गांधार महाजनपद
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any sanbandhit lekh |
pauranik 16 mahajanapadoan mean se ek. pakistan ka pashchimi tatha afaganistan ka poorvi kshetr. ise adhunik kandahar se jo dane ki galati kee bar log kar dete haian jo ki vastav mean is kshetr se kuchh dakshin mean sthit tha. is pradesh ka mukhy kendr adhunik peshavar aur asapas ke ilake the. is mahajanapad ke pramukh nagar the - purushapur (adhunik peshavar) tatha takshashila isaki rajadhani thi . isaka astitv 600 eesa poorv se 11vian sadi tak raha. kushan shasakoan ke dauran yahaan bauddh dharm bahut phala phoola par bad mean muslim akraman ke karan isaka patan ho gaya.
prachin nam
thumb|300px|gaandhar mahajanapad gaandhar, thailaiand ya syam ke uttari bhag mean sthit yunnas ka prachin bharatiy nam hai. chini itihas–granthoan se soochit hota hai. ki dvitiy shati ee. poo. mean hi is pradesh mean bharatiyoan ne upanivesh basa lie the aur ye log bangal- asam tatha brahmadesh ke vyaparik sthalamarg se yahaan pahuanche the. 13vian shati tak yunnan ka bharatiy nam gandhar hi prachalit tha, jaisa ki tatkalin musalaman lekhak rashiduddin ke varnan se soochit hota hai. is pradesh ka chini nam nanachaoan tha. 1253 ee. mean chin ke samrat kubalakhaan ne gandhar ko jitakar yahaan ke hindoo rajy ki samapti kar di.
is pradesh ka ullekh mahabharat aur ashok ke shilalekhoan mean milata hai. mahabharat ke anusar dhritarashtr ki rani aur duryodhan ki mata gaandhari gandhar ki rajakumari thian. ajakal yah pakistan ke ravalapiandi aur peshavar ziloan ka kshetr hai. takshashila aur pushkalavati yahian ke prasiddh nagar the. ashok ke samrajy ka aang rahane ke bad kuchh samay yah pharas ke aur kushan rajy ke aantargat raha. yah poorv aur pashchim ke saanskritik sangam ka sthal tha aur yahaan kala ki 'gaandhar shaili' ka janm hua.
siandhu nadi ke poorv aur uttarapashchim ki or sthit pradesh. vartaman afaganistan ka poorvi bhag bhi isamean sammilit tha. rrigved mean gandhar ke nivasiyoan ko gandhari kaha gaya hai tatha unaki bhe do ke oon ko saraha gaya hai aur atharvaved mean gandhariyoan ka moojavatoan ke sath ullekh hai-
'upop me paramrish ma mean dabhranimanyatha:,
sarvahamasmi romasha gandharinamivavika'[1]
'gandharimyoan moojavadbhyodh gebhyo magadhebhy:
praishyanh janamiv shevadhian takmanan paridadmasian [2]
atharvaved mean gandhariyoan ki ganana avamanit jatiyoan mean ki gee hai kiantu paravarti kal mean gandharavasiyoan ke prati madhyadeshiyoan ka drishtikon badal gaya aur gandhar mean b de vidvanh panditoan ne apana nivas-sthan banaya. takshashila gandhar ki lokavishrut rajadhani thi.
thumb|250px|buddh ki pooja karate hue iandr aur brahma, kala sansthan shikago chhandogy upanishad mean uddalak-aruni ne gandhar ka, sadguru vale shishy ke apane aantim lakshy par pahuanchane ke udaharan ke roop mean ullekh kiya hai. jan p data hai ki chhaandogy ke rachayita ka gandhar se vishesh roop se parichay tha.
shatapath brahman [3] tatha anugami vakyoan mean uddalak aruni ka udichyoan ya uttari desh (gandhar) ke nivasiyoan se sanbandh bataya gaya hai. panini ne jo svayan gandhar ke nivasi the, takshashila ka [4] ullekh kiya hai. aitihasik anushruti mean kautily ko takshashila mahavidyalay ka hi ratn bataya gaya hai. valmiki ne ramayan [5] mean gandharvadesh ki sthiti gaandhar vishay ke aantargat bataee gee hai. kaikay desh is ke poorv mean sthit tha. kekay-naresh yudhajit ke kahane se ayodhyapati ramachandr ji ke bhaee bharat ne gandharv desh ko jitakar yahaan takshashila aur pushkalavati nagariyoan ko basaya tha.
mahabharat kal mean gandhar desh ka madhyadesh se nikat sanbandh tha. dhritarashtr ki patni gandhari, gandhar ki hi rajakanya thi. shakuni isaka bhaee tha. jatakoan mean kashmir aur takshashila-donoan ki sthiti gandhar mean mani gee hai. jatakoan mean takshashila ka anek bar ullekh hai. jatakakal mean yah nagari mahavidyalay ke roop mean bharat bhar mean prasiddh thi. puranoan mean [6] gandhar nareshoan ko druhayu ka vanshaj mana. vayu puran mean gandhar ke shreshth gho doan ka ullekh hai.
aanguttaranikay ke anusar buddh tatha poorv-buddhakal mean gandhar uttari bharat ke solah janapadoan mean pariganit tha. sikandar ke bharat par akraman ke samay gandhar mean kee chhoti-chhoti riyasatean thian, jaise abhisar, takshashila adi. maury samrajy mean sanpoorn gandhar desh sammilit tha. kushan samrajy ka bhi vah ek aang tha. kushan kal mean hi yahaan ki nee rajadhani purushapur ya peshavar mean banaee gee. is kal mean takshashila ka poorv gaurav samapt ho gaya tha. gupt kal mean gandhar shayad guptoan ke samrajy ke bahar tha kyoanki us samay yahaan yavan, shak adi bahyadeshiyoan ka adhipaty tha.
7vian shati ee. mean gandhar ke anek bhagoan mean bauddh dharm kafi unnat tha. 8vian-9vian shatiyoan mean musalamanoan ke utkarsh ke samay dhire-dhire yah desh unhian ke rajanitik tatha saanskritik prabhav mean a gaya. 870 ee. mean arab senapati yakoob eles ne afaganistan ko apane adhikar mean kar liya lekin isake bad kafi samay tak yahaan hindoo tatha bauddh anek kshetroan mean rahate rahe. alaptagin aur subuktagin ke hamaloan ka bhi unhoanne samana kiya. 990 ee. mean lamagan (prachin lanpak) ka qila unake hathoan se nikal gaya aur isake bad kaphiristan ko chho dakar sara afaganistan musalamanoan ke dharm mean dikshit ho gaya.