उत्तराखण्ड का भूगोल

uttarakhand rajy ka kshetraphal 53,484 varg kimi aur janasankhya 8,479,562 (2001 ki janaganana ke anusar) hai. uttarakhand bharat ke uttar - madhy bhag mean sthit hai. yah poorvottar mean tibbat, pashchimottar mean himachal pradesh, dakshin - pashchim mean uttar pradesh aur dakshin - poorv mean nepal se ghira hai. uttarakhand ka kul bhaugolik kshetraphal 28° 43’ u. se 31°27’ u. aur rekhaansh 77°34’ poo. se 81°02’ poo ke bich mean 53,483 varg kimi hai, jisamean se 43,035 kimi parvatiy hai aur 7,448 kimi maidani hai, tatha 34,651 kimi bhoobhag vanachchhadit hai. rajy ka adhikaansh uttari bhag vrihadtar himalay shrriankhala ka bhag hai, jo ooanchi himalayi chotiyoan aur himanadiyoan se dhaka hua hai, jabaki nimn talahatiyaan saghan vanoan se dhaki huee haian jinaka pahale aangrez lak di vyapariyoan aur svatantrata ke bad van anubandhakoan dvara dohan kiya gaya. hal hi ke vanikaran ke prayasoan ke karan sthiti pratyavartan karane mean saphalata mili hai. himalay ke vishishth paristhitik tantr b di sankhya mean pashuoan - jaise bh dal, him teandua, teandua, aur bagh, pauandho, aur durlabh j di-bootiyoan ka ghar hai.

bhoomi

yadyapi uttarakhand mean dhool bhare maidan jagah-jagah chhae hue haian, phir bhi yah kshetr khasa vanachchhadit aur atyadhik paha di hai. barf se dhaki chotiyaan, gahari khaiyaan, garajati jal dharaoan aur sundar jhiloan se yukt is kshetr ki bhoo-akriti atyant vividhatapoorn hai. ooanche paha doan ke himanad ganga aur yamuna nadi ke srot haian. sabase ooanche parvat shikharoan mean se kuchh uttaraanchal mean sthit haian, jaise -

• nanda devi 7,817 mitar
• badrinath 7,138 mitar
• satopanth 7,075 mitar
• trishool 7,120 mitar
• kedaranath 6,940 mitar
• kamet 7,756 mitar
• nilakanth 6,596 mitar

adhikaansh shikharoan ko hindoo matavalambi pavitr upasana sthaloan ke roop mean poojate haian. saanskritik aur rajanitik taur par uttarakhand gadhaval aur kumaooan ke roop mean do pramukh bhagoan mean banta hua hai, jisamean se pratyek ko tin bhoo-akritiyoan mean baanta ja sakata hai, jo pashchimottar se dakshin-pashchim ki or ek-doosare ke samanantar chalati haian.

1. uttari khand himadri ke nam se prasiddh hai aur yahaan zaskar parvatamala v 3,000 se 7,000 ki ooanchaee vala mukhy himalay hai. zyadatar uparokt chotiyaan isi bhookhand mean sthit haian.
2. himalay ke bad dakshin mean 2,000 se 3,000 mitar ki ooanchaee par himalay nam se prasiddh nimn himalay sthit hai. yahaan par ek rekha mean do parvat shrriankhalaean masoori aur nag tibba v paha di paryatan sthal masoori, nainital, naukuchiya tal, ranikhet aur bahut-si sundar jhilean, jaise nainital, bhimatal v satatal haian.
3. dakshinatam khand mean shivalik paha diyaan haian, jo 300 se 3,000 mitar ki ooanchaee vale taraee kshetr mean milati haian. shivalik ka dakshini sira sanrachanatmak avasadoan se bana hai, jise sthaniy taur par doon, deharadoon kahate haian.

apavah

uttarakhand rajy ganga jal pranali ki anek nadiyoan ke dvara sianchit hai. yadyapi ganga pranali uttarakhand mean kam hi prachalit hai. sudoor pashchimi nadi pranali tons aur yamuna se milakar banati hai. isake poorv mean ganga ki pramukh sahayak nadiyaan bhagirathi, mandakani, alakananda aur piandar haian. poorv mean aur age ramaganga v kosi nadiyaan bahati haian. dakshin - poorv mean bahane vali nadiyaan saraju, gauriganga aur dhauliganga haian. ghatiyaan barahamasi nadiyoan dvara nirmit gahare darroan se bani haian. in nadiyoan ko mukhy himalay aur zaskar shrriankhala se satat bahakar ane vali barf se pani milata hai. ye nadiyaan jalavidyut utpadan ka ek mahattvapoorn srot haian.

mrida

uttarakhand mean mitti ki vibhinn qismean paee jati haian aur sabhi mrida aparadan ke prati sanvedanashil haian. uttar mean kankarili (himanadoan ke sath bahakar aya kachara) se lekar 'kathor mitti' tak paee jati hai. age dakshin mean vanoan ki 'bhoori mitti' milati hai, jo pray: uthali, kankarili aur prachur jaivik avayavoan se yukt hoti hai. nimn himalay ki taraee aur shivalik paha diyoan par 'bhabar mitti' milati hai, jo adhikatar khuradari, 'baluee' se kankarili, atyadhik randhril aur mukhyat: banjar hai. sudoor dakshin-poorv mean milane vali taraee ki mitti ki sanrachana 'chikani', 'domat' aur 'mahin baloo' v khad ki kuchh matra se yukt hoti hai. yah mitti chaval aur ganne ki kheti ke lie upayukt hai.

nadiyaan

bharat ki do sabase mahattvapoorn nadiyaan ganga aur yamuna isi rajy mean janm letian haian, aur maidani kshetroan tak pahuanchate marg mean bahut se talaboan, jhiloan, himanadiyoan ki pighali barf se jal grahan karati haian.

van

uttarakhand, himalay shrriankhala ki dakshini dhalan par sthit hai, aur yahaan mausam aur vanaspati mean ooanchaee ke sath bahut parivartan hota hai, jahaan sabase ooanchaee par himanad se lekar nichale sthanoan par uposhnakatibandhiy van haian. sabase ooanche uthe sthal him aur pattharoan se dhake hue haian. unase niche, 5000 se 3000 mitar tak ghas bhoomi aur jha di bhoomi hai. samashitoshn shankudhari van, pashchim himalayi upalpain shankudhar van, vriksharekha se kuchh niche ugate haian. 3000 se 2600 mitar ki ooanchaee par samashitoshn pashchim himalayi chau di pattiyoan vale van haian jo 2600 se 1500 mitar ki uanchaee par haian. 1500 mitar se niche himalayi uposhnakatibandhiy pain van haian. uanche ganga ke maidanoan mean nam patajh di van haian aur sukhane vale taraee-duar savana aur ghasabhoomi uttar pradesh se lagati huee nichali bhoomi ko dhake hue hai. ise sthaniy kshetroan mean 'bhabhar' ke nam se jana jata hai. nichali bhoomi ke adhikaansh bhag ko kheti ke lie saf kar diya gaya hai.

rashtriy udyan

bharat ke nimnalikhit rashtriy udyan is rajy mean haian, jaise - jim korbet rashtriy park (bharat ka sabase purana rashtriy udyan) ramanagar, nainital zile mean, phooloan ki ghati rashtriy udyan aur nanda devi rashtriy udyan, chamoli zile mean haian aur dono milakar yoonesko vishv dharohar sthal haian, rajaji rashtriy udyan haridvar zile mean, aur goviand pashu vihar aur gangotri rashtriy udyan uttarakashi zile mean hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh