रसखान की छंद योजना
hindi sahity mean krishna bhakt tatha ritikalin kaviyoan mean rasakhan ka mahattvapoorn sthan hai. 'rasakhan' ko ras ki khan kaha jata hai. rasakhan ki chhand yojana vah bekhari (manavochcharit dhvani) hai, jo pratyakshikrit nirantar tarang bhangima se ahlad ke sath bhav aur arth ko abhivyanjana kar sake. bhasha ke janm ke sath-sath hi kavita aur chhando ka sanbandh mana gaya hai. chhandoan dvara aniyantrit vani niyantrit tatha tal yukt ho jati hai. gady ki apeksha chhand adhik kal tak sajaj mean prachalit rahata hai. jo bhav chhandobaddh hota hai use apekshakrit adhik amaratv milata hai. bhav ko preshit karane ke sath-sath chhand mean mugdh karane ki shakti hoti hai. chhand ke dvara kalpana ka roop sajag hokar man ke samane pratyaksh ho jata hai.
chhand ki vyanjana shakti bhi gady ki apeksha adhik hoti hai. usake madhyam se tho de shabdoan mean bahut-si batean kahi ja sakati haian. chhand ki sima mean bandhakar bhav usi prakar adhik vegavan aur prabhavashali ho jata hai jis prakar tatoan ke bandhan se sarita. chhand ke avartan mean aisa ahlad hota hai, jo turant marm ko sparsh karata hai. sthir katha ko veg dekar chitt mean pravesh karane ka shrey chhand ko hi hai. chhand bhavoan ka parishkar kar komalata ka nirman karata hai. chhandoan ke anek bhedopabhed milate haian. rasakhan ne bhaktikal ki gey-pad paranpara se hatakar savaiya, kavitt aur dohoan ko hi apani rachana ke upayukt samajhakar apanaya.
savaiya chhand
is chhand ki utpatti ke vishay mean vidvanoan mean matabhed hai. d aau. nagendr ka vichar hai ki savaiya shabd sapad ka apabhransh roop hai. isamean chhand ke aantim charan ko sabase poorv tatha aant mean padha jata tha arthat ek pankti do bar aur tin panktiyaan ek bar padhi jati thian. is prakar vastut: char panktiyoan ka path paanch panktiyoan ka-sa ho jata tha. path mean 'savaya' hone se yah chhand savaiya kahalaya. sanskrit ke kisi chhand se bhi isaka mel nahian he. at: yah janapad-sahity ka hi chhand bad ke kaviyoan ne apanaya hoga, aisa anuman kiya jata hai.[1] yadi yah anuman saty ho to prakrit, apabhransh adi mean yah chhand avashy milana chahie jo hindi mean roopaantarit ho gaya hai. kintu aise kisi chhand ke darshan nahian hote. yah sanbhav hai ki teees varnoan vale sanskrit ke upajati chhand ke 14 bhedoan mean se kisi ek ka parivartit roop savaiya ban gaya ho. savaiya 22 aksharoan se lekar 28 aksharoan tak ka hota hai. upajati bhi 22 aksharoan ka chhand hai. aksharoan ka laghu-guru bhav-savaiya mean bhi parivartan grahan karata hai. vaidik chhandoan ka bhi laukik sanskrit chhandoan tak ate b da roop parivartan hua. ho sakata hai ki upajati ka parivartit roop savaiya ho jo savaya bolane se savaiya kahalaya. 'prakritapeangalamh' mean bhi savaiyoan ka roop milata hai kintu vahaan use savaiya sanjna nahian di gee. 'prakritapeangalamh' ka rachanakal sanvat 1300 ke as-pas mana jata hai. at: savaiya ke prayog ka anuman 13vian shatabdi se lagaya ja sakata hai. bhaktikal mean gey padoan ka vyavahar vishesh roop se hone laga.
- sooradas ke avirbhav tak hindi mean savaiyoan ka prachalan nahian hua.
- jaganik ke alha khand mean kuchh savaiye avashy prapt haian, kintu unaki bhasha se yahi anuman hota hai kiye bad mean kshepak roop mean ae. pramanik roop se is chhand ka prayog akabar ke kal se praranbh hota hai.
- pan. narottamadas ka 'sudama charitr' savaiyoan aur dohoan mean hi likha gaya hai.
- tulasidas ne 'kavitavali' mean inhian chhandoan ka ashray liya hai.
- keshavadas ki 'ramachandrika' mean bhi savaiye kafi milate haian.
- is prakar rasakhan ne bhakti kal ki pad paranpara se hatakar savaiya chhand ko apanaya.
ghanakshari
ghanakshari ya kavitt ke pratham darshan bhaktikal mean hote haian. hindi mean ghanakshari vrittoan ka prachalan kab se hua, is vishay mean nishchit roop se kahana kathin hai.
- chandabaradaee ke prithviraj rasoan mean doha tatha chhappay chhandoan ki prachurata hai. savaiya aur ghanakshari ka vahaan bhi prayog nahian milata. pramanik roop se ghanakshari ka prayog akabar ke kal mean milata hai. ghanakshari chhand mean madhur bhavoan ki abhivyakti utani saphalata ke sath nahian ho sakati jitani ojapoorn bhavoan ki.
- rasakhan ne chhand ki pravritti ka vichar n karate hue shrriangar tatha bhakti ras ke lie is chhand ka prayog kiya aur lay tatha shabdavali ke adhar par ise bhavanukool bana liya.
soratha
yah arddh sam matrik chhand hai. doha chhand ka ulata hota hai. isamean 25-23 matraean hoti haian. rasakhan ke kavy mean char[2] sorathe milate haian.
pritam nandakishor, ja din te nainani lagyau.
manabhavan chit chor, palak aut nahi sahi sakauan॥[3]
- is prakar rasakhan ke kavy mean kavitt, savaiya, doha, soratha adi chhand prayukt hue haian.
- inake atirikt ek dhamar sarang, rag pad mean bhi milata hai.
- rasakhan ke chhand komal kaant padavali se yukt haian. unamean sangitatmakata hai. doha jaise chhote chhand mean goodh tathyoan ka niroopan unaki pratibha ka parichayak hai. chhandoan mean aantyanupras ka saphal nirvah hua hai. sath hi chhand, bhav tatha rasanukool haian.
chhand aur shabd svaroop viparyay
kavy mean sundar abhivyakti ke lie tatha chhandanurodh par pray: kavi shabdoan ko to da-maro da karate haian rasakhan ne bhi kavy chamatkar evan chhand ki matraoan ke anurodh par shabdoan ke svaroop ko badala hai—
- jhalakaiyat, tulaiyat, lalachaiyat, laiyat[4]- chhandagrah se jhalakana, tulana, lalachana, lana shabdoan se.
- pag paijani bajat piri kachhauti[5]-krishna ki vay ki laghuta ke agrah, svabhavikata evan sauandary lane ke lie kachhauta se kachhauti.
- toote chhara bachharadik gaudhan[6]- chhandanurodh par tatha bachhara se shabd samy ke lie chhalla se chhara.
- mol chhala ke lala ne bikehauan[7]- lala ke agrah se chhala.
- min si aankhi meri aansuvani rahaian[8]- aansuoan se bhari rahane ke arth mean madhury lane ke lie aansoo se aansuvani.
- man ki audhi ghari[9]- chhand ki matra ke agrah se avadhi se audhi.
- paanvariya, bhaanvariya, daanvariya, saanvariya, bavariya[10]- pauri, bhauanri, saanvare, bavari adi se chhandanurodh par paanvariya, bhaanvariya bana liya gaya.
- lakuttani, bhrikuttani, ughuttani, mukuttani[11]- chhandagrah se lakuti, bhrikuti, mukut adi shabdoan se banaya.
- ham haian vrishabhanapura ki lali[12]- lala (putr) ke jo d par putri ke arth mean lali shabd ka prayog hua hai.
- phori hau matooki mat[13]- chhandanurodh par matuki se matooki.
- jnanakarm 'ru'[14] upasana, sab ahamiti ko mool- yahaan chhandanurodh par aru se 'ru' kiya gaya hai.
rasakhan ke kavy mean aise anek udaharan milate haian jahaan unhoanne chhaandik sauandary ke lie shabdoan ke roop mean parivartan kiya hai. kiantu is shabd-viparyay mean kahian bhi asvabhavikata ke darshan nahian hote. n hi shabd nat ki kala ki bhaanti roop badalate haian. kahian-kahian to unhoanne shabdoan ko is prakar sanjoya hai ki svabhavikata ke darshanoan ke sath bhav-sauandary bhi dikhaee deta hai. mor, pankha, murali, banamal lakhean hiy ko hiyara umahyauri, yahaan masrinata lane ke lie hiyara shabd ka prayog kiya gaya hai. sankshep mean kaha ja sakata hai ki rasakhan chhand yojana mean poorn saphal haian. aantyanupras ke suandar svaroop ko bhi unhoanne apane chhandoan mean sthan diya hai. sath hi unamean sangit ki madhur dhvani sunaee p dati hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ riti kavy ki bhoomika tatha dev aur unaki kavita, pri0 236
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 77,98,123,152
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 77
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 61
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 21
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 44
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 44
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 74
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 115
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 141
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 165
- ↑ danalila, 3
- ↑ danalila, 6
- ↑ prem vatika, 12
sanbandhit lekh
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