जम्मू और कश्मीर का इतिहास

jammoo-kashmir lekh soochi

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[[chitr:Tso-Moriri-Lake-Ladakh.jpg|thumb|250px|tso moriri jhil, laddakh
Tso Moriri Lake, Ladakh]] jammoo aur kashmir ke lie rajatarangini tatha nilam puran namak do pramanik granthoan mean yah akhh‍yan milata hai ki kashh‍mir ki ghati kabhi bahut b di jhil hua karati thi. is katha ke anusar kashyap rrishi ne yahaan se pani nikal liya aur ise manoram prakritik sh‍thal mean badal diya, kiantu bhoogarbhashastriyoan ka kahana hai ki bhoogarbhiy parivartanoan ke karan khadiyanayar, baramula mean paha doan ke dhansane se jhil ka pani bahakar nikal gaya aur is tarah 'prithh‍vi par sh‍varg' kahalane vali kashh‍mir ki ghati astith‍v mean aee.

aitihasik ullekh

eesa poorv tisari shatabh‍di mean samrat ashok ne kashh‍mir mean bauddh dharm ka prasar kiya. bad mean kanishk ne isaki j dean aur gahari kian. chhathi shatabh‍di ke aranbh mean kashh‍mir par hoonoan ka adhikar ho gaya. yadyapi sanh 530 mean ghati phir sh‍vatantr ho gee lekin isake turant bad is par ujjain samrajh‍y ka niyantran ho gaya. vikramadith‍y rajavansh ke patan ke pashh‍chat kashh‍mir par sh‍thaniy shasak raj karane lage. vahaan hindoo aur bauddh sansh‍kritiyoan ka mishrit roop vikasit hua. kashh‍mir ke hinh‍doo rajaoan mean lalitadith‍y (san 697 se sanh 738) sabase prasiddh raja hue jinaka rajh‍y poorv mean bangal tak, dakshin mean koankan, uttar-pashchim mean turkish‍tan, aur u‍ttar-poorv mean tibbat tak phaila tha. lalitadith‍y ne anek bhavh‍y bhavanoan ka nirman kiya.

ish‍lam ka agaman

kashh‍mir mean ish‍lam ka agaman 13 vian aur 14vian shatabh‍di mean hua. muslim shasako mean jain-ul-abadin (1420-70) sabase prasiddh shasak hue, jo kashh‍mir mean us samay satta mean ae, jab tataroan ke hamale ke bad hindoo raja sianhadev bhag ge. bad mean chak shasakoan ne jain-ul-avadin ke putr haidarashah ki sena ko khade d diya aur sanh 1586 tak kashh‍mir par raj kiya. sanh 1586 mean akabar ne kashh‍mir ko jit liya. sanh 1752 mean kashh‍mir tath‍kalin kamazor mugal shasak ke hath se nikalakar afaganistan ke ahamad shah abdali ke hathoan mean chala gaya. 67 sal tak pathanoan ne kashh‍mir ghati par shasan kiya.

any ullekh

jammoo ka ulh‍lekh mahabharat mean bhi milata hai. hal mean akhanoor se praph‍t h daph‍pa kalin avasheshoan tatha maury, kushan aur guph‍t kal ki kalakritiyoan se jammoo ke prachin sh‍varoop par naya prakash p da hai. jammoo 22 paha di riyasatoan mean banta hua tha. dogara shasak raja maladev ne kee kshetroan ko jitakar apane vishal rajh‍y ki sh‍thapana ki. sanh 1733 se 1782 tak raja ranjit dev ne jammoo par shasan kiya kiantu unake uttaradhikari durbal the, isalie maharaja ranajit sianh ne jammoo ko panjab mean mila liya. bad mean unh‍hoanne dogara shahi khanadan ke vanshaj raja gulab sianh ko jammoo rajh‍y sauanp diya. 1819 mean yah panjab ke sikkh shasan ke aantargat aya aur 1846 mean dogara rajavansh ke adhin ho gaya. gulab sian‍h ranajit sianh ke gavarnaroan mean sabase shaktishali ban ge aur lagabhag samooche jammoo kshetr ko unh‍hoanne apane rajh‍y mean mila liya.

vartaman svaroop

apane vartaman svaroop mean jammoo - kashmir ka aanchal, 1846 mean roopayit hua. jab pratham sikkh yuddh ke aant mean lahaur aur amritasar ki sandhiyoan ke dvara jammoo ke dogara shasak raja gulab sianh ek vistrit, lekin anishchit se himalay kshetriy rajy, jise 'siandhu nadi ke poorv ki or ravi nadi ke pashchim ki or' shabdavali dvara paribhashit kiya gaya tha, ke maharaja ban ge. [[chitr:Dal-Lake-Srinagar.jpg|thumb|250px|left|dal jhil, shrinagar
Dal Lake, Srinagar]] aangrezoan ke lie is sanrakshit deshi riyasat ki rachana ne unake samrajy ke uttari bhag ko surakshit bana diya tha, jisase ve 19vian shatabdi ke uttarardh ke dauran siandhu nadi tak aur usake age badh sakean. is prakar yah rajy ek jatil rajanitik madhyavarti kshetr ka bhag ban gaya jise aangrezoan ne uttar mean apane bharatiy samrajy aur roosi v chini samrajy ke bich sthapit kar diya tha. gulab sianh ka is parvatiy aanchal par shasanadhikar mil jane se lagabhag ek - chauthaee sadi se panjab ke sikkh samrajy ki uttari sima rekha ke pas ki chhoti - chhoti riyasatoan ke bich chal rahi muhim aur kootanitik charcha ka aant ho gaya.

19vian sadi ke is aanchal ki sima - nirdharan ke kuchh prayas kie ge, lekin suspasht paribhasha karane ke prayatn aksar is bhoobhag ki prakriti aur aise vishal kshetroan ke karan, jo sthayi bastiyoan se rahit the, saphal nahian ho pae. udaharanarth - sudoor uttar mean maharaja ki satta karakoram parvat shreni tak phaili huee thi. lekin usake age turkish‍tan aur madhy eshiya ke sikyaang kshetroan ki sima rekha par ek vivadaspad kshetr bana raha aur sima rekha kabhi nishchit nahian ho paee. isi prakar ki shankaean us sima kshetr ke bare mean rahi, jo uttar mean aksaee chin ko as pas se ghere hue hai aur age jakar tibbat ki suspasht sima rekha se milata hai aur jo sadiyoan se laddakh kshetr ki poorvi sima par bana hua tha. pashchimottar mean simaoan ka svaroop 19vian shatabdi ke akhiri dashak mean adhik spasht hua. jab briten ne pamir kshetr mean sima nirdharan sambandhi samajhaute afaganistan aur roos ke sath sampann kie. is samay gilagit, jo hamesha kashmir ka bhag samajha jata tha, rananitik karanoan se 1889 mean ek british ejeant ke tahat ek vishesh ejeansi ke roop mean gathit kiya gaya. sanh 1947 mean jammoo par dogara shasakoan ka shasan raha. isake bad maharaj hari sianh ne 26 akh‍toobar, 1947 ko bharatiy sangh mean vilay ke samajhaute par hash‍takshar kar diye.

anuchchhed 370

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british hukoomat ki samapti ke sath hi jammoo aur kashmir bhi azad hua. shuroo mean isake shasak maharaj harisianh ne phaisala kiya ki vah bharat ya pakistan mean sammilit n hokar svatantr raheange, lekin 20 aktoobar, 1947 ko pakistan samarthak azad kashmir sena ne rajy par akraman kar diya, jisase maharaj harisianh ne rajy ko bharat mean milane ka phaisala liya. us vilay patr par 26 aktoobar, 1947 ko pandit javaharalal neharoo aur maharaj harisianh ne hastakshar kiye. is vilay patr ke anusar- "rajy keval tin vishayoan- raksha, videshi mamale aur sanchar -par apana adhikar nahian rakhega, baki sabhi par usaka niyantran hoga. us samay bharat sarakar ne ashvasan diya ki is rajy ke log apane svayan ke sanvidhan dvara rajy par bharatiy sangh ke adhikar kshetr ko nirdharit kareange. jab tak rajy vidhan sabha dvara bharat sarakar ke phaisale par muhar nahian lagaya jayega, tab tak bharat ka sanvidhan rajy ke sambandh mean keval aantarim vyavastha kar sakata hai. isi kram mean bharatiy sanvidhan mean 'anuchchhed 370' jo da gaya, jisamean bataya gaya ki jammoo-kashmir se sambandhit rajy upabandh keval asthayi hai, sthayi nahian.

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