodhit kattha tokari mean oopar rah jata hai. jab nishkarsh ret mean gadhoan mean bhara jata hai to ye tenine ret mean chali jati haian aur kattha oopar rah jata hai. oopar ki thos vastu ko utha lete haian. use dabakar silliyaan banate haian. inako chhoti silliyoan aur aant mean tikiyoan ke roop mean kat lete haian. isake bad katthe ke tuk doan ko kee saptah tak chhaya mean sukhaya jata hai aur bazar mean bheja jata hai. sookhe pe d ki apeksha taje kate hue pe doan se adhik kattha milata hai. kattha banane ka kam mausami hai. yah varsh mean lagabhag 60 din chalata hai aur ausatan ek bhatthi se, taje vrikshoan ka prayog karane se 25-30 bori kattha milata hai. ek bori mean lagabhag do man (lagabhag 75 kilogram) mal hota hai.

kamiyaan

kattha nikalane ki purani vidhi mean jo kriyaean kam mean laee jati haian, unake karan kattha udyog mausami udyog ban gaya hai. yah varsh mean 90 din se adhik nahian chalaya ja sakata. bazar ke yogy mal taiyar karane mean sab milakar do tin mahine ka samay lag jata hai. bhitari lak di ka jo nishkarsh taiyar hota hai, usamean pani ki matra adhik hoti hai. use saandr banane ke lie der tak ubalana p data hai, jisase mal ka gun kharab hota hai aur kaitichin ki matra mean kami ati hai. ashodhit katthe mean paryapt pani hota hai aur use sookhane mean adhik samay lagata hai. isase katthe mean phaphooand lag jati hai, usaka rang big d jata hai aur mal ghatiya ho jata hai. nishkarsh ka jo ghulanashil aansh ret mean sijh jata hai, usamean ek padarth hota hai, jo 'kach' kahalata hai. kach ek upayogi padarth hai. yah udyogoan mean kam ata hai aur becha ja sakata hai. kattha banane ki is purani vidhi mean kach ko prapt karane ka prayatn nahian kiya ja sakata.

sudhari vidhi

sudhari vidhi mean khair ke bhitar ki kathor lak di ki barik chhipatiyaan banaee jati haian aur unaka nishkarsh taanbe ke patroan mean taiyar kiya jata hai. chhipatiyaan patr mean sanpark mean n aean, isalie unakoan taanbe ke tar se bane hue pianj doan mean rakhakar patr ke bhitar latakaya jata hai. pratyek pianj de mean lagabhag 11 kilogram chhipati rakhi jati hai aur usako lagabhag 28 kilogram pani se dedh se lekar do ghante tak nishkarshit kiya jata hai. nishkarshan ki kriya ko 28 kilogram saph pani ke sath lagabhag adh aanghe tak duharaya jata hai aur isake bad usi prakar tisari baraki nishkarshan ki kriya ki jati hai. is aantim nishkarsh ko nee chhipatiyoan ke pahale nishkarshan ke lie kam mean laya jata hai. vibhinn nishkarshoan ko milakar taanbe ke khule bartan mean us samay tak saandr banate haian, jab tak ghol ka ghanatv 1.07-1.13 nahian ho jata. is kam mean sadharanat: lagabhag tin ghante lagate haian. is saandr nishkarsh ko thanda hone dete haian. yadi isamean katthe ke kuchh rave dal die jate haian to katthe ke manibhit hone ki kriya shighr ho jati hai. katthe ke manibh alag hokar tali par jam jate haian aur oopar ke ghol (matritv) se alag kar lie jate haian. avashyak hone par katthe ke manibhoan ki doosari phasal prapt karane ke lie is drav ko saandr banakar phir pahale ki tarah rave prapt kie ja sakate haian.

katthe ke alag nikale hue manibhoan ko pani mean lekar hath se chalae jane vale filtar pres mean chhan liya jata hai. isase matritv katthe se alag ho jata hai. filtar pres mean kattha kainavais se chipak jata hai. use kainavais par se stenales ispat ya nikil ki khurachiyoan dvara khuracha jata hai aur lak di ke hatthe se chalane vale skroopres mean dabakar yatha sanbhav adhik se adhik pani nikal diya jata hai. katthe ki sil ko hath se vaanchhit akar ki chhoti tikiyoan mean kat lete haian aur in tikiyoan ko taroan ki jali ki almariyoan mean chhaya mean sookhane diya jata hai. in tikiyoan ko khuli dhoop mean sukhana thik nahian hota. isase kaitichin ko hani pahuanchati hai, vah vichchhinn ho jata hai aur usaka rang gahara p d jata hai. chhaya mean sukhane ke bad tikiyoan ko aantim roop se ek garm-hava-peti mean 40 seantigret par sukhaya jata hai. is peti ko garm karane ke lie ve bekar gaisean kam mean laee jati haian jo nisarak patroan aur saandran ki k dahiyoan ke choolhoan se ati haian. is riti se mal ka ek ghan taiyar karane mean lagabhag ek saptah ka samay lagata hai.

katthe ko dubara manibhikrit karane ke bad jo matridrav bachata hai, usako taanbe ki khuli k dahi mean ichchhanusar gadha kar liya jata hai, phir is saandr taral ko lak di ke chaukhatoan mean bhar diya jata hai. isase jo padarth milata hai, vah 'kach' kahalata hai. kach kattha udyog ka upajat hai. is vidhi se kattha shighr taiyar hota hai. vah lak di mean se paryapt matra mean bhali prakar nikal ata hai. is se kattha banane ka kam kisi upayukt sthan par poore varsh mean kiya ja sakata hai. purani vidhi mean mitti haandiyoan ki toot phoot se jo hani hoti hai, vah is vidhi mean nahi hoti. is vidhi se jo kattha taiyar hota hai, vah purani riti se taiyar kie ge katthe ki apeksha halka hota hai, usaka rang aur svad badhiya hota hai aur usamean kaitichin ka aansh 65-70 pratishat hota hai.

b da udyog

b de paimane par kattha nikalane ki vidhi mote taur se vaise hi hoti hai, jaisi chhote paimane par kam mean laee jati hai. aantar is bat ka hai ki b de karakhanoan mean yaantrik sadhan kam mean lae jate haian. b de-b de latthoan ko shakti se chalane vali mashinoan dvara katakar chhipatiyaan banaee jati haian aur unako taanbe ke aautoklevoan mean halke se dab ke niche nishkarshit kiya jata hai. nishkarsh ko nirvat mean saandrit karake lagabhag ek saptah tak thandi tankiyoan mean rakhate haian. isase katthe ke rave banakar alag ho jate haian. isako filtar presoan mean chhan late haian. phir silliyoan aur vargakar tikiyoan mean katakar aise kamaroan mean sukhate haian, jinhean garm hava se garam kiya jata hai. nishkarshit lak di ke bojh par katthe ki prapti 4 se 4.5 pratishat hoti hai. matritv ko saandrit karake lak di ke chaukhatoan mean dal diya jata hai. usake thanda hone par yahaan 'kach' jam jata hai.

parakh aur manak

bazar mean bikane vale sadharan katthe mean bahut milavat hoti hai. ret, mitti aur rakh to usamean mili hi rahati hai, inake atirikt katthe ka bojh badhane ke lie chini mitti, selakh di, mand, goand, lal mitti aur lohe ke lal aauksaid ke saman rangadar padarth manamane dhang se milae jate haian.

kach

kattha banane ki purani deshi vidhi mean kach prapt nahian kiya jata. sudhari vidhi mean kach upalabdh kiya jata hai aur usaki matra katthe ki matra mean 2-2 guni hoti hai. kattha banane ke sabhi sangathit karakhanoan mean kach taiyar kiya jata hai. isaki matra 4-5 hajar tan prati varsh hoti hai. akesha kaitichoo ke atirikt sikkim, taraee, bangal, asam aur kuchh sima tak maisoor tatha nilagiri mean khair ki ek kism milati hai jo kaitichuaidiz kahalati hai. isase barma mean kach nikala jata hai. yah kach 'pegoo kach' ke nam se bikata hai. khair ki tisari kism 'suandara' ya 'lal khair' kahalati hai. lal khair ke vriksh dakshin aur pashchim bharat mean door-door bikhare hue pae jate haian. in vrikshoan ke dakshin mean 'kach' ya 'shyamal kattha' taiyar kiya jata hai. kach chhote ghanakar tuk doan mean bikata hai. in tuk doan ka rang lohe ke jang ke saman katthee ya dhuandhala narangi hota hai. kach ke kamavak padarth 53-58, a-kamavak aansh 30-33, aghulanashil 0.5-1.5 aur nami 12-14 pratishat tak paee jati hai. lovivauand paimane par usaka rangaman lal 8-10 : pila 18-20 hota hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh