दक्षिणपथ
sthiti
moolaroop se dakshin athava dakshinapath ka prayog us kshetr ke liye kiya jata tha, jo ki uttar mean vindhy parvat aur narmada se lekar dakshin mean kanyakumari tak vistrit tha. bad mean dakshin ka arth vah kshetr mana jane laga, jo ki uttar mean narmada tak, dakshin mean tuangabhadra tatha krishnaa nadi ke bich sthit hai, arthath dakshini pathar ke mukhy bhag ko dakshin kaha jane laga, jisake aantargat ajakal ka madhyapradesh tatha maharashtr aur aandhr pradesh ata hai. krishnaa aur tuangabhadra ke dakshin ke kshetr ko kabhi-kabhi 'tamilahamh' arthath 'tamil desh' kaha jata tha. yahaan par dakshin ka arth hai narmada aur krishnaa nadiyoan ke bich ka dakshini pathar. bhoogarbhiy drishti se sindhu aur ganga ke maidanoan ki apeksha yah pathar bahut prachin mana jata hai.
puratatvik itihas
dakshin mean jo puratatvik avashesh mile haian, ve uttari bharat (himalay ke kshetr ko chho dakar) mean prapt avasheshoan se adhik prachin haian. dakshini pathar vastut: ek parvatiy trikon par sthit hai. jisaka shirshabindu nilagiri hai. pashchimi ghat evan poorvi ghat is trikon ki do bhujaean haian tatha vindhy parvat shreni isaka adhar hai. vindhy parvat shreni ke karan koee nadi uttar se dakshin ki or nahian bahati. chooanki pashchimi ghat poorvighat ki apeksha adhik ooanche haian, atev dakshin ki sabhi nadiyaan satapu da paha diyoan ke niche pashchim se poorv ki or bahati haian aur bangal ki kha di mean girati haian.
pauranik mat
ramayan tatha mahabharat mean surakshit prachin anushrutiyoan ke anusar sarvapratham agasty muni dakshin gaye the. vahaan par unhoanne vanaroan, asuroan tatha rakshasoan ko prabhavit kiya aur vahaan par apana sammajanak ek sthan banaya. vishvas kiya jata hai ki dakshinavasi dravi d the, jinaki bhautik sabhyata aryoan ki apeksha kafi ooanchi thi.
aitihasik mat
aitihasik drishtikon se hamean dakshin ke sambandh mean jo janakari milati hai, vah uttar bharat ki tulana mean kafi arvachin hai. nand vansh se pahale hamean dakshin ke bare mean janakari nahian milati. in nand rajaoan (ee. poo. chauthi shatabdi) ke samrajy mean kaliang shamil tha. ho sakata hai ki sampoorn dakshin unek samrajy ke aantargat hi raha ho. ashok ke samrajy mean yadyapi kaliang hi shamil tha, tathapi usaka samrajy penar nadi tak phaila hua tha. usake samrajy ki dakshini simaean cher, chol, pandy tatha satiyaputroan ke rajyoan ko chhooti thi. maury vansh ke patan ke pashchath satavahanoan ne, jo ki 'aandhr' bhi kahe jate the, ek vishal samrajy ki sthapana ki aur ee. poo. 50 se 225 ee. tak shasan kiya. isi kal mean shakoan ki ek shakha ne dakshin pashchimi bhag par adhikar kar liya.
satavahanoan ke patan ke pashchath dakshin ke vividh bhagoan mean anek chhote-chhote rajavanshoan ka uday hua. inamean gang, vakatak tatha kadamb mukhy the. gang vansh ki ek shakha ne doosari se gyarahavian shatabdi tak maisoor ke ek b de kshetr par rajy kiya. shravan belagola ki paha di par sthapit 53॥ fut ooanchi gomateshvar ki vishal pratima inhian rajaoan ki yad dilati hai. gang vansh ki ek shakha ne u disa mean bhi chhathi se 16vian shatabdi tak shasan kiya. isi vansh ke anant varma cho dagang ne puri ke vikhyat jagannath mandir ko banavaya tha. kadamb rajaoan ne tisari se chhathi shatabdi tak dakshin karnatak aur pashchimi maisoor mean shasan kiya, jabaki vakatakoan ne chaturth se chhathi shatabdi tak madhy pradesh tatha dakshin ke pashchimi bhag par shasan kiya. chaturth shatabdi ke madhy mean samudragupt ne, jo gupt vansh dvitiy samrat tha, dakshin ki or abhiyan kiya aur vahaan ke anek rajaoan ko apane adhin kiya. jisamean pallav raja vishnugop bhi tha, jisaki rajadhani kaanchi thi, jise ajakal kaanjivaram kahate haian. gupt vansh ke tritiy samrat chandragupt vikramadity ne ujjayini ke shak kshatrap ko parajit kar sampoorn malava aur gujarat ko apane adhin kar liya.
gupt samrajy ke patan ke pashchath uttar bharat dakshin se alag ho gaya tatha dakshin mean chaluky vansh ka rajy sthapit hua, jo ki kadachit uttar bharat ke kisi rajapoot vansh ki ek shakha the. chalukyoan ki rajadhani vatapi athava badami thi, jo ajakal maharashtr ke bijapur zile mean hai. is vansh ne lagabhag do sau varsh tak shasan kiya. is vansh ka sabase pratapi raja pulakeshi dvitiy tha, jisane 608-42 ee. tak shasan kiya aur 641 ee. mean narmada nadi ke kinare uttar bharat ke suprasiddh samrat harshavardhan ko parajit kiya tatha is prakar uttar tatha dakshin ke bich narmada nadi ki prakritik sima ko qayam rakha. p dosi kaanchi ke pallav usake sabase shaktishali pratidvandvi the. pallav raja narasianh dev varma ne 642 ee. mean chaluky naresh pulakeshi dvitiy ko parajit kar mar dala.
32 varsh pashchath rashtrakoot vansh ke dantidurg ne chaluky vansh ka moolochchhed kar diya. rashtrakootoan ke naye vansh ne manyakhet (adhunik malakhet) ko apani rajadhani banakar dakshini bharat par shasan kiya. is vansh ka sabase pratapi raja amoghavarsh (lagabhag 815-77 ee.) tha, jisaka ullekh arab yatriyoan ne dvitiy vallabharay ke nam se kiya hai. 973 ee. mean dvitiy chaluky vansh ne rashtrakoot vansh ka moolochchhed kar diya. is dvitiy chaluky vansh ne dakshini bharat par 1190 ee. tak shasan kiya.
dvitiy chaluky vansh ke patan ke pashchath dakshinapath tin rajavanshoan mean vibhajit ho gaya. yadavoan ne devagiri ko apani rajadhani banakar dakshin ke pashchimi bhag par shasan kiya. hoyasal vansh ne dvarasamudr ko apani rajadhani banakar maisoor par shasan kiya. kakatiy vansh ne barangal ko apani rajadhani banakar dakshin ke poorvi bhag (telangana) par shasan kiya. dakshin ke in rajaoan ke bich barabar yuddh hote rahe. phalat: dilli ke sultan alauddin khilaji ne ek-ek karake sabhi ko apani adhin kar liya. yadav raja 1296 aur 1313 ee. bich mean parajit hue, kakatiy raja 1310 ee. mean tatha hoyasal naresh 1311 ee. mean. isake bad hoyasaloan ne nam matr ke lie 1424-25 ee. tak shasan kiya. inake rajy ko bad mean bahamani sultanoan ne apane rajyoan mean mila liya. is prakar uttar bharat ki bhaanti dakshin mean bhi hindoo rajy samapt ho gaya.
saanskritik aur dharmik paksh
yadyapi rajanitik drishti se nandoan, mauryoan tatha guptoan ko chho dakar kal mean dakshin uttar bharat se lagabhag alag hi raha, tathapi saanskritik aur dharmik drishti se vah sadaiv hindoo bharat ka abhinn aang raha. yadyapi dakshinavasi uttar bharatiyoan se bhinn bhashaean bolate the, tathapi uttar ke hinduoan ki bhaanti dakshin ki bhi rajabhasha sanskrit hi rahi. brahman dharm, bauddh dharm aur jain dharm ka dakshin mean utana hi adar hua, jitana uttar mean. yadi dakshin ne uttar se bahut kuchh prapt kiya, to usane uttar ko bahut kuchh diya bhi. adi shankarachary dakshin ke hi the. jinhoanne vedant darshan ka pratipadan kiya. ramanujachary ne vaishnav dharm ki sthapana ki. vikhyat smritikar vijnaneshvar ne 'mitakshara siddhant' pratipadit kiya jo bangal aur asam ko chho dakar shesh bharat ke samajik jivan ka niyaman karata hai. kala aur vastukala mean dakshin ne hindoo parampara ko jivit rakhaan kala, vastushilp, moortikala aur chitrakala ke kshetr mean hinduoan ki unnati ka parichay dakshin jane par hi milata hai. jahaan par vishal mandiroan ke roop mean atyant sundar kalakritiyaan vidyaman haian. elora-ajanta ki gufaean aur ye mandir hinduoan ke kala vaibhav ka jo chitr prastut karate haian, usaki kalpana uttar bharat ke mandiroan ko dekhakar nahian ki ja sakati hai.
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