भारत का विदेशी व्यापार

videsh vyapar mean vastuoan, sevaoan aur vitiy sansadhanoan ka aantardeshiy pravah shamil hai. videsh vyapar dvara videshi pooanji aur visheshajnoan ki madad se desh mean upalabdh sansadhanoan ka behatar istemal hota hai. yah ek desh ko videshi vinimay prapt karane ki kshamata pradan karata hai. ayat aur niryat aksar durlabh ya bahutayat mean prapt vastu ki kimatoan mean bhari parivartan (utar-chadhav) ko kam karata hai. vyapar ek desh ki upabhog kshamataoan ka vistar karata hai, aur durlabh sansadhanoan tak pahuanch pradan karata hai aur utpad ke lie vishvabhar ke bazar tak vistar deta hai jo sanvriddhi ke lie avashyak hai. aantatah videsh vyapar niti sanvriddhi evan vikas ko badhane mean sahayak hoti hai.

rooparekha

bharat ke vishv ke bhaugolik pradeshoan aur b de vyaparik samoohoan ke sath vyaparik sanbandh haian jisamean pashchimi yoorop, poorvi yoorop, poorvavarti soviyat sangh (roos) aur baltik rajy, eshiya, osiniya, afrika, uttari amerika aur laitin amerika ate haian. 1950-1951 mean bharat ka kul videsh vyapar (ayat evan niryat) 1214 karo d rupaye tha. tab se yah samay-samay par mandi ke sath lagatar vriddhi karane ka sakshi hai. jabaki bharat ki vyapar sanvriddhi ka vishv vyapar badhotari ke sath ek majaboot sah-sanbandh hai, yah vishv vyapar sanvriddhi ki tulana mean ooancha raha hai, vishesh roop se, 1990 ke sudhar ka anusaran karane par aur varsh 2003 ke bad ki do samayavadhiyoan mean.

sangathan

vyapar sangathan ka do shreniyoan ke tahath adhyayan kiya ja sakata hai- ayat aur niryat.
halaanki takaniki roop se, vyapar mean sevaoan aur vittiy sansadhanoan ko shamil kiya jata hai, bharat mean vyapar se sanbandhit aank doan mean samanyatah keval vastuoan par soochana shamil hoti hai.

ayat

ayat ko ambari ayat aur gair-ambari ayat mean vargikrit kiya ja sakata hai.

ambari ayat madoan mean shamil haian-

1. petroliyam, tel evan lubrikeant