समतापमण्डल

samatapamandal (aangrezi:Stratosphere) prithvi ke vayumandal mean kshobhamandal ke oopar doosari parat ko kahate haian.

samatapamandal kshobhamandal ke oopar ausat 50 ki.mi. ki ooanchaee par paya jata hai. isaki motaee bhoomadhy rekha par kam tatha dhruvoan par adhik hoti haian.
is mandal mean 20 se 35 ki.mi. ke bich ojon parat ki saghanata kafi adhik hai, isalie is kshetr ko 'ojon mandal' bhi kaha jata hai.
ozon gais sauryik vikiran ki hanikarak parabaiangani kiranoan ko sokh leti hai aur unhean bhootal tak nahian pahuanchane deti hai tatha prithvi ko adhik garm hone se bachati haian.
samatapamandal mean tapaman sthir rahata hai tatha isake bad ooanchaee ke sath badhata jata hai. yah mandal badal tatha mausam sanbandhi ghatanaoan se mukt rahata hai.
is mandal ke nichale bhag mean jet vayuyan ke u dan bharane ke lie adarsh dashaean haian.
isaki oopari sima ko 'straitopaj' kahate haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah