जम्मू और कश्मीर का भूगोल

jammoo-kashmir lekh soochi

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[[chitr:Dal-Lake-Srinagar.jpg|thumb|250px|dal jhil, shrinagar]] jammoo aur kashmir poorvattar mean siankyaang ka svayatt kshetr v tibbati svayatt kshetr (donoan chin ke bhag) se, dakshin mean himachal pradesh v panjab rajyoan se, pashchim mean pakistan aur pashchimottar mean pakistan adhikrit bhoobhag se ghira hai.

sthiti

jammoo aur kashh‍mir rajh‍y 32-15 aur 37-05 uttari akshaansh aur 72-35 tatha 83-20 poorvi deshaantar ke bich sthit hai. bhaugolik roop se is rajh‍y ko char kshetroan mean baanta ja sakata hai.

1. paha di aur arddh-paha di maidan jo kandi patti ke nam se prachalit hai
2. parvatiy kshetr jisamean shivalik paha diyaan shamil haian
3. kashh‍mir ghati ke paha d aur pir paanchal parvatamala
4. tibh‍bat se laga laddakh aur karagil kshetr

bhaugolik tatha saansh‍kritik roop se rajh‍y ke tin zila kshetr jammoo kashh‍mir aur laddakh haian.

maidan

jammoo kshetr mean sankirn maidani pravesh ki visheshata taraiyoan se nikali jaladharaoan ke dvara jama avasad aur domat mitti v loes (vayu ke dvara lakar jama ki gee mitti) se dhake ekadam alag ho chuke aparadit chattan se nirmit retile jalodh pankhoan ke aantahbandhan haian. jo abhinootan (plistosin) yug (yani 10 hazar se 16 lakh varsh purana) ke haian. yahaan varsha 380 se 500 mimi varshik tak hoti hai. garmi ke mausam mean (joon se sitanbar mean) jab manasooni havaean chalati haian, tab tez lekin aniyamit phuharoan ke roop mean varsha hoti hai. aandarooni ilaqa pe doan se poori tarah vihin ho gaya hai aur kantili jha diyaan ya moti ghas hi yahaan ki mukhy vanaspati hai.

taraee kshetr

himalay ki taraiyoan se, jinaki ooanchaee 610 se 2134 mitar tak hai, bahari aur bhitari prakshetr nirmit hai. bahari parikshetr ki rachana balua patthar, chikani mitti, pank aur sanpi dit chattanoan se huee hai. ye kshetr himalay ki valan gatividhi se prabhavit hokar aur aparadan ke karan lambe parvatiy katakoan aur ghatiyoan (doon) ke akar ke ho ge haian. aandarooni prakshetr adhik bhimakay talachhati chattanoan se, jisamean miosin yug (lagabhag 53 se 237 lakh varsh poorv) ke lal balua patthar shamil haian, se bana hai. jinake mu dane tutane aur ksharit hone se kh di dhalan vale parvat skandhoan v patharoan ka nirman hua. nadi ghatiyoan ki katan tikhi v sidhidar hai aur bhranshoan se oodhamapur tatha puanchh jaise jalodh mitti ke besin ban ge haian. ooanchaee ke sath - sath varsha badhati jati hai aur ooanchaee badhane ke sath nichali jha didar bhoomi ka sthan devadar aur chi d ke jangal le lete haian. [[chitr:Thiksey-Gompa-Ladakh.jpg|thumb|250px|left|thiksey gompa, leh]]

pir panjal parvat shreni

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pir panjal parvat shreni himalay se sanmbaddh pahali parvat shrriankhala hai. isaki ausat shirsh rekha 3,810 mitar ooanchi hai. jisamean koee - koee choti 4,572 mitar tak ooanchi hai. grenait, shail, kvartaj v slet se bani chattanoan vali yah parvatashreni abhinootan (plistosin) yug mean kee bar utthan tatha darar p dane jaisi bhaugolik ghatanaoan ka shikar huee aur gleshiyaroan se prabhavit huee. parvatamala par shit ­rritu mean kafi barf girati hai aur garmi mean kafi barish hoti hai. isamean vishal charagah kshetr haian, jo vriksh kshetr se oopar ki taraf haian.

kashmir ki ghati

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kashmir ki ghati ka ek gahara tatha visham besin hai, jo pir panjal aur vishal himalay parvat shreni ke pashchim chhor ke bich mean sthit ausatan 1,600 mitar ki ooanchaee vali hai. abhinootan (plistosin) yug ke dauran yah kabhi kareva jhil ki talahati thi. ab yah oopari jhelam nadi ke dvara jama ki gee talachhat aur jalodh mitti se bhari huee hai. mitti aur pani ki sthitiyoan mean ullekhaniy vividhata hai. jalavayu ki drishti se yahaan lagabhag 750 mimi varshik varsha hoti hai. kuchh to grishm kalin manasooni havaoan se aur kuchh shit ­ rritu mean kam dab ki pranali se sambaddh havaoan se hoti hai. aksar himapat ka sath varsha aur ole dete haian. ooanchaee ke karan tapaman kafi parivartit ho jata hai. shrinagar mean nyoonatam ausat tapaman janavari mean 2 digri se. hota hai aur adhikatam ausat tapaman julaee mean 31 digri se. tak rahata hai. [[chitr:Kashmir-Valley.jpg||thumb|220px|kashmir ki ghati]]

oopari siandhu ghati

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oopari siandhu ghati ki ek suparibhashit bhaugolik visheshata hai, jo bhoogarbhiy sanrachana ki pravritti ke anusar hai. yah tibbat ki sima se pashchim ki or age badhate hue pakistani bhoo - bhag mean us bindu tak jati hai, jahaan vishal nanga parvat ka chakkar katakar dakshin ki or isake ar par kate mahakhadd ki or jati hai. oopari bhagoan mean yah nadi donoan taraf bajari ki sidhinuma sanrachanaoan se ghiri hai. pratyek sahayak nadi mukhy ghati mean bahar nikalate hue ek jalodh pankh banati hai. leh nagar isi prakar ke ek jalodh pankh par sthit hai aur samudri satah se 3,500 mitar ki ooanchaee par hai.

karakoram parvatashreni

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grenait - pattitashm ka vishal parvat piand, karakoram shrriankhala, bharatiy kshetr se pakistani bhoomi tak phaili huee hai. isamean sansar ki sarvochch chotiyoan mean se kuchh haian, jisamean se ek 'ke - 2' hai, jisaki ooanchaee 8,611 mitar hai. kam se kam 30 any chotiyaan 7,315 mitar se adhik ooanchi haian. yah parvatamala, jo b de bhari gleshiyaroan se pati p di hai, shushk aur viran patharoan se oopar ubhari huee haian. visham tapaman aur vikhandit chattanoan ke malabe isaki visheshataean haian. karakoram ko 'duniya ki chhat' kaha jana bilkul uchit pratit hota hai.

jammoo aur kashmir ki jalavayu

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• jammoo aur kashmir rajy ka 90 pratishat se adhik bhag paha di kshetr hai.
• is kshetr ko bhaugolik akriti ki drishti se is sat bhagoan mean baanta gaya hai.
• jo pashchimi himalay ke sanrachanatmak ghatakoan se ju de haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh