वायु प्रदूषण

thumb|250px|vayu pradooshan vayu sabhi manushyoan, jivoan evan vanaspatiyoan ke lie atyant avashyak hai. isake mahattv ka anuman isi se lagaya ja sakata hai ki manushy bhojan ke bina haphtoan tak jal ke bina kuchh dinoan tak hi jivit rah sakata hai, kintu vayu ke bina usaka jivit rahana asambhav hai. manushy din bhar mean jo kuchh leta hai usaka 80 pratishat bhag vayu hai. jnatavy hai ki pratidin manushy 22000 bar saans leta hai. is prakar pratyek din mean vah 16 kilogram ya 35 gailan vayu grahan karata hai. vayu vibhinn gaisoan ka mishran hai jisamean naitrojan ki matra sarvadhik 78 pratishat hoti hai jabaki 21 pratishat aauksijan tatha 0.03 pratishat karban dai aauksaid paya jata hai tatha shesh 0.97 pratishat mean haidrojan, hiliyam, argan, niaaun, kriptan, jenan, ozon tatha jal vashp hoti hai. vayu mean vibhinn gaisoan ki uparokt matra use santulit banae rakhati hai. isamean jara-sa bhi antar ane par vah asantulit ho jati hai aur svasthy ke lie hanikarak sabit hoti hai. shvasan ke lie aauksijan zaroori hai. jab kabhi vayu mean karban daee aauksaid, naitrojan ke aauksaidoan ki vriddhi ho jati hai, to aisi vayu ko pradooshit vayu tatha is prakar ke pradooshan ko vayu pradooshan kahate haian.

doosare shabdoan mean, prakritik tatha manav janit sroto se utpann bahari tatvoan ke vayu mishran ke karan vayu asantulit dasha ko vayu pradooshan kahate haian tatha jin karakoan se vayu pradooshit hoti hai unhean vayu pradooshak kahate hai. is tarah asantulit vayu ki gunavatta me hrias ho jata hai aur yah jiv-jantuo aur padapoan ke lie hanikarak ho jati hai.

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vayu pradooshan ke srot

vayu pradooshan ke srotoan ko do bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai-

1. prakritik srot
2. manaviy srot

prakritik srot

prakritik srotoan se utpann vayu ko pradooshit karane vale pradooshakoan ko nimn vargoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai-

1. aandhi, toophan ke samay u dati dhool
2. vanoan mean lagi ag se utpann dhuaan evan karban daee aauksaid
3. daladal evan anoopo mean apaghatit hone vale padarthoan se nikalane vali mithen gais
4. baiktiriya se mirmukt karban daee aauksaid
5. kavak se utpann jivanu evan vayaras adi
6. phooloan ke paragakan se nirmukt karban daeeaauksaid
7. dhoomaketu, kshudr grah tatha ulkaoan adi ke prithvi se takarane ke karan utpann kasmik dhool

manaviy srot

manav janit pradooshak haian-

1. karban daee aauksaid
2. karban mano aauksaid
3. salphar ke aauksaid
4. naitrojan ke aauksaid
5. klorin
6. sisa
7. amoniya
8. kaidamiyam
9. beanjipais
10. haidrokarban
11. dhool

manaviy karano se utpann vayu pradooshan ko nimn vargoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai-

• dahan prakriya dvara

1. ghareloo karyoan mean dahan
2. vahanoan mean dahan
3. tap vidyut oorja hetu dahan

• krishi karyoan dvara
• audyogik nirmanoan dvara
• vilayakoan ke upayog dvara
• anavik oorja sambandhi pariyojanaoan dvara
• any karan.

dahan prakriya dvara

ek hajar gailan petrol ka upayog karane vale vahan dvara utsarjit padarth

utsarji padarth	matra kigra mean
karban mono aauksaid	1280
karbanik vashp	80 se 160
naitrojan ke aauksaid	8 se 30
vibhinn eldihaid	7.2
gandhak ke yaugik	6.8
karbanik aml	0.8
amoniya	0.8
jasta tatha any dhatuoan ke aauksaid	0.13

oorja aj ke jivan ki mahati avashyakata hai. oorja ke bina vartaman ke kriya kalap sambhav nahian hai. khana pakane se lekar eeant, simeant adi ke nirman me oorja ki zaroorat hoti hai. vahanoan evan mashinoan adi ke chalan mean bhi oorja ki avashyakata hoti hai. yah oorja vibhinn prakar ke eeandhanoan ke dahan se prapt hoti hai. ghareloo karyoan ke lie jo oorja prayog ki jati hai vah koyale, lak di, kukiang gais, upaloan, mitti ke tel adi se prapt hoti hai. in eeandhanoan ke dahan se karban daee aauksaid, karban mono aauksaid, salphar daee aauksaid adi gaisean utpann hotian haian tatha eeandhanoan ke apoorn dahan se kee prakar ke haidrokarbans evan saiklik pairin yaugik utpann hote hai. is prakar ke dahan se vayumandal mean do prakar se prabhav p data hai. ek to yah anek hanikarak gaisean vayu mean milakar use pradooshit karati haian tatha doosari taraph vayu mean maujood aauksijan ki matra me kami ati hai, jo ki jivan ke lie khataranak hai. desh ki kul oorja ka adha bhag keval rasoee gharoan mean kharch hota hai tatha desh ke kul pradooshan ka 123 bhag keval rasoee gharoan se utpann hota hai.

vayu pradooshan ke lie vahan bhi kam uttaradayi nahian haian. basoan, kara, trakoan, motar saikiloan, skootar, dizal, reloan adi sabhi mean dahan ke lie petrol athava dizal eeandhan ke roop mean prayukt kie jate haian. inase bhari matra mean dam ghoantane vala kala dhuaan nikalata hai, jo vayu ko pradooshit karata hai. dizal vahanoan se jo dhuaan nikalata hai unamean haidrokarban, naitrojan evan salphar ke aauksaid tatha sookshm karbanamayi kanikaean maujood rahati haian. petrol chalit vahano ke dhuean mean karban mono aauksaid v led maujood hote haian. led ek vayu pradooshak padarth hai. jnatavy hai ki dizal chalit vahanoan ki apeksha petrol chalit vahanoan se pradooshan adhik hota hai. ek anuman ke anusar, ek motaraga di ek minat mean itani adhik matra mean aauksijan kharch karati hai jitani ki 1135 vyakti saans lene mean kharch karate haian. dizal evan petrol chalit vahanoan mean hone vale dahan se naitrojan aauksaid evan naitrojan daee aauksaid bhi utpann hoti hai jo soory ke prakash mean haidrokarban se karake rasayanik dhoom kuhare ko janm dete hai. yah rasayanik dhoom kohara manav ke lie bahut khataranak hai. sanh 1952 mean paanch din tak landan shahar rasayanik dhoom kuhare se ghira raha, jisase 4000 log maut ke shikar ho gaye evan karo doan log hriday rog tatha broankaitis ke shikar ho gaye the.

dilli vishv ka tisara aur bharat ka sarvadhik pradooshit shahar hai. isaki gambhirata ko dekhate hue uchchatam nyayalay ke mukhy nyayadhish d aau. e. es. anand, nyayamoorti shri bi. en. kripal aur nyayamoorti shri e. ke. khare ki khandapith ne mahesh chandr mehata ki janahit yachika par sunavaee karate hue 22 sitambar 1988 ko dilli sarakar ko yah nirdesh diya ki sarakar las eanjils ki tarj par dilli mean aauksaid star ko niyantrit kare.

bharat ke pramukh shaharoan mean motar vahano dvara utsarjit pradooshak
(tan pratidin)

shahar	sookshm kan	salphar daee aauksaid	naitrojan aauksaid	karban mono aauksaid
dilli	8.58	7.4	105.38	452.51
muanbee	4.66	3.36	59.02	391.6
baiangalor	12.18	1.47	21.85	162.8
kolakata	2.71	3.04	45.58	156.87
chennee	1.95	1.68	23.91	119.35
bharat (anumanit)	60	630	270	2040

bharat mean vahanoan se pratidin 60 tan sookshm kan, 630 tan salphar dai aauksaid, 270 tan naitrojan aksaid taki 2040 tan karban daiaksaid utsarjit hota hai. bharat ke adhikaansh tap vidyut grihoan mean eeandhan ke roop mean koyala prayukt kiya jata hai jisake jalane se karban daee aksaid, dhuaan tatha kuchh any gaisean utpann hoti haian. bharatiy koyale mean any deshoan ke koyale ki tulana mean 25 se 40 pratishat tak phlaee aish hota hai aur gandhak ki matra ek pratishat kam hoti hai, jisaki vajah se 200 megavat ka bharatiy bijalighar lagabhag 50 tan salphar daee aauksaid tatha 50 tan se adhik kalikh bahar pheankata hai. koyale ko jalane par apashisht ke roop mean jo rakh utpann hoti hai, vah bahar pheank di jati hai. yah rakh hava ke madhyam se u dakar vayumandal ko pradooshit karati hai.

krishi karyoan dvara vayu pradooshan

krishi karyoan me kitanashi evan jivanunashi dava ka upayog dino din badhata ja raha hai. tisare vishv mean bharat sarvadhik pestisaid utpadak desh hai. ek anuman ke anusar- 1993 mean desh mean lagabhag 84045 tan kitanashak davaoan ka upayag kiya gaya tha. jab ye kitanashak davaean chhi daki jati haian to ye u dakar vayu mean mil jati haian aur vayu pradooshana ka karan banati haian. kabhi-kabhi inaka chhi dakav vayuyanoan dvara bhi kiya jata hai.

audyogik nirmanoan dvara

kal karakhanoan se dhuaan, gaisean tatha kuchh kan yukt padarth nikalate haian, jo vayu pradooshan ka karan banate haian. vayu pradooshan kap da banane ke karakhanoan, rasayanik udyogoan, tel shodhak karakhanoan, chini banane ke karakhanoan, dhatukarm evan gatta nirman karane vale karakhanoan se sarvadhik hota hai. in karakhanoan se karban daeeaksaid, karban mono aksaid, salphar, sisa, bereliyam, jiank, kaidamiyam, para tatha dhool vayumandal mean pahuanchati hai, jisase vayu pradooshan hota hai. poorvi amerika tatha uttar pashchimi yoorop adi ke audyogik kshetroan ke vayumandal mean itani adhik matra me salphar daee aksaid maujood hai ki varsha ke samay girane vala jal jal n hokar salphyoorik aml hota hai. ise hi tejabi varsha kahate haian.

vayu pradooshan ki sthiti itani gambhir hai ki vibhinn deshoan mean isake ghatak parinamo se bachav ke lie chetavani di ja rahi hai. sanyukt rajy amarika ke l aaus eanjils ki sthiti itani bhayavah hai ki vahaan ke skooloan ke kri da maidanoan mean yah chetavani likhi gayi hai ki savadhan, atyadhik dhuean ki sthiti mean vyayam n karean aur n gahari saans lean. thumb|250px|vayu pradooshan bharat mean vayu pradooshan ki sthiti chiantajanak hai. yahaan ke vayumandal mean salphar daeeaksaid evan dhool kanoan ki matra bahut adhik hai. bharat ke sarvadhik pradooshit shaharoan dilli, ahamadabad, muanbee, chennee, kanapur adi haian. dilli ki vayu dhoolakanoan ki sandrata 700 maikrogram/ghan mitar aanki gee hai, jo desh ke any mahanagaroan ki tulana mean sabase adhik hai. ahamadabad me kap de ki milean haian jinase kapas dhool nikalati hai. isake atirikt yahaan dhuean ke badal chhae rahate haian. yahaan ke lag dama aur tapedik bimariyo se jyada pidi़t hote haian. muanbee ki adhikaansh audyogik ikaiyaan chemboor-trambe kshetr mean sthit haian. yahaan vayumandal mean dhool kanoan ki sandrata 238 maikrogram/ghan semi hai. kanapur mean charmashalaean, kap da milean, rasayan v dava banane vale karakhane adhik haian. ek sarvekshan ke anusar shahar ke svachchh vayu kshetroan ki tulana mean vayu pradooshit kshetroan mean ek bachche ki lambaee 4 semi tatha vajan 3 kigra kam paya gaya hai.

vilayakoan ke upayog dvara

pharnicharoan par ki jane vali p aaulish aur spre peant banane mean jo vilayak istemal kie jate haian unamean adhikatar u danashil haidrokarban hote hai. jab pharnichar ki p aaulish athava spre peant kiya jata hai to ye haidrokarban u dakar vayu mean mil jate haian.

anavik oorja sambandhi pariyojanaoan dvara

paramanu bamoan evan paramanu vidyut utpann karane jin samasthanikoan ka upayog kiya jata hai, unaki prakriti asthaee hoti hai. visphot ke samay ye samasthanik vayumandal mean door-door tak phail jate haian tatha bad mean prithvi par avapat ke roop mean girate haian, jo apana ghatak prabhav chho date hai. hiroshima aur nagasaki par giraye gaye paramanu bamoan ka prabhav vahaan lambe samay tak raha.

vayu pradooshan ke any karan

janavaroan ke shavoan dvara

bharat mean mrit janavaroan ki khal nikalane ki paranpara hai. mrit janavaroan ko log bastiyoan se uthakar le jate hai tatha khal nikalakar shesh bhag ko khule mean chho d dete hai. jab ye shav s date haian to atyadhik durgandh nikalati hai, jo vayu pradooshan ka karan banati hai.

shauchalayoan ki saphaee n hona

sarvajanik aur vyaktigat shauchalayo ki samuchit saphaee n hone se kshetr vishesh ki vayu pradooshit hoti hai.

koo de kachare ka s dana evan naliyoan ki saphaee n hona

log bahudh apane gharoan ke bahar s dak par athava naliyoan mean koo da kachara pheank dete haian jo durgandh phailata hai tatha naliyoan ke bajabajane se bhi durgandh paida hoti hai jisase vibhinn bimariyoan ke vishanu panapate haian aur manav svasthy prabhavit hota hai. dhoomrapan, dhool, koo de kachare ka jalaya jana adi bhi vayu pradooshan ke karan haian.

vayu pradooshan ka prabhav

thumb|250px|vayu pradooshan vaise to sabhi prakar ke pradooshanoan ka prabhav kharab hota hai kintu vayu pradooshan ka prabhav kshetr atyadhik vyapak hai. adhyayan ki suvidha ki drishti se vayu pradooshan ke prabhav ko nimn prakar vargikrit kar sakate hai.

1. manav svasthy par prabhav
2. jiv-jantuoan par prabhav
3. pean d-paudhoan evan vanaspatiyoan par prabhav
4. jalavayu aur mausam par prabhav
5. drishyata ka prabhav
6. imarato par prabhav
7. any prabhav

manav svasthy par prabhav

vayu pradooshan ka manav svasthy par bahut bura prabhav p data hai. isase manav ka shvasan tantr prabhavit hota hai. vayu pradooshan se dama, broankaitis, siradard, pheph de ka kaiansar, khaansi, aankhoan mean jalan, gale ka dard, nimoniya, hriday rog, ulti aur jukam adi rog ho sakate hai. salphar daee aksaid se emphayasima namak rog hota hai. amerika me prativarsh 50,000 log is rog se mar jate hai.

jiv-jantuoan par prabhav

vayu pradooshan ka prabhav jiv-jantuoan par bhi gambhir roop se p data haian. isaki vajah se jiv-jantuoan ka shvasan tantr evan keandriy tantrika tantr prabhavit hota hai. motar vahano se nikale dhuean se prakash ki parabaiangani kiranoan ki matra kam ho jati hai aur jiv-jantu prabhavit hote haian. vayu pradooshan se shalabh, madhumakkhi evan kitabhakshi stanaposhi b di sankhya mean marate hai. isake atirakt ghas adi pashuo ke chare par jab vibhann klorai yaugikoan ka avapat hota hai aur jab pashu is prakar ke chare ko khate hai to unake sharir mean phloraid yaugiko ki matra badh jati hai, jisase unake daant v haddiyoan mean phloooarosis rog ho jata hai, parinamasvaroop unaka vajan ghatane lagata hai aur pairoan mean lang dapan a jata hai.

vayu pradooshak gaisoan ki asahaniy simaean

pradooshak gais	prati mi3 vayu mean bhar	adhikatam sahaniy sima
karban mono aksaid	10	8 ghante
naitrojan aauksaid	250	24 ghante
salphar daee aauksaid	365	24 ghante
haidrokarban yaugik	125	30ghante
photo rasayanik aauksaid	125	1 ghante

pe d paudhoan evan vanaspatiyoan par prabhav

vayu pradooshan se vriksh, phal, phool evan sabjiyaan vyapak roop se prabhavit hoti haian. pradooshit vayu ke karan soory ke prakash ki matra me kami a jati hai jisase paudhoan ki prakash sanshleshan kriya kuprabhavit hoti hai. vayu pradooshit kshetroan mean jab barasat hoti hai to varsha mean vibhinn prakar ki gaisean evan vishaile padarth ghulakar dharati par a jate haian tatha paudhoan ki j doan mean pahuanchakar unhean nasht kar dete haian.

karban mono aksaid, salphar daeeaksaid, phloraid tatha ozon jaise pradooshak paudhoan ko buri tarah se prabhavit karate haian. jab ozon ka star 0.02 piech ho jata hai to tamatar, matar, tambakoo, chi d tatha any prakar ke pe d-paudhoan par viparit prabhav p data hai. salphar daeeaksaid ki adhikata se paudhoan ki pattiyaan rangahin hokar nasht ho jati haian. prayah dekha gaya hai ki jin kshetroan mean eet ke bhatte hote haian, vahaan am ki phasal buri tarah prabhavit hoti hai kyoanki unaki chimaniyoan se nikalane vala dhuaan pe d-paudhoan ke lie hanikarak hota hai. vayu pradooshan jahaan ek or paudhoan ki vriddhi ko prabhavit karata hai vahian phasaloan ke utpadan par bhi apana kuprabhav dalata hai.

isi prakar motar vahano ke dhuean mean maujood ethilin se vrikshoan mean lage phalo ki karoneshan pankhudi़yaan aandar ki taraph mu d jati haian jisase arakid ke bahy dal sookh jate haian aur phool nasht ho jata hai.

jalavayu aur mausam par prabhav

vayu pradooshan se vishv ki jalavayu kafi prabhavit huee hai. pichhale kuchh varshoan mean thandi jalavayu vale kshetr kafi garm ho ge haian aur garm sthan thande ho gaye haian. badh evan sookha ka ek karan vayu pradooshan hai.

vaijnanikoan ke anusar vayumandal mean prativarsh karban daeeaksaid ki matra 2 pratishat ki dar se badh rahi hai tatha pichhale 50 saloan mean prithvi ke ausat tapaman mean 1° selsiyas ki vriddhi huee hai. vaijnanikoan ka kahana hai ki yadi prithvi ka tapaman 3.6 aur badh jata hai to isaka parinam yah hoga ki antarkatika tatha arkatik dhruvoan par jami barph pighal jaegi aur samudr ki satah 100 mitar ooanchi ho jaegi, parinam svaroop sari prithvi jalamagn ho jaegi. yadi tapaman vriddhi ki yahi dar vidyaman rahi to jal pralay ki sthiti 108 varshoan bad a jaegi.

aisa mahasoos kiya ja raha hai ki pichhale kuchh varshoan mean ja doan mean pahale ki tulana mean adhik thand aur garmiyoan mean adhik garmi p d rahi hai. shahari kshetroan ka dainik tapaman gramin kshetroan ki tulana mean adhik hota hai. isaka ek karan yah hai ki vayu pradooshak tapaman ka paravartan karate haian.

drishyata par prabhav

vayu mean upasthit pradooshak padarthoan ke chhote-chhote kan prakash ki kiranoan ko prakirnit kar dete haian jisase drishyata kam ho jati hai. thande pradeshoan mean vayumandal ki nami evan nimn tap ke karan haidrokarban vayumandal mean jam jate haian, jisase dhoom kuhasa ban jata hai, parinamasvaroop durghatanao ki sambhavana badh jati hai.

imaratoan par prabhav

vayu pradooshan se aitihasik imaratean prabhavit hoti hai kyoanki ve visheshakar sangamaramar ki bani hoti hai athava unamean kaanse ka upayog kiya gaya hai. bharat mean mathura riphainari ki esid lapato se tajamahal aur vahaan ke prachin mandir prabhavit ho rahe haian. indraprasth bijalighar mean prayukt koyale ki rakh se lal qile ke patthar prabhavit ho rahe hai.

tajamahal par viparit prabhav p dane ka karan yah bhi hai ki mathura riphainari se jo dhuaan nikalata hai, usamean salphar daee aksaid ki matra adhik hoti hai, jo varsha ke jal ke sath abhikriya karake salphyoorik aml sangamaramar par viparit prabhav chho data hai.

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any prabhav

vayu pradooshan ke kuchh any prabhav nimn haian-

1. pradooshit vayu mean haidrojan salphaid gais ki matra nirdharit matra se adhik hoti hai jisase chaandi ki chamak kam ho jati hai aur sise se bani vastuean kali p d jati hai.
2. amliy vayu pradooshakoan se dhatuoan mean jang lag jati hai tatha kap d kamazor ho jata hai.
3. pradooshit vayu ka prabhav ispat par bhi p data hai. shahari kshetroan mean pradooshan jyada hone ke karan yahaan ispat gramin kshetroan ki tulana mean jyada ghisata hai.

vayu pradooshan ko niyantrit karane ke upay

1. kal-karakhanoan ki chimaniyoan ki uanchaee adhik honi chahie.
2. rel yatayat mean koyale athava dizal ke ianjanoan ke sthan par bijali ke ianjanoan ka upayog kiya jana chahiye.
3. motar vahanoan ka rakh-rakhav thik rakha jae. karaburetar ki saphaee kar karban mono aksaid ka utsarjan kam kiya ja sakata hai tatha led rahit petrol ka eeandhan ke roop mean prayog kiya jae.
4. purane vahan ke sanchalan par pratibandh lagaya jae kyoanki unase vayu pradooshan jyada hota hai.
5. gharoan mean saur oorja chalak kukar ka upayog kiya jae.
6. yooro-1 aur yooro-2 manakoan ka k daee se palan karaya jae.

vayu pradooshan niyantrit karane ke kuchh any upay

1. ozon parat ko kshatigrast karane vale klorophloro karban (phriy aaun-11 tatha phriy aaun-12) ke utpadan evan upayog par katauti ki jani chahie.
2. karakhanoan ki chimaniyoan mean baig philtar ka upayog kiya jana chahie, jisase chimaniyoan se nikalane vale dhuean mean maujood kalikh evan kanakiy padarth chimani ke niche baith jae tatha gais philtar se hokar nikal jae.
3. 50 maikromitar se b de akar ke kanikiy padarthoan ko philtar karane ke lie saiklon separetar ya saiklon kalektar tatha vet skrabar ka upayog kiya jana chahie. isake lie karakhanoan se nikalane vale kanikiy padartho se yukt dhuean ko shankkakar silindar se hokar gujara jata hai. silindar me thos kanoan yukt dhuean ka tezise manthan hota hai tatha thos padarth niche se nikal jate haian, bachi huee gais oopar se nikal jati hai. vet skrabar ke tahat gaisoan ko jal ke prayog dvara saf kiya jata hai. ek maikromitar se chhote akar ke kanikiy padarthoan ko dhuean se alag karane ke lie ilektrostetik presipitetar, haee inarji skrabar tatha phaibrik philtar ka upayog kiya jata hai. petrol chalit vahano se pradooshak gaisoan ke utsarjan ko niyantrit karane ke lie unamean kaitalik kanvartar lagaya jana chahie.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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