जैन दर्शन में अध्यात्म

'adhyatm' shabd adhi+atm –in do shabdoan se bana hai, jisaka arth hai ki atma ko adhar banakar chintan ya kathan ho, vah adhyatm hai. yah isaka vyutpatti arth he. yah jagath jain darshan ke anusar chhah dravyoan ke samudayatmak hai. ve chhah dravy haian-

1. jiv,
2. pudgal,
3. dharm,
4. adharm,
5. akash aur
6. kal.

• inamean jiv dravy chetan hai, jise 'atma' shabd se bhi kaha jata hai. shesh paanchoan dravy ajiv haian, jinhean achetan, j d aur anatm shabdoan se bhi vyavahrit kiya jata hai. pudgal dravy sparsh, ras, gandh aur roop gunoanvala hone se indriyoan ka vishay hai. par akash, kal, dharm aur adharm ye char ajiv dravy indriyagochar nahian haian, kyoanki unamean sparsh, gandh, ras aur roop nahian haian. par agam aur anuman se unaka astitv siddh hai.
• hamare bhitar do dravyoan ka mel hai- sharir aur atma sharir achetan ya j d hai aur atma sachetan hai, jnata-drashtahai. kintu vah sparsh-ras-gandh-varn-shabd roop nahian hai. at: paanchoan indriyoan ka vishay nahian hai. aisa hone par bhi vah sharir se bhinn apane prithakh astitv ko manata hai. yadyapi janm mean to sharir ke sath hi aya. par maran ke samay yah spasht ho jata hai ki deh matr rah gayi, atma prithakh ho gaya, chala gaya.
• kary ki utpatti mean do karan mane jate hai-

1. upadan aur
2. nimitt.

• nimitt karan vah hota hai jo us upadan ka sahayogi hota hai, par karak nahian. yadi pratyek dravy ke parivartan mean par dravy ko karta mana jaye to vah parivartan svadhin n hoga, kintu paradhin ho jayegi aur aisi sthiti mean dravy ki svatantrata samapt ho jayegi. is siddhant ke anusar jiv dravy ki sansar se mukti paradhin ho jayegi, jab ki mukti svadhinata ka nam hai ya aisa kahie ki paradhinata se chhootane ka nam hi mukti hai.
• sansar mean jivan ka bandhan yadyapi par ke sath hai, par us bandhan mean aparadh us jiv ka svayan ka hean vah nij ke svaroop ko n janane ki bhool se par ko apanata hai aur vahian usaka bandhan hai. aur yah bandhan hi sansar hai. is bandhan se chhootane ke liye jab use apani bhool ka jnan hota hai, to vah us marg se virakt hota hai.
• saraansh yah hai ki sansari atma apane vikari bhavoan ke karan karm se bandha hai aur apane atmajnan roop avikari bhav se hi karmabandhan se mukt hota hai. par sansari aur mukti donoan avastha mean apane un un bhavoan ka kartta vah svayan hai, any koee nahian. jnani jnan bhav ka kartta hai aur ajnani ajnanamay bhavoan ka kartta hai. samayasar mean achary kundakund ne yahi likha hai—

yan karoti bhavamatma kartta so bhavati tasy bhavasy.
jnaninastujnanamayoajnanamayoajnanin:॥ -sanskrit chhaya,126॥

arthath jo atma jis samay jis bhav ko karata hai us samay us bhav ka kartta vahi hai. jnani ka bhav jnanamay hota hai aur ajnani ka bhav ajnanamay hota hai.

• achary amritachandr bhi likhate haian-

jnanino jnananirvritta: sarve bhava bhavanti hi.
sarveapyajnananirvritta bhavantyajnaninastu te॥67॥

• karta aur karm ke sambandh mean achary amritachandr kahate haian-

y: parinamati s karta y: parinamo bhavettu tath karm.
ya parinati: kriya sa trayamapi bhinnan n vastutaya ॥51॥

• jo padarth parivartit hota hai vah apani parinati ka svayan kartta hai aur vah parinaman usaka karm hai aur parinati hi usaki kriya haian. ye tinoan vastut: ek hi vastu mean abhinn roop mean hi haian, bhinn roop mean nahian.

ek: parinamati sada parinamo jayate te sadaikasy.
ekasy parinati: syath anekamapyekamev yat: ॥52॥

• dravy akela hi nirantar parinaman karata hai vah parinaman bhi us ek dravy mean hi paya jata hai aur parinati kriya usi ek mean hi hoti hai isaliye siddh hai karta, karm, kriya anek hokar bhi ek sattatmak hai. tatpary yah hai ki ham apane parinaman ke karta svayan haian doosare ke parinaman ke karta nahian haian. age chalakar achary amritachandr likhate haian-

asansarat ev dhavati paran kurveahamityuchchakai:
durvaran nanu mohinamih mahahankararoopan tam:.
tadbhootarthaparigrahen vilayan yadyekavaran vrajeth
tath kian jnanadhanasy bandhanamaho bhooyo bhavedatman:॥55॥

• arthath sansari praniyoan ki anadi kal se hi aisi dau d lag rahi hai ki maian par ko aisa kar looan. yah mohi ajnani purushoan ka mithya ahankar hai. jab tak yah toot n ho tab tak usaka karm bandh nahian chhootata. isiliye vah du:khi hota hai aur bandhan mean p data hai. isi ko spasht karane ke liye unhoanne yah siddhaant sthapit kiya hai ki-

atmabhavanh karotyatma parabhavanh sada par:.
atmaiv hyatmano bhava: parasy par ev te॥56॥

• isaka tatpary yah hai ki atma apane hi bhavoan ka karta hai aur paradravyoan ke bhavoan ka (parivartanoan ka) karta paradravy hi hai. atmabhav atma hi hai.

jain karm siddhant : namakarm ke vishesh sandarbh mean

jain karm siddhant isalie mahattvapoorn hai ki isake madhyam se eeshvaradi parakartritv ya srishtakirtritv ke bhram ko to dakar pratyek prani ko apane purusharth dvara us anant chatushtay (anant-darshan, anant-jnan, anant-bal aur anant-viry) ki prapti ka marg sahaj aur prashast kiya hai. vastut: pratyek prani apane bhagy ka svayan sashta, svarg-narak ka nirmata aur svayan hi bandhan aur moksh ko prapt karane vala hai. isamean eeshvar adi kisi any madhyam ko bich mean lakar use kartritv manana ghor mithyatv batalaya gaya hai. isilie 'bujjhijjatti uttijja bandhanan parijaniya'- agam ka yah vaky smaraniy hai jisamean kaha gaya hai ki bandhan ko samajho aur to doan, tumhari anantashakti ke samaksh bandhan ki koee hasti nahian hai.

• isalie jain evan vedant darshan ka yahi svar bar-bar yad ata hai ki re atmanh. teri mukti tere hi hath mean hai, too hi bandhan karane vala hai aur too hi apane ko mukt karane vala bhi hai-

svayan karm karotyatma svayan tatphalamashnute.
svayan bhramati sansare svayan tasmadh vimujyate॥

• isilie ek ko doosaroan ke sukh-du:kh, jivan-maran ka karta manana ajnanata hai. yadi aisa man liya jae to phir svayan krit shubhashubh karm nishphal siddh hoange. is sandarbh mean achary amitagati ka yah kathan smaraniy hai-

svayan kritan karm yadatmana pura, phalan tadiyan labhate shubhashubhamh.
parenadattan yadi labhyate sphutan, svayan kritan karm nirarthakan tada॥
nijarjitan karm vihay dehino, n koapi kasyapi dadati kianchan.
vicharayannevamanany manas: paro dadatiti vimuchy shemushimh॥

• is tarah jain karm siddhant daivavad nahian apitu adhyatmavad hai. kyoanki isamean drishyaman sabhi avasthaoan ko karmajany kahakar yah pratipadan kiya gaya hai ki 'atma alag hai aur karmajany sharir alag haian.' is bhed vijnan ka sarvochch upadeshta hone ke karan jain karm siddhant adhyatmavad ka hi doosara nam siddh hota hai.
• karmabandh ke char bhed haian —

1. karmoan mean jnan adi gunoan ko ghatane, sukh-du:khadi dene ka svabhav p dana prakritibandh hai.
2. karm bandhane par jitane samay tak atma ke sath baddh raheange, us samay ki maryada ka nam sthitibandh hai.
3. karm tivr ya mand jaisa phal de us phaladan ki shakti ka p dana anubhagabandh hai.
4. karm paramanuoan ki sankhya ke parinam ko pradeshabandh kahate haian.

namakarm ka svaroop

namakarm ke vishesh vivechan ke poorv sarvapratham usaka svaroop jan lena bhi avashyak hai.

• achary kundakund ne kaha hai-

kamman namasamakkhan sabhavamadh appano sahaven.
abhibhooy naran tiriyan neriyan vasuran kunadi ॥ pravachanasar 117॥

• arthath nam sanjna vala karm jiv ke shuddh svabhav ko achchhadit karake use manushy, tiryanch, naraki athava devaroop karata hai. dhavala tika mean kaha hai- jo nana prakar ki rachana nirvritt karata hai vah namakarm hai. sharir, sansthan, sanhanan, varn, gandh adi karyoan ke karane vale jo pudgal jiv mean nivisht haian ve 'nam' is sanjna vale hote haian.
• achary poojyapad ne sarvarthasiddhi mean batalaya hai ki atma ka narak adi roop namakaran karana namakarm ki prakriti (svabhav) hai, jo atma ko namata hai ya jisake dvara atma namata hai, vah 'namakarm' hai.
• is namakarm ki bayalis prakritiyaan tatha tairanave uttar prakritiyaan haian. inamean sharir namakarm ke antargat sharir ke paanch bhedoan ka niroopan vishesh drishtavy hai. vastut: audarik ya vaikriyik sharir yogy karm varganaoan ko grahan karana-yahi janm ka prarambh hai. karmoan ke hi uday se vah jiv bina chahe hue maran karake doosari paryay mean utpann hota hai. vahaan varganaoan ka grahan namakarm ke uday se svayamev hota rahata hai. ye varganayean svayan hi paryapti, nirman, aangopaang adi ke uday se audarik ya vaikriyik sharir ke akar parinaman kar jati hai. jaise- jiv ke ashuddh bhavoan ka nimitt pakar lok mean sarvatr phaili huee karman varganayean svayan hi apane-apane svabhavananusar jnanavaranadi poorvokt ath karmasth parinaman kar jati hai. isi tarah namakarm tatha gotrakarm ke uday se bhinn-bhinn jati ki varganayean svayan hi anek prakar ke dev, naraki, manushy, tiryachoan ke sharir ke akar roop parinaman kar jati hai. is tarah yah sharir atma ka koee karan ya kary nahian hai, karmoan ka hi kary hai.

namakarm aur usaki prakritiyaan

• namakarm ki bayalis prakritiyaan haian. inhean pind prakritiyaan bhi kahate haian. ye is prakar haian- gati, jati, sharir, bandhan, sanghat, sansthan, sanhanan, aangopaang, varn, ras, gandh, sparsh, anupoorvi, agurulaghu, upaghat, paraghat, uchchhvas, atap, udyot, vihayogati, tras, sthavar, sookshm, badar, paryapt, aparyapt, sadharan, pratyek, sthir, shubh, subhag, adey, asthir, ashubh, durbhag, anadey, du:svar, ayashaskirti, susvar, yashaskirti, nirman aur tirthankaratv.
• ye bayalis prakritiyaan hi namakarm ke bhed (prakar) kahe jate haian. is prakar haian-

