पुरातत्त्व

puratattv vidya, jisamean mukhyatah itihas ki vastuoan evan ghatanaoan ke adhar par purane ajnat itihas ka pata lagaya jata hai. is vijnan ko "puratattv vijnan" ya "puratattv vidya" kaha jata hai. puratatvik sakshy ke aantargat mukhyatah abhilekh, sikke, smarak, bhavan, moortiyaan chitrakala adi ate haian.

abhilekh

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itihas nimarn mean sahayak puratattv samagri mean abhilekhoan ka mahattvapoorn sthan hai. ye abhilekh adhikaanshatah stambhoan, shilaoan, tamrapatroan, mudraoan patroan, moortiyoan, guhaoan adi mean khude hue milate haian. yadyapi prachinatam abhilekh madhy eshiya ke ‘bogajakoee‘ nam sthan se qarib 1400 ee.poo. mean paye gaye jinamean anek vaidik devataoan - indr, mitr, varun, nasaty adi ka ullekh milata hai. [[chitr:Brahmi Lipi-3.jpg|thumb|ashok ke shilalekh|220px]] apane yatharth roop mean abhilekh hamean sarvapratham ashok ke shasan kal mean hi milatean haian. ek abhilekh, jo haidarabad mean 'maski' namak sthan par sthit hai, mean ashok ke nam ka spasht ullekh milata hai. isake atirikt 'gurjara', madhy pradesh, 'panagudhiya',madhy pradesh se prapt lekhoan mean bhi ashok ka nam milata hai. any abhilekhoan mean usako devataoan ka priy ‘priyadarshi‘ raja kaha gaya hai. ashok ke abhilekh mukhyatah brahyi, kharoshthi tatha aramaik lipiyoan mean milatean haian jisamean adhikaansh brahyi mean khude hue haian. is lipi ko baanyi se dayian or likha jata hai. pashchimottar prant mean prayukt hone vali ‘kharoshthi lipi‘ dayian se bayian or likhi jati thi. pakistan aur afaganistan, mean paye gaye ashok ke abhilekhoan mean prayukt lipi aramaik v yoonani thi.

ashok ke bad abhilekhoan ki parampara se ju de any abhilekh is prakar haian- kharavel ka kharavel ka hathigumpha, shak kshatrap pratham rudradaman ka joonagadh abhilekh, satavahan naresh pulumavi ka nasik guhalekh, harishen dvara likhit samudragupt ka prayag stambh lekh, malav naresh yashovarman ka mandasaur abhilekh, chaluky naresh pulakeshin dvitiy ka aihol abhilekh, pratihar naresh bhoj ka gvaliyar abhilekh, skandagupt ka bhitari tatha joonagadh lekh, bangal ke shasak vijay sen ka devapa da abhilekh ityadi. kuchh gair sarakari abhilekh haian jaise yavan rajadoot heliyadoras ka besanagar, vidisha se prapt garu d stambh lekh. isase dvitiy shatabdi ee.poo. mean bharat mean bhagavat dharm ke vikasit hone ke sakshy milate haian. madhy pradesh ke eran se prapt varah pratima par hoon raja toraman ke lekhoan ka vivaran hai.

mudrayean

[[chitr:Vim-Kadphises-Coin.JPG|thumb|vim kadafaisis ka sikka]] bharatiy itihas adhyayan mean mudraoan ki ativ mahatta hai. bharat ki prachinatam mudraean chhathi shati ee.poo. mean prachalit huee. in par lekh nahian hote the. kuchh pratik jaise parvat, vriksh, pakshi, manav, pushp, jayamitiy akriti adi aankit rahate the. inhean ahat mudra (panch markd kvayans) kaha jata tha. sarvapratham bharat mean shasan karane vale yoonani shasakoan ki mudraoan par lekh evan tithiyaan utkirn milati haian. sarvadhik mudraean uttar maury kal mean milati haian jo pradhanatah sise, potin, tabean, kaanse, chaandi aur sone ki hoti haian. kushanoan ke samay mean sarvadhik shuddh suvarn mudraean prachalan mean the, par sarvadhik suvarn mudraean gupt kal mean jari ki gayi. samudragupt ki kuchh mudraoan par 'yoop' par 'ashvamedh yajn' aur kuchh par vina bajate hue dikhaya gaya hai. kanishk ki mudraoan se yah pata chalata hai ki vah bauddh dharm ka anuyayi tha. satavahan naresh shatakarni ki ek mudra par jalapot ka chitr utkirn hai jisase anuman lagaya jata hai ki usane samudr vijay ki thi. chandragupt dvitiy ki vyaghrashaili ki mudraoan se usaki pashchimi bharat ke shakoan ki vijay soochit hoti hai.

smarak evan bhavan

itihas nirman mean bharatiy sthapatyakaroan, vastukaroan aur chitrakaroan ne apane hathiyar, chheni, kanni, aur toolika ke dvara vishesh yogadan diya. inake dvara nirmit prachin imaratean, mandir moortiyoan ke avasheshoan se bharat ki prachin samajik, arthik evan dharmik paristhitiyoan ka jnan hota hai. khudaee mean mile mahattvapoorn avasheshoan mean hadappa sabhyata, pataliputr ki khudaee mean chandragupt maury ke samay lak di ke bane rajaprasad ke dhvansavashesh, kaushambi ki khudaee se maharaj udayan ke rajaprasad evan 'ghoshitaram bihar' ke avashesh aantarajikhe da mean khudaee se lohe ke prayog ke sakshy, paandicheri ke arikamedu mean khudaee se roman mudraoan, bartan adi ke avasheshoan se tatkalin itihas evan sanskriti ki janakari prapt hoti hai. us samay mandir nirman ki prachalit nagar shailiyoan mean ‘ nagar shaili‘ uttar bharat mean prachalit thi jabaki dravi d shaili dakshin bharat mean prachalit thi. dakshinapath mean nirmit ve mandir jisamean nagar evan dravi d donoan shailiyoan ka samavesh hai use ‘vesar shaili‘ kaha gaya hai. 8vian shatabdi mean java mean nirmit borabudur mandir se bauddh dharm ki pahachan shakha ke prachalit hone ka praman milata hai.

moortiyaan

[[chitr:Kambojika-Mathura Museum-6.jpg|thumb|kambojika]] prachin kal mean moortiyoan ka nirman kushan kal se arambh hota hai. kushanean, gupt shasakoan evan uttar guptakal mean nirmit moortiyoan ke vikas mean janasamany ki dharmik bhavanaoan ka vishesh yogadan raha hai. kushanakalin moortiyoan evan guptakalin moortiyoan mean vyapt moolabhoot aantar is prakar hai-

• kushanakalin moortiyaan videshi prabhav se otaprot haian vahian par guptakalin moortiyaan svabhavikata se ot-prot haian.
• bharahut, bodhagaya, saanchi aur amaravati mean mili moortiyaan, moortikala mean janasamany ke jivan ki ati sajiv jhaanki prastut karati hai.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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