रामसेतु

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yah panna bharatakosh ki vicharadhin nishpakshata soochi mean hai. yadi bharatakosh ke lie yah panna upayogi hai to ise mitaya nahian jayega. is panne ko pun: "nishpaksh sanpadan" ki avashyakata hai dekhean:- asvikaran aur bharatakosh manak aur niti

ramasetu / nal setu / edam brij / adam pul

kya hai ramasetu

thumb|350px|right|prithvi par ramasetu ki sthiti ramasetu (Ramasetu) ek ashcharyajanak aitihasik paksh hai jo bhautik roop mean uttar mean bangal ki kha di ko dakshin mean shaant aur svachchh pani vali mannar ki kha di se (mannar ki kha di aur pak jaladamaroomadhy ko) alag karata hai, jo dharmik evan manasik roop se dakshin bharat ko uttar bharat se jo data hai. bharat ke dakshinapoorv mean rameshvaram aur shrilanka ke poorvottar mean mannar dvip ke bich uthali chattanoan ki ek chen hai. is ilake mean samudr behad uthala hai. samudr mean in chattanoan ki gaharaee sirf 3 phut se lekar 30 phut ke bich hai. ise bharat mean ramasetu v duniya mean edams brij ke nam se jana jata hai. is pul ki lanbaee lagabhag 48 kimi hai.

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valmiki ke ramayan mean ek aise ramasetu ka zikr hai jo kafi prachin hai aur gaharaee mean haian tatha jo 1.5 se 2.5 mitar tak patale koral aur pattharoan se bhara p da hai. is pul ko ram ke nirdeshan par koral chattanoan aur riph se banaya gaya tha. prachin vastukaroan ne is sanrachana ki parat ka upayog b de paimane par pattharoan aur gol akar ke vishal chattanoan ko kam karane mean kiya aur sath hi sath kam se kam ghanatv tatha chhote pattharoan aur chattanoan ka upayog kiya, jisase asani se ek lanba rasta to bana hi, sath hi samay ke sath yah itana mazaboot bhi ban gaya ki manushyoan v samudr ke dabav ko bhi sah sake. shaant paristhiti ke karan mannar ki kha di mean kafi kam sankhya mean koral aur samudr jiv jantuoan ka vikas hota hai, jabaki bangal ki kha di ke kshetr mean ye jiv-jantu poori tarah anupasthit haian.

aitihasik ramasetu athava mithak

bharatiy setelait aur amerika ke antariksh anusandhan sansthan 'nasa (NASA)' ne upagrah se khiche ge chitroan mean bharat ke dakshin mean dhanushakoti tatha shrilanka ke uttar pashchim mean pamban ke madhy samudr mean 48 kimi chau di patti ke roop mean ubhare ek bhoo-bhag (dvipoan) ki rekha dikhati hai, use hi aj ramasetu ya ram ka pul mana jata hai. eesaee ya pashchimi log ise edam brij (Adam’s Bridge) aur musalamanoan ne adam pul kahane lage haian. is chitroan ko amerika ke antariksh anusandhan sansthan 'nasa' ne upagrah se khiche ge chitr jab 1993 mean duniya bhar mean aur dilli ke pragati maidan mean "rashtriy vijnan kendr" ki pradarshani mean upalabdh karaye the. to bharat mean ise lekar rajanitik vad-vivad ka janm ho gaya tha. ramasetu ka yah chitr nasa ne 14 disambar 1966 ko jemini-11 se aantariksh se prapt kiya tha. isake 22 sal bad aee.es.es 1 e ne tamilanadu tat par sthit rameshvaram aur japhana dvipoan ke bich samudr ke bhitar bhoomi-bhag ka pata lagaya aur usaka chitr liya. isase ameriki upagrah ke chitr ki pushti huee. in chitro mean samudratal se niche ek patti jaisi akriti dikhayi deti hai jo ki ek doobe hue pul ka bhram paida karati hai| is bhram se is vishvas ko bal mila ki yahi manav-nirmit vah pul hai jise ram ne banavaya tha| halaanki nasa ne isaka khandan kiya aur kaha ki yah prakritik hai aur do dvipo ke bich samudri laharo ke dvara bani ek bhoomi patti hai| ise tombolo (Tombolo) kahate hai| aise tombolo sansar mean bahut sthano par mile hai|

ramasetu ki umr

thumb|250px|right|upagrah se khiche ge chitroan mean ramasetu vastut: ramasetu mahatirth hai. ramasetu ki prachinata par shodhakarta ekamat nahian hai. ramasetu ki umr ko lekar mahakavy ramayan ke sandarbh mean kee dave kie jate rahe haian. kuchh ise 3500 sal purana purana batate haian to kachh ise aj se 7000 hazar varsh purana batate haian. kuchh ka manana hai ki yah 17 lakh varsh poorana hai. n keval lok manyatao, vidvanoan ke mato se balki puratattvavidoan ke shodhoan se bhi yah siddh ho gaya hai ki is setu ka kal 17,50,000 lakh varsh purana hai jo ramayan kal ke samakalin baithata hai. hindoo dharmagranthoan mean nirdisht kal-ganana ke anusar yah samay tretayug ka hai, jisamean bhagavan shriram ka avatar hua tha. sahi mayanoan mean yah setu ramakatha ki vastavikata ka aitihasik praman hai. samudr mean jalamagn ho jane par bhi ramasetu ka adhyatmik prabhav nasht nahian hua hai.

ramasetu qarib 3500 sal purana hai - ramasami kahate haian ki zamin aur bichoan ka nirman sadhe tin hazar pahale ramanathapuram aur panban ke bich hua tha. isaki vajah thi rameshvaram aur talaeemannar ke dakshin mean kinaroan ko katane vali laharean. vah age kahate haian ki halaanki bichoan ki karban detiang mushkil se hi ramayan kal se milati hai, lekin ramayan se isake sanbandh ki p datal honi hi chahie.

dharm granthoan aur puranoan mean ramasetu

thumb|250px|right|shriram aur vanar sena dvara ramasetu ka nirman bharat ka ek lamba v gauravashali itihas raha hai. hindoo parampara mean aisa vishvas hai ki ramasetu vastav mean ek pul hai jo ki tamilanadu ke rameshvaram dvip ko shrilanka ke mannar dvip se jo data hai. hinduo ke prachin dharmik granth ramayan, mahabharat, puran adi mean maryada purushottam shriram dvara shrilanka par chadhaee ke samay ramasetu nirman ka spasht ullekh hai. vedik grantho mean valmiki ramayan sabase prachinatam granth hai. is ramayan granth mean varnan hai ki jab ram ko lanka jane ke liye samudr par pul banane ki avashyakata huee to unhoanne samudr devata se anumati lekar apane vanar sena ki sahayata se yah sau yojan lamba pul banaya tha. tatha is granth mean ullekh hai ki shriram ki sena lanka ke vijay abhiyan par chalate samay jab samudr tat par pahuchi tab vibhishan ke paramarsh par samudr tat par dab ke asan par letakar bhagavan ram ne samudr se marg dene ka agrah kiya tha. mahabharat mean bhi is ghatana ka ullekh hai. rameshvaram mean aj bhi prabhu shriram chandr ki shayan mudra moorti hai. samudr se rasta maangane ke lie yahian par ramachandr ji ne tin din tak prathana ki thi. shastroan mean shriram setu ke akar ke sath sath isaki nirman prakriya ka bhi ullekh hai.

valmiki ramayan kahata hai ki sitaharan ke bad jab shriram ne sita ko lankapati ravan se chhu dane ke lie lanka dvip par chadhaee ki, to us vaqt unhoanne sabhi devataoan ka ahh‍van kiya aur yuddh mean vijay ke lie ashirvad maanga tha. inamean samudr ke devata varun bhi the. varun se unhoanne samudr par jane ke lie rasta maanga tha. jab varun ne unaki prarthana nahian suni to unhoanne samudr ko sukhane ke lie dhanush uthaya. dare hue varun ne kshamayachana karate hue unhean bataya ki shriram ki sena mean maujood nal-nil nam ke vanar jis patthar par unaka nam likhakar samudr mean dal deange, vah tair jaega aur is tarah shriram ki sena samudr par pul banakar use par kar sakegi. isake bad shriram ki sena ne lanka ke raste mean pul banaya aur lanka par hamala kar vijay hasil ki.

aanny granthoan mean kalidas ki raghuvansh mean setu ka varnan hai. skand puran, vishnu puran, agni puran aur brahm puran mean bhi shriram ke setu ka zikr kiya gaya hai.

ramasetu ka dharmik mahattv keval isase hi jana ja sakata hai ki skand puran ke brahmakhand mean is setu ke mahatmy ka bade vistar se varnan kiya gaya hai. naimisharany mean rrishiyoan ke dvara jivoan ki mukti ka sugam upay poochhane par soot ji bole - drishtamatreramasetaumukti: sansar-sagarath. hare harauchabhakti: syattathapunyasamriddhita. (ramasetu ke darshan matr se sansar-sagar se mukti mil jati hai. bhagavan vishnu aur shiv mean bhakti tatha puny ki vriddhi hoti hai. isalie yah setu sabake lie param poojy hai.) setu-mahima ka gunagan karate hue sootaji shaunak adi rrishiyoan se kahate haian - setu ka darshan karane par sab yajnoan ka, samast tirtho mean snan ka tatha sabhi tapasyaoan ka puny phal prapt hota hai. setu-kshetr mean snan karane se sab prakar ke pap nasht ho jate haian tatha bhakt ko maranoparaant vaikunth mean pravesh milata hai. setu tirth ka snan ant:karan ko shuddh karake moksh ka adhikari bana deta hai. papanashak setu tirth mean nishkam bhav se kiya hua snan moksh deta hai. jo manushy dhan-sampatti ke uddeshy se setu tirth mean snan karata hai, vah sukh-samriddhi pata hai. jo vidvanh charoan vedoan mean parangat hone, samast shastroan ka jnan aur mantroan ki siddhi ke vichar se sarvarth siddhi dayak setu tirth mean snan karata hai, use manovaanchhit siddhi avashy prapt hoti hai. jo bhi setu tirth mean snan karata hai, vah ihalok aur paralok mean kabhi du:kh ka bhagi nahian hota. jis prakar kamadhenu, chintamani tatha kalpavriksh samast abhisht vastuoan ko pradan karate haian, usi prakar setu-snan sab manorath poorn karata hai.

ramasetu ke kshetr mean anek tirth sthit haian at: skand puran mean setu yatra ka kram evan vidhan bhi varnit hai. setu tirth mean pahuanchane par setu ki vandana karean - raghuvirapadanyasapavitrikritapaansave. dashakanthashirashchhedahetavesetavenam:॥ ketaveramachandrasyamokshamargaikahetave. sitayamanasambhojabhanavesetavenam:॥ (shriraghuvir ke charan rakhane se jisaki dhooli param pavitr ho gee hai, jo dashanan ravan ke sir katane ka ekamatr hetu hai, us setu ko namaskar hai. jo moksh marg ka pradhan hetu tatha shri ramachandr ji ke suyash ko phaharane vala dhvaj hai, sita ji ke hriday kamal ke khilane ke lie sooryadev ke saman hai, us setu ko mera namaskar hai.)

shri ramacharit manas mean svayan bhagavan shriram ka kathan hai - mam krit setu jo darasanukarihi. so binushram bhavasagar tarihi॥ (jo mere banae setu ka darshan karega, vah koee parishram kie bina hi sansar roopi samudr se tar jaega.)

shri valmiki ramayan ke yuddhakand ke 22 vean adhyay mean likha hai ki vishvakarma ke putr vanar shreshth nal ke netritv mean vanaroan ne matr paanch din mean sau yojan lanba tatha das yojan chauda pul samudr ke oopar banakar ramaji ki sena ke lanka mean pravesh ka marg prashast kar diya tha. yah apane ap mean ek vishv-kirtiman hai. aj ke is adhunik yug mean navinatam takanik ke dvara bhi itane kam samay mean yah karanama kar dikhana sanbhav nahian lagata. yah nirman vanar sena dvara yantroan ke upayog se samudr tat par laee gee shilaoan, chattanoan, pe doan tatha lak diyoan ke upayog se kiya gaya. mahanh shilpakar nal ke nirdeshanusar mahabali vanar b di-b di shilaoan tatha chattanoan ko ukha dakar yantroan dvara samudr tat par le ate the. sath hi vo bahut se b de-b de vrikshoan ko, jinamean ta d, nariyal, bakul, am, ashok adi shamil the, samudr tat par pahuanchate the. nal ne kee vanaroan ko bahut lambi rassiyaan de donoan taraph kh da kar diya tha. in rassiyoan ke bichobich patthar, chattanean, vriksh tatha lataean dalakar vanar setu baandh rahe the. ise baandhane mean 5 din ka samay laga. yah pul shriram dvara tin din ki khojabin ke bad chune hue samudr ke us bhag par banavaya gaya jahaan pani bahut kam gahara tha tatha jalamagn bhoomarg pahale se hi upalabdh tha. isalie yah vivad vyarth hai ki ramasetu manav nirmit hai ya nahian, kyoanki yah pul jalamagn, dvipoan, parvatoan tatha baretiyoan vale prakritik margo ko jo dakar unake oopar hi banavaya gaya tha.

maharshi valmiki ramasetu ki prashansa mean kahate haian - ashobhatamahanh setu: simantivasagare. vah mahanh setu sagar mean simant (maang) ke saman shobhit tha. sanalenakrit: setu: sagaremakaralaye. shushubhesubhag: shrimanh svatipathivambare॥ magaroan se bhare samudr mean nal ke dvara nirmit vah suandar setu akash mean chhayapath ke saman sushobhit tha. nasa ke dvara aantariksh se khianche ge chitr se ye tathy aksharash: saty siddh hote haian.

skand puran ke setu - mahatmy mean dhanushkoti tirth ka ullekh bhi hai - dakshinambunidhaupunyeramasetauvimuktide. dhanushkotiritikhyatantirthamastivimuktidamh॥ ( dakshin-samudr ke tat par jahaan param pavitr ramasetu hai, vahian dhanushkoti nam se vikhyat ek muktidayak tirth hai. ) isake vishay mean yah katha hai - bhagavan shriram jab lanka par vijay prapt karane ke uparant bhagavati sita ke sath vapas lautane lage tab lankapati vibhishan ne prarthana ki - prabho ! apake dvara banavaya gaya yah setu bana raha to bhavishy mean is marg se bharat ke balabhimani raja meri lanka par akraman kareange. lanka-naresh vibhishan ke anurodh par shriramachandraji ne apane dhanush ki koti (nok) se setu ko ek sthan se todakar us bhag ko samudr mean dubo diya. isase us sthan ka nam dhanushkoti ho gaya. is patitapavan tirth mean jap-tap, snan-dan se mahapatakoan ka nash, manokamana ki poorti tatha sadgati milati hai. dhanushkoti ka darshan karane vale vyakti ke hriday ki ajnanamayi granthi kat jati hai, usake sab sanshay door ho jate haian aur sanchit papoan ka nash ho jata hai. yahaan pindadan karane se pitaroan ko kalpaparyantatripti rahati hai. dhanushkoti tirth mean prithvi ke das koti sahasr (ek kharab) tirtho ka vas hai.

skandapuran, koormapuran adi puranoan mean bhagavan shiv ka vachan hai ki jab tak ramasetu ki adhar bhoomi tatha ramasetu ka astitv kisi bhi roop mean vidyaman rahega, tab tak bhagavan shankar setutirth mean sadaiv upasthit raheange. at: shriramasetu aj bhi divy oorja ka srot hai. puratatvik mahattv ki aisi saanskritik dharohar ko sanrakshan pradan karate hue hamean usaki har kimat par raksha karani chahie. yah setu shriram ki lanka - vijay ka sakshi hone ke sath ek mahatirth bhi hai.

ramasetu ya nal setu

gitapres gorakhapur se chhapi pustak shrimadvalmikiy ramayan-katha-sukh-sagar mean varnan hai ki ram ne setu ke namakaran ke avasar par usaka nam ‘nal setu’ rakha. isaka karan tha ki lanka tak pahuanchane ke lie nirmit pul ka nirman vishvakarma ke putr nal dvara bataee gee takanik se sanpann hua tha. mahabharat mean bhi ram ke nal setu ka zikr aya hai.

samudr par banae ge pul ke bare mean charcha tulasidasakrit shriramacharitamanas aur valmik ramayan ke alava doosari any ram kathaoan mean bhi milati haian. ashcharyajanak dhang se ram ke setu ki charcha to ati hai lekin us setu ka nam ramasetu tha, aisa varnan nahian milata. gitapres gorakhapur se chhapi pustak shrimadvalmikiy ramayan-katha-sukh-sagar mean alag hi varnan ata hai. kaha gaya hai ki ram ne setu ke namakaran ke avasar par usaka nam ‘nal setu’ rakha. isaka karan tha ki lanka tak pahuanchane ke lie nirmit pul ka nirman vishvakarma ke putr nal ke buddhikaushal se sanpann hua tha. valmik ramayan mean varnan hai ki : - nalarshchake mahasetuan madhye nadanadipate:. s tada kriyate seturvanarairghorakarmabhi:..

ravan ki lanka par vijay pane mean samudr par jana sabase kathin chunauti thi. kathinata ki yah bat valmik ramayan aur tulasikrit ramacharitamanas dono mean ati hai - valmik ramayan mean likha hai - abravichch hanumaanrshch sugrivarshch vibhishanam. kathan sagaramakshobhyan taram varunalayamh.. sainyai: parivrita: sarvean vanaranaan mahaujasamh.. (hamalog is akshobhy samudr ko mahabalavanh vanaroan ki sena ke sath kis prakar par kar sakeange ?) (6/19/28) vahian tulasikrit ramacharitamanas mean varnan hai - sunu kapis lankapati bira. kehi bidhi taria jaladhi ganbhira.. sankul makar urag jhash jati. ati agadh dustar sab bhaanti..

samudr ne prarthana karane par bhi jab rasta nahian diya to ram ke krodhit hone ka bhi varnan milata hai. valmik ramayan mean to yahaan tak likha hai ki samudr par prahar karane ke lie jab ram ne apana dhanush uthaya to bhoomi aur aantariksh mano phatane lage aur parvat dagamada uthe. tasminh vikrishte sahasa raghaven sharasane. rodasi sampaphalev parvatakshch chakampire.. gosvami tulasidas rachit shriramacharitamanas ke suandarakaand mean likha gaya hai ki tab samudr ne ram ko svayan hi apane oopar pul banane ki yukti batalaee thi - nath nil nal kapi dvau bhaee. larikaeean righi asish paee.. tinh kean paras kie" giri bhare. tarihahian jaladhi pratap tumhare.. (samudr ne kaha -) he nath. nil aur nal do vanar bhaee haian. unhoanne l dakapan mean rrishi se arshivad paya tha. unake sparsh kar lene se hi bhari-bhari paha d bhi apake pratap se samudr par tair jaeange. maian puni ur dhari prabhu prabhutaee. karihu" bal anuman sahaee.. ehi bidhi nath payodhi b"dhaia. jehi yah sujasu lok tihu" gaia.. (maian bhi prabhu ki prabhuta ko hriday mean dharan kar apane bal ke anusar (jahaan tak mujhase ban p dega) sahayata karooanga. he nath! is prakar samudr ko bandhaiye, jisase, tinoan lokoan mean apaka sundar yash gaya jae.)

yah pul itana mazaboot tha ki ramacharitamanas ke lanka kaand ke shuruat mean hi varnan ata hai ki - b aaudhi setu ati sudridh banava. valmik ramayan mean varnan milata hai ki pul lagabhag paanch dinoan mean ban gaya jisaki lambaee sau yojan thi aur chau daee das yojan thi. dashayojanavistirnan shatayojanamayatamh. dadrishurdevagandharva nalasetuan sudushkaramh.. (6/22/76), setu banane mean haee teknalaji prayog huee thi isake valmik ramayan mean kee praman haian, jaise - parvataanrshch samutpaty yantnai: parivahanti ch. (kuchh vanar b de-b de parvatoan ko yantroan ke dvara - samudratat par le ae). isi prakar ek any jagah udaharan milata hai - sootranyanye pragrihrinti hriyatan shatayojanamh. (6/22/62) (kuchh vanar sau yojan lamba soot pak de hue the, arthat pul ka nirman soot se - sidhaee mean ho raha tha.)

setu par rochak prasang :

• telugoo bhasha ki ranganatharamayan mean prasang ata hai ki setu nirman mean ek gilahari ka jo da bhi yogadan de raha tha. yah ret ke dane lakar pul banane vale sthan par dal raha tha.
• ek any prasang mean kaha gaya hai ki ram-ram likhane par patthar tair to rahe the lekin vah idhar-udhar bah jate the. inako jo dane ke lie hanuman ne ek yukti nikali aur ek patthar par ‘ra’ to doosare par ‘m’ likha jane laga. isase patthar ju dane lage aur setu ka kam asan ho gaya.
• tulasikrit shriramacharit manas mean varnan ata hai ki setu nirman ke bad ram ki sena mean vayovriddh jambavant ne kaha tha - ‘shri raghubir pratap te siandhu tare pashan’ arthat bhagavan shri ram ke pratap se siandhu par patthar bhi tairane lage.

vibhinn pustako aur lekho mean ramasetu

thumb|250px|right|ramasetu o. ech. ke. spate (O H K Spate) “bharat aur pakistan (India and Pakistan, London, Pp. 727-728) mean likhate hai ki ram setu vastutah ek koral riph (coral reef) hai, jo ki samoohik roop se oopar uth kar koral r aauk (coral rock) ban gaye hai. insayaklopediya britenika (The Encyclopaedia Britannica, (Volume - 1, 1766, p. 129)) mean is setu ka varnan is prakar hai - adam ka pul jise ramasetu bhi kaha jata hai, jo ki uttari pashchimi shrilanka tatha bharat ke dakshini purvi tat se door rameshvaram ke samip mannar ke dvipoan ke madhy ‘uthale sthanoan ki shruankhala’ hai. The Gazettier of India (Indian Union Vol - 1 pg 57) mean likha hai ki uttar ki kha di mean bhoomi ki do patali pattiyaan, ek bharat ki or se, doosara silon (Ceylon i.e. Sri lanka) se akar, ek ardh-doobi pathar patti ke dvara ju dati hai, edam brij (ramasetu) banati hai, jo ki samudr tal se mushkil se char mitar niche hai. yah him yug ke bad (post glacial time) samudr tal ka uthane ka praman hai, jo ki bharat aur silon ke bich sampark ke doobane ka karan hai.”

nidaralaiand mean sanh 1747 mean bane malabar boban manachitr mean raman kovil ke nam se ramasetu ko dikhaya gaya hai. is manachitr ka 1788 ka sanskaran aj bhi tanjavoor ke sarasvati mahal pustakalay mean upalabdh hai. joseph marks nam ke aaustreliyaee shodhakarta ne is manachitr mean shrilanka se jo dane vale ramasetu ko 'ramar brij' kaha hai.

british vidvanh si.di maikamilan ne mainyual aph d edaministreshan aauph madras mean sanh 1903 mean yah bataya tha ki sanh 1430 (15 vian shatabdi) tak bharat aur shrilanka ke log ukt pul se paidal ate jate the. 1480 eesvi sanh mean yah chakravat, toofanoan evan himachchhadan ke karan toot gaya aur samudr ka jal star badhane ke karan ukt pul pani mean doob gaya jo ab bhi tin phit se tis phit niche pani mean dekha ja sakata hai.

jahaan tak manyata ka prashn hai ki prabhu shriram ka setu pani mean bahane vala tha to usaki pushti isi se hoti hai ki yaha koral aur saiand ston bahutayat mean paye jate haian jo pani mean tairate haian. vahian diskavari v neshanal jiyographik chainal ke anusar yahaan 18 se 20 hazar varsh poorv is kshetr mean manav upasthiti ke bhi sakshy haian.

kalantar mean ramasetu ko adam pul ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. vastutah adam pul nam ka zor bharat sarakar ka hai kyoanki ameriki rananitik dabav mean vah pul ko to dana chahati hai, (rajanitijnoan ke anusar) adam pul ke pakshadharoan ka kahana hai ki shrilanka mean adam pul ki tarah adam chot bhi hai. vastutah sanh 1806 mean eest iandiya kampani ke sarve par janaral rainal ne ramasetu ke liye edams brij ya adam setu nam ka istemal kiya. rahi bat bharat sarakar dvara ise setu nahian manane ki to khud bharat sarakar ka sarvekshan vibhag bharat ko asetu - himalay bakhanata hai arthat vah bhi ise setu manata hai aur bharat ko ramasetu se himalay tak manata hai.

ramasetu manav nirmit ya prakritik nirmit

vaijnanikoan mean is brij ko lekar vivad hai. kuchh vaijnanik ise prakritik brij manate haian to kuchh ise manav nirmit manate haian. thumb|250px|right|ramasetu ka tairata patthar

manav nirmit hone ke paksh mean mat aur shodh

bhoo-vijnan vibhag, bharat sarakar, ka shodh (march 2007), parantu, kuchh mazaboot tarko ke sath ise manav nirmit batata hai. shodh ka saraansh kuchh is prakar hai -

ramasetu prakritik taur par nahian bana - koral chattanoan aur riph se bane is pul ki sthapana ki pushti adhunik saitelait dvara khianche gaye chitroan ki madad se ki gayi hai jisake anusar kaha gaya hai ki yah ek prakritik nahian, balki manaviy rachana hai aur is bat ki pushti jiyol aaujikal sarve aauph iandiya dvara pesh ki gayi ek riport mean ki gayi hai jise sarakar dvara janata se chhupaya gaya. jiyol aaujikal sarve aauph iandiya (bharat sarakar ka bhoo vijnan vibhag) ke poorv nideshak aur neshanal ianstityoot aauph oshan taiknol aauji ke sadasy d aau. badrinarayan kahate haian ki is tarah ki prakritik banavat mushkil se hi dikhati hai. yah tabhi ho sakata hai, jab ise kisi ne banaya ho. kuchh shilakhand to itane halke haian ki ve pani par tair sakate haian.

yah ek achchhi tarah se sthapit vaijnanik tathy hai ki 18000 BP ke asapas ek pramukh himayug (ice age) apane uchchatam par tha. sansar ke vibhinn bhago mean ardhadoobi mooanga chattanoan ki madad se ise dekha gaya aur isaka vistrit adhyayan kiya gaya hai. us kal mean samudratal vartaman tal se 130 mitar niche tha. bharat ke poorvi aur pashchimi samudratatoan par ise pramano ke sath dekha gaya, jahaan jalamagn mooanga chattane keval 1 se 2 mitar hi gaharaee par hai aur ve nikat tatiy kshetr ke spasht sanket haian.

ram setu rij ek pramukh samudri vibhajan hai. yah ek medh ki tarah hai, aur bahut kuchh allaband (Allaband) ki tarah hai. 19vian shatabdi mean arab sagar mean ek b de bhookamp ke bad allaband ka nirman hua tha. allaband mean 90 kimi lamba aur 0.5 se 4 kimi chau da bhookhand samudr se upar nikal aya tha, aur isaka karan tha - prithvi ke garbh mean pleto ka khisakana, jo ki har bhookamp ka karan hota hai. logoan ko lagata hai ki yah allah ki ichchha ke karan hua hai isaliye ise allaband ke nam se bulaya gaya.

ram setu kuchh isi prakar ka hai, lekin yah bahut pahale bana hai. pichhale himayug (ice age) (18000 years BP) ke dauran sampoorn bharat se shrilanka aur age dakshin aur dakshin poorv ke bhag ek hi bhookhand the, kyoki us samay samudratal aj ke yug se bahut niche tha| aur jab paha do aur arkatik kshetr se barf ka pighalana shuroo hua to samudr star uthana shuroo ho gaya. jalamagn mooanga chattano ke nirman prakriya ke adhyayan ke dauran is tathy ko bahut bar dekha gaya. aj se lagabhag 7300 sal pahale bharat ke dakshini bhag mean samudr tal vartaman star se 3.5 mi oopar tha. yah d aau. pi. ke. banarji ne paban (Paban), rameshvaram (Rameswaram), aur tootikorin (Tuticorin) ityadi sthano par chattano ka adhyayan kiya aur is tathy ko saty paya| isake bad samudr star niche gira aur aj se 5000 se 4000 sal ke bich vartaman se 2 mi upar tha.

ramasetu ke aantar jvariy kshetro mean en aee o ti (NIOT) ke dvara kiye gaye chhidro ke bhoogarbhiy adhyayan se bahut hi rochak janakari ka pata chalata hai. sabhi chhidro ka shirsh bhag taji samudri ret se bhara hua dekha gaya. lagabhag sabhi chhidr 4.5 se 7.5m ki gaharaee par kathorata milati hai, jo ki kailshiyam yukt (calcareous) pattharo aur mooanga chattano ki vajah se hai. yahaan par dhyan dene vali bat yah hai ki mooanga chattane (Coral Rocks) tulanatmak roop se kam kathor hoti hai aur halki hoti hai, aur kahi le jane ke liye saral hoti hai. yah chattane oopar ki or badhati hai, aur sthayitv ke liye inaka oopari bhag apekshakrit kathor hota hai. in chattano ka samooh sthir rahane ke liye oopar ki or badhata hai aur samudr star se hamesha 1 se 2 mitar ki gaharaee bana kar rakhata hai. is oordhvatar badhane ko lakshadvip, andaman aur manar ki khadi mean dekha gaya hai. inaka nichala bhag bhi kathor paya gaya hai.

parantu ram setu mean mooanga chattane mushkil se 1 se 2.5 mitar ki mili hai, baki bhag samudri ret hai. ye chattane mooange ke gol, chhote tukado jaise hai. aisa lagata hai ki in tukado ko kahi aur se lakar yahaan rakha gaya hai. chooanki yah kailshiyam yukt retile patthar aur mooanga chattane samany chattano se kam kathor hai, sambhav hai ki prachin kal mean logo ne isaka prayog bharat aur shrilanka ke bich sampark marg banane ke liye kiya ho. thumb|250px|right|ramasetu ke samay ka sikka in nishkarsho ke samarthan mean any bahut se puratattv aur bhaugolik praman bharat ke dakshini bhag, rameshvar ke charo orh, tutikorinh, aur shrilanka ke pashchimi bhag mean mile hai. yahaan par teri (Teri) mile hai, jo ki madhy pashan yug ke chhote pattharo se bane aujaro ke jaise hai. isase nishkarsh nikalata hai ki 8000 BP se 9000 BP aur hal ke 4000 BP mean yahaan par manav ki bastiyaan aur aur unaki mazaboot gatividhiyaan thi. shrilanka mean to manav aur janavaro ke haddiyo aur jivashmo ke adhar par aise sanket mile hai ki vahaan manav bastiyaan 13000 BP (late Pleistocene) mean bhi thi.

yah sabhi bate ek hi nishkarsh par pahuanchati hai ki jab bharat aur shrilanka ke bich samudrastar jab thik suvidhajanak tha, usi samay ram setu ke dono or manav gatividhiyaan bhi tez thi| yahi vah samay tha jab yah setu banaya gaya| kuchh vidvanh ramayan ka samay bhi yahi batate hai| sambhav hai ki yahi vah pul ho jise ram ne ravan se yuddh karane ke liye banaya ho|

prakritik nirmit hone ke paksh mean mat aur shodh

disambar 2002 – march 2003 ke bich bharatiy bhoogol sarvekshan (Geological Survey of India (GSI)) ne ek vaijnanik shodh kiya, desh ke is jane mane ianstityoot ne ram setu ke asapas 91 borahols banakar vahaan se saianpal lie the aur unaki p datal ki thi. inhean setu projekt ke daftar mean rakha gaya tha. is shodh mean bataya gaya ki rameshvaram dvip 125,000 BP (before present) ke asapas samudr se bahar nikala. rameshvaram aur thalaee mannar 18000 BP se 7000BP tak samudr se upar hi the aur bharat aur shri lanka ke bich ek marg pradan karate the. yah shodh age batata hai ki dhanushakodi aur doosare dvipo ke bich jo marg dikhayi deta hai, jise ramasetu mana jata hai, usake manav nirmit hone ke koee praman nahian hai.

aantariksh anusandhan kendr, ahamadabad (The Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad) bhi isi nishkarsh par pahuanchata hai. usake anusar yah vastav mean mooanga-chattano ke 103 chhote khand hai, jo ki ek sidhi rekha banate haian. Journal of the Indian society of Remote Sensing mean chhapa ek lekh adam pul ko n keval ek mooanga-chattano ki ek shrriankhala pradarshit karata hai, balki bhoovaijnaniko aur puratattvavido ki is dharana ko bhi bal deta hai ki yah manav nirmit nahian balki prakritik hai.

nasa kahata hai ki ramasetu prakritik taur par bana - ameriki spes ejeansi nasa ka kahana hai ki bharat aur shrilanka ke bich pak jaladamaroomadhy mean maujood dhaancha kisi bhi halat mean adami ka banaya hua nahian hai. yah poori tarah prakritik hai. setusamudram k aauparereshan li. ke sieeo enake raghupati ke mutabiq unhean nasa ke j aaunsan spes seantar ki or se mile eemel mean nasa ne apane paksh ka khulasa kiya hai. nasa ki tasviroan ko lekar kafi ho-halla pahale hi mach chuka hai.

setu samudram pariyojana

kya hai setu samudram pariyojana (Bridge Samudraam shipping canal project)

thumb|250px|right|setu samudram pariyojana 2005 mean bharat sarakar ne setusamudram pariyojana ka ailan kiya gaya. bharat sarakar setu samudram pariyojana ke tahat tamilanadu ke rameshvar ke tatavarti kshetr mean tamilanadu ko shrilanka se jo dane ki yojana par kam kar rahi hai. isase vyaparik fayada uthane ki bat kahi ja rahi hai.

isake tahat ramasetu ke kuchh ilake ko gahara kar samudri jahajoan ke layaq banaya jaega. isake lie setu ki chattanoan ko to dana zaroori hai. is pariyojana se rameshvaram desh ka sabase b da shipiang harbar ban jaega. tootikoran harbar ek nodal port mean tabdil ho jaega aur tamilanadu ke kostal ilakoan mean kam se kam 13 chhote eyaraport ban jaeange.

pariyojana ke poora hone ke bad pashchimi samudr tat aur bangal ki kha di ke bich sidha jalapot parivahan marg khul jaega. vartaman mean jalapot lagabhag 650 ki.mi. (359 samudri mil) ki lanbi doori tay karate hue shrilanka ka chakkar laga kar hi pashchimi tat se bangal ki kha di tak avazahi kar pate haian. naya rasta khul jane se yah doori koee 400 ki.mi ghat jaegi. phalasvaroop, samudr tatiy pradeshoan, khasakar tamilanadu ko vyapak arthik v audyogik labh milane ki sanbhavana hai.

mana ja raha hai ki setu samudram pariyojana poori hone ke bad sare aantararashtriy jahaz kolanbo bandaragah ka lanba marg chho dakar isi nahar se gujareangean, anuman hai ki 2000 ya isase adhik jalapot prativarsh is nahar ka upayog kareange. marg chhota hone se saphar ka samay aur lanbaee to chhoti hogi hi, sanbhavana hai ki jalapotoan ka 22 hazar karo d ka tel bachega. 19vean varsh tak pariyojana 5000 karo d se adhik ka vyavasay karane lagegi jabaki isake nirman mean 2000 karo d ki rashi kharch hone ka anuman hai.

pariyojana se nukasan

ramasetu manav nirmit hai ya prakritik, is vivad se pare hatakar bhoo-visheshajnoan ne ise n to dane ki hidayat di hai. unhoanne agah kiya hai ki edam brij ko to dana prakritik tabahi ka karan ban sakata hai. setu samudram pariyojana virodhi aandolan ke tahat ek jut paryavaran vaijnanikoan aur bhoo-vettaoan ne kaha hai ki mannar ki kha di aur pak jalasandhi tektonik yani aantarik halachaloan ke lihaz se kafi kamazor hai. bhookanp se ju de khataroan ko lekar bhi kafi sanvedanashil hai. jiyolojikal sarve aph iandiya ke poorv nideshak ke.gopalkrishnan ne kaha hai ki keandr sarakar aur setu samudram pariyojana pradhikan ko adhikariyoan ne samajhane ki koshish ki hai ki yah mahaj ek baloo ka tila hai, jo samay ke sath yahaan-vahaan ho sakata hai. lekin hakikat mean aisa hai nahian. krishnan ne kaha ki aise sakshy maujood haian jo sabit karate haian ki ramasetu bhoogarbhiy, aantarik sanrachana aur samudrik vibhajak ka kam karata hai. vibhinn bhoogarbhiy aur samudrik halachaloan ko niyantrit karata hai. unhoanne kaha ki ram setu samudr ko to de jane se samudr ke bhitar bhooskhalan aur bhookanp jaisi ghatanaean ho sakati haian. durlabh jiv-jantuoan ke avas samapt ho jaeange. aur bharat se lage samudroan mean manasoon chakr bhi prabhavit hoga. natijatan badh aur sookhe jaisi apadaoan ka samana karana p d sakata hai. har sal bangal ki kha di mean ane vale khataranak toofanoan se ram setu hi bachata hai jis karan mannar ki kha di mean asantulan ki sthiti nahian ati hai. isalie ham log bhi vaijnanikoan ke anusandhan se yah nishkarsh pa rahe haian ki ramasetu ke karan sunami ko bhi kamazor hona p da hai. nahian to ab tak ke anubhavoan ke mukabale sunami ke karan bhayankar kshati ho jati. ramasetu ko to de jane se aisi sanbhavana vyakt ki ja rahi hai ki agali sunami se keral mean tabahi ka jo manjar hoga usase bachana mushkil ho jaega. hazaroan machhuare berozagar ho jaeange.

is kshetr mean milane vale durlabh shankh v ship jinase 150 karo d rupe ki varshik ay hoti hai, se logoan ko vanchit hona p dega. jal jivoan ki kee durlabh prajatiyaan nasht ho jaeangi. bharat ke pas yooreniyam ke sarvashreshth vikalp thoriyam ka vishv mean sabase b da bhandar hai. yadi ramasetu ko to d diya jata hai to bharat ko thoriyam ke is amooly bhandar se hath dhona p dega.

setu samudram par vivad

bhagavan ram ne jahaan dhanush mara tha us sthan ko 'dhanushakoti' kahate haian. ram ne apani sena ke sath lanka par chadhaee karane ke lie ukt sthan se samudr mean ek brij banaya tha isaka ullekh 'valmiki ramayan' mean milata hai.

kendr sarakar ne uchchatam nyayalay mean dakhil kie ge ek halaphanamean kaha tha ki ramasetu ko khud bhagavan ram ne apane ek jaduee ban se to d diya tha, isake suboot ke taur par sarakar ne 'kanban ramayan' aur 'padmapuran' ko pesh kiya. sarakar ne ramasetu ke vartaman hisse ke bare mean kaha ki yah hissa manav nirmit n hokar bhaugolik roop se prakriti dvara nirmit hai. isamean ramasetu nam ki koee chiz nahian hai.

vivad ka karan

thumb|250px|vanar sena dvara ramasetu ka nirman isase poorv jab bharatiy puratattv sarvekshan (eesaee) ne sitanbar 2007 mean uchchatam nyayalay mean dakhil apane halaphanamean mean ramayan mean ulh‍lekhit pauranik charitroan ke astitv par hi savaliya nishan laga die the, jise hindoo bhavanaoan ko thes pahuanchana mana gaya.

eesaee ke halaphanamean mean usake nideshak (smarak) si. doraji ne kaha tha ki rahat ki maang kar rahe yachikakarta mool roop se valmiki ramayan, tulasidas ki rachit ram charitr manas aur pauranik granthoan par vishvas kar rahe haian, jo prachin bharatiy sahity ka mahattvapoorn aang hai, lekin inhean aitihasik dastavej nahian kaha ja sakata aur unamean varnit charitroan tatha ghatanaoan ko bhi pramanik siddh nahian kiya ja sakata.

isase poorv ahamadabad ke mairin aiand vatar risorsej grup spes eplikeshan seantar ne kaha ki mana jata hai ki edams brij ya ramasetu bhagavan ram ne samudr parakar shrilanka jane ke lie banaya tha, jo manav nirmit nahian hai. sarakar aur eesaee ne bhi is mamale mean isi adhyayan se milate julate vichar prakat kie haian.

gauratalab hai ki ramasetu ki raksharth yachikakarta ne adalat se ramasetu ko sanrakshit evan prachin smarak ghoshit karane ka anurodh kiya tha. yah nirdesh dene ka bhi anurodh kiya gaya tha ki rameshvaram ko shrilanka se jo dane vale setu samudram ke nirman ke samay ramasetu ko nasht n kiya jae. is yachika par 14 sitambar 20007 ko uchchatam nyayalay mean sunavaee huee.

naya halaphanam

vivad ke chalate bharat sarakar ne halamanamean ko vapas lete hue 29 faravari 2008 ko uchchatam nyayalay mean naya halaphanama pesh kar kaha ki ramasetu ke manav nirmit athava prakritik banavat sunishchit karane ke lie koee vaijnanik vidhi maujood nahian hai.

is vivad ke chalate udhar tamilanadu ki karunanidhi sarakar ne ramasetu ko to dakar setu samudram pariyojana ko jald se jald poora karane ke lie kamar kas li. halaanki uchchatam nyayalay ne adhikariyoan ko nirdesh diya hai ki khanan gatividhiyoan ke dauran ramasetu ko kisi prakar ka nukasan nahian ho, lekin is adesh ka palan kis had tak kiya ja raha hai yah rajy sarakar hi bata sakati hai.

sarakari dave ka khandan

ramakatha ke lekhak nareandr kohali ke anusar, sarakar yah jhooth pracharit kar rahi hai ki ram ne lautate hue setu ko to d diya tha. jabaki ramayan ke mutabiq ram lanka se vayumarg se laute the, to soche vah pul kaise tu dava sakate the. ramayan mean setu nirman ka jitana jivant aur vistrit varnan milata hai, vah kalpana nahian ho sakata. yah setu kalaantar mean samudri toofanoan adi ki chotean khakar toot gaya, magar isake astitv ko nakara nahian ja sakata.

lalabahadur shastri vidyapith ke lekcharar d aau. ram salaee dvivedi ka kahana hai ki valmiki ramayan ke alava kalidas ne 'raghuvansh' ke terahavean sarg mean ram ke akash marg se lautane ka varnan kiya hai. is sarg mean ram dvara sita ko ramasetu ke bare mean batane ka varnan hai. isalie yah kahana galat hai ki ram ne lanka se lautate hue setu to d diya tha.

bharatiy nau sena ki chianta

setusamudram pariyojana ko lekar chal rahi rajaniti ke bich kost gard ke dayarektar janaral ar.eph. k aauntraiktar ne kaha tha ki yah pariyojana desh ki suraksha ke lie ek khatara sabit ho sakati hai.

vais edamiral k aauntraiktar ne kaha tha ki isaki poori sanbhavana hai ki is chainal ka istemal atankavadi kar sakate haian. vais edamiral k aauntraiktar ka ishara shrilaankaee tamil ugravadiyoan tatha any atankavadiyoan ki or hai, jo isaka istemal bharat mean ghusane ke lie kar sakate haian.

setu samudram pariyojana ka vaikalpik marg

setu samudram pariyojana ke vaikalpik marg bhi upalabdh haian, aur janakaroan ka kahana hai ki rameshvaram aur dhanukoshti ke bich phaile ret ke tiloan ko hatakar naya rasta banaya ja sakata hai. setu samudram ke vaikalpik marg ke roop mean vaijnanikoan ne paanch pariyojanaean sujhaeean thi jinamean ramasetu par koee aanch n ati lekin sarakar yah chhatha sujhav lekar ramasetu to dane ki hathadharmita kar rahi hai. ek saval yah bhi uthata hai ki pradhanamantri ne march 2005 mean tooti kosin bandaragah se 16 prashnoan ka javab maanga tha lekin phir aisa kya ho gaya ki javab dekhane ke pahale hi 2 julaee 2005 ko pariyojana ke udghatan karane pahuanch ge. vahian bataya to yah bhi ja raha hai ki isake liye pamban aur dhanukoshti ke bich 15 kimi ki mukhy bhoomi mean khudaee kar svej aur panama ki tarah jalamarg banaya ja sakata hai vah bhi bagair kisi pragaitihasik dharohar ko nasht kiye. yahaan saval kis sarakar ne yojana banaee aur kaun age badha rahi hai ka nahian hai balki aitihasik dharohar ko bachane ka hai. chahe yah dharohar prakriti nirmit ho ya phir manav nirmit.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh