फ़ित्ना
fitna arabi bhasha ka ek shabd hai, jisaka arth parikshan ya jaanch hai. islami arth mean vidharmi bagavat, visheshakar muslim samuday (656-661 ee.) mean pahala b da aantarik sangharsh, jisane sunni aur shiya ke bich grihayuddh aur rajanitik phoot ko janm diya tha.
makka ke umayya parivar ke sadasy tisare khalifa usman[1] ne adhikarik niyuktiyoan mean makka ke apane parivar ka paksh lekar muhammad ke nazadiki anuyayiyoan, madina ke musalamanoan se vair mol liya. misr ke sipahiyoan dvara usman ki hatya (17 joon 656) ne makkavasiyoan ko badale ke lie ukasaya aur jab madiravasiyoan dvara manonit chauthe khalifa aur muhammad ke damad ali ise poora karane mean asaphal rahe, to virodh ka rukh unake khilaf ho gaya. muhammad ki vidhavaoan mean se ek, ayasha aur paiganbar ke pramukh sahayogiyoan talaha aur az-jubair, ki senaoan aur ali ki sena ke bich hue yuddh ne, jise ooantoan ki l daee (disan. 656) bhi kahate haian. ali ki sthiti ko asthayi roop se surakshit kar diya, lekin isase grihayuddh ki shuruat ho gee. makka ke ek aur umayya tatha siriya ke prashasan muaviya ne usman ki mrityu ke pratishodh ki maang ki aur ali ke khalifa ke pad par baithane par prashn uthaya. sifin ki l daee (657) mean unaka sangharsh, jise adaroo (656) mean huee panchayat mean sulajhane ka prayas kiya gaya, ghor anarthakari tha: isane ali ki sena mean phoot dal di, unake kuchh anuyayiyoan[2] ne aise mamale mean manaviy madhyasthata ko svikar karane se inakar kar diya, jisake bare mean ve manate the ki allah hi isaka nirnay kar sakata hai. jab madhyasthoan ne ali ko adhikarik khalifa ghoshit nahian kiya, to unaki sthiti adhik kamazor ho gee; isake parinamasvaroop islam mean aparivartaniy vibhajan hua tatha shiyat ali[3] ki sthapana huee, jisamean ali ke rajanitik sahayogi the, jinhoanne aantat: apani rajanitik maangoan ko dharmik vishvas ka roop diya. ali aur usake vanshajoan ko daivi roop se khalifa se pad par muhammad ka uttaradhikari niyukt kiya gaya tha. is natije se sashakt hokar muaviya ne misr par qabza kar liya aur ali ke gadh iraq par akraman shuroo kar diya. yah khuli l daee aantat: 661 mean samapt huee, jab ali ki hatya ho gee aur muaviya ne pahale umayya khalifa ke roop mean apana shasan shuroo kiya, lekin sunni aur shiyaoan ke bich dharmik phoot badhati gee.
tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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