1. gati namakarm-gati, bhav, sansar— ye paryayavachi shabd hai. jisake uday se atma bhavantar ko gaman karata hai vah gati namakarm hai. yadi vah karm n ho to jiv gati rahit ho jayega. isi gati namakarm ke uday se jiv mean rahane se ayu karm ki sthiti rahati hai aur sharir adi karm uday ko prapt hote haian. narak, tiryach, manushy aur devagati – ye isake char bhed haian. jin karmaskandhoan ke uday se atma ko narak, tiryach adi bhav prapt hote haian, unase yukt jivoan ko un-un gatiyoan mean narak-gati, tiryakagati adi sanjnayean prapt hoti haian.
2. jati namakarm— jin karmaskandhoan se sadrishata prapt hoti hai, jivaan ke us sadrish parinam ko jati kahate haian arthath un gatiyoan mean atyabhichari sadrish se ekibhoot svabhav (ekaroopaka) ka nam jati hai. yadi jati namakarm n ho to khatamal-khatamal ke saman, bichchhoo-bichchhoo ke saman isi prakar any sabhi samanyat: ek jaise nahian ho sakate. jati ke paanch bhed haian- ekendriy dvindriy, trindriy, chaturindriy aur panchendriy. inake lakshan is prakar haian – jisake uday se jiv ekendriy jati mean paida ho arthath ekendriy sharir dharan kare use ekendriy jati namakarm kahate haian. isi prakar dvindriyadi ka svaroop banata hai.
3. shariranamakarm— jisake uday se atma ke lie sharir ki rachana hoti hai vah sharir namakarm hai. yah karm atma ko adhar ya ashray pradan karata hai. kyoanki kaha hai ki 'yadi sharir-namakarm n syadatma vimukt: syath arthath yadi yah karm n ho to atma mukt ho jay. isake bhi paanch bhed haian – audarik, vaikriyik, aharak, tejas aur karman sharir. jisake uday se jiv ke dvara grahan kiye gaye ahar vargana roop pudgalaskandh ras, rudhir, maans, asthi, majja aur shukr svabhav se parinat hokar audarik sharir roop ho jate haian usaka nam audarik sharir hai. isi prakar any bhedoan ka svaroop banata hai.
4. bandhan namakarm— sharir namakarm ke uday se jo ahar-varganaroop pudgal-skandh grahan kiye un pudgalaskandhoan ka paraspar sanshlesh sambandh jis karm ke uday se ho use bandhan-namakarm kahate haian. yadi yah karm n ho to yah sharir baloo dvara banaye hue purush ke sharir ki tarah ho jay. isake bhi audarik, vaikriyik sharir, bandhan adi paanch bhed haian.
5. sanghat namakarm— jisake uday se audarik sharir, chhidr rahit paraspar pradeshoan ka ek kshetravagah roop ekatv prapt ho use sanghat namakarm kahate haian isake bhi audarik-sharir sanghat adi paanch bhed haian.
6. sansthan namakarm— jisake uday se audarik adi sharir ke akar ki rachana ho vah sansthan namakarm hai. isake chhah bhed haian- samachaturastr, nyagrodhaparimandal, svati kushjak, vaman aur huandak (visham akar) sansthan.
7. sanhanan namakarm— jisake uday se haddiyoan ki sandhi mean bandhan vishesh hota hai vah sanhanan namakarm hai. isake chhah bhed haian. 1.vajrarshabhanarach, 2.vajranarach, 3. narach, 4.arddhanarach, 5.kilak aur 6. asanpraptasripatika sanhanan.
8. aangopaang namakarm— jis karm ke uday se aang aur upaangoan ki spasht rachana ho vah aangopaang namakarm haian isake tin bhed haian- audarik, vaikriyik aur aharak sharir, aangopaang
9. varn namakarm— jis karm ke uday se sharir mean krishna, nil, rakt, harit aur shukl – ye varn (rang ya roop) utpann hoan vah varn namakarm hai. in 5 varnoan se hi isake paanch bhed banate haian. jis karm ke uday se sharir ke pudgaloan mean krishnata prapt hoti hai vah krishnavarn namakarm hai. isi tarah any haian.
10. ras namakarm— isake uday se sharir mean jati ke anusar jaise niboo, nim adi mean pratiniyat tikt, katuk, kashay, aml aur madhur ras utpann hote haian. yahi is namakarm ke paanch bhed haian.
11. gandh namakarm— jisake uday se jiv ke sharir mean usaki jati ke anusar gandh utpann ho vah gandh namakarm hai. isake do bhed haian- sugandh aur durgandh.
12. sparsh namakarm— jis karmaskandh ke uday se jiv ke sharir mean usaki jati ke anuroop sparsh utpann ho. jaise sabhi utpal, kamal adi mean pratiniyat sparsh dekha jata hai. isake ath bhed haian- karkash, mridu, guru, laghu, snigdh, sooksh, shit aur ushn.
13. anupoorvi namakarm— jis karm ke uday se vigrahagati mean poorvasharir (maran se pahale ke sharir) ka akar rahe usaka nam anupoorvi hai. is karm ka abhav nahian kaha ja sakata kyoanki vigrahagati mean us avastha ke lie nishchit akar upalabdh hota hai aur uttam sharir grahan karane ke prati gaman ki upalabdhi bhi payi jati hai. isake char bhed haian- narakagati prayogyanupoorvy, tiryaggati., manushyagati., devagatianprayogyanupoorv.
14. agurulaghu namakarm— jisake uday se yah jiv anantanant pudgaloan se poorn hokar bhi lohapind ki tarah guru (bhari) hokar n to niche gire aur ruee ke saman halka hokar oopar bhi n jay use agurulaghu namakarm kahate haian.
15. upaghat namakarm— 'upety ghat: upaghat:' arthath pas akar ghat hona upaghat hai. jis karm ke uday se apane dvara hi kiye gaye galapash adi bandhan aur parvat se girana adi nimittoan se apana ghat ho jata hai vah upaghat namakarm hai. athava jo karm jivako apane hi pi da mean karanabhoot b de-b de siang, udar adi avayavoan ko rachana hai vah upaghat hai.
16. paraghat namakarm— jisake uday se doosare ka ghat karane vale aangopaang ho use paraghat namakarm kahate haian. jaise bichchhoo ki pooanchh adi.
17. uchchhravas— jisake uday se jiv ko shvasochchhavas ho.
18. atap— jisake uday se jiv ka sharir atap arthath usamean any ko santapt karane vala prakash utpann hota hai vah atap hai. jaise soory adi mean hone vale prithvi kayik adi mean aisa tapakari prakash dikhata hai.
19. udyot— jisake uday se jiv ke sharir mean udyot (shitalata dene vala prakash) utpann hota hai vah udyot namakarm hai. jaise chandrama, nakshatr, vimanoan aur juganoo adi jivoan ke shariroan mean udyot hota hai.
20. vihayogati— jisake uday se akash mean gaman ho use vihayogati namakarm kahate haian. isake prashast aur aprashast ye do bhed haian.
21. tras namakarm— jisake uday se dvindriyadik jivoan mean utpann ho, use tras namakarm kahate haian.
22. sthavar (sthool)- jisake uday se ekendriy jivoan (sthavar kayoan) mean utpann ho vah sthavar namakarm hai.
23. badar (sthool)— jisake uday se doosare ko rokane vala tatha doosare se rukane vala sthool sharir prapt ho use badar sharir namakarm kahate haian.
24. sookshm namakarm— jisake uday se aisa sharir prapt ho, jo n kisi ko rok sakata ho aur n kisi se roka ja sakata ho, use sookshm sharir namakarm kahate haian.
25. paryapti— jisake uday se ahar, sharir, indriy, shvasochchhavas, bhasha aur man-in chhah paryaptiyoan ki rachana hoti hai vah paryapti namakarm hai. ye hi isake chhah bhed haian.
26. aparyapti— uparyukt paryaptiyoan ki poornata ka n hona aparyapti hai.
27. pratyek sharir namakarm— jisake uday se ek sharir ka ek hi jiv svami ho use pratyek sharir namakarm kahate haian.
28. sadharan sharir namakarm— jisake uday se ek sharir ke anek jiv svami hoan, use sadharan-sharir namakarm kahate haian.
29. sthir namakarm— jis karm ke uday se sharir ki dhatuean (ras, rudhir, maans, med, majja, haddi aur shukr) in sat dhatuoan ki sthirata hoti hai vah sthir namakarm hai.
30. asthir— jisake uday se in dhatuoan mean uttarottar asthir roop parinaman hota jata hai vah asthir namakarm hai.
31. shubhanamakarm— jisake uday se sharir ke aangoan aur upaangoan mean ramaniyata (sundarata) ati hai vah shubh namakarm hai.
32. ashubhanamakarm— jisake uday se sharir ke avayav amanojn hoan use ashubhanam karm kahate haian.
33. subhag,
34. durbhaganamakarm— jisake uday se stri-purush ya any jivoan mean paraspar priti utpann ho use subhag namakarm tatha roopadi gunoan se yukt hote hue bhi logoan ke jisake uday se apritikar pratit hota hai use durbhag namakarm kahate haian.
35. adey,
36. anadey namakarm— jisake uday se adey-prabha sahit sharir ho vah adey tatha nishprabh sharir ho vah anadey namakarm hai.
37. susvar,
38. dusvar namakarm- jisake uday se shobhan (madhur) svar ho vah susvar tatha amanojn svar hota hai vah du:svar namakarm hai.
39. yash:kirti,
40. ayash:kirti namakarm— jisake uday se jiv ki prashansa ho vah yash:kirti tatha nipda ho vah ayash: kirti namakarm hai.
41. niman (nirman) namakarm— nishchit man (map) ko niman kahate haian. isake do bhed haian – praman aur sthan. jis karm ke uday se aangopaangoan ki rachana yathapraman aur yathasthan ho use niman ya nirman namakarm kahate haian.
42. tirthankar namakarm— jis karm ke uday se tin lokoan mean poojy param arhanty pad prapt hota hai vah paramotkrisht tirthankar namakarm hai.

is prakar ye namakarm ki 42 pind prakritiyaan haian. inhian mean ek-ek ki apeksha inake 93 bhed haian. inamean antim tirthankar namakarm ka astrav darshanavishuddhi adi solahakaran bhavanaoan ka vidhan hai. yadyapi ye ek sath sabhi solah bhavanayean avashyak nahian hai. kintu ek darshanavishuddhi ati avashyak hoti hai. do se lekar solah karanoan ke vikas se bhi tirthankar namakarm ka bandh hota hai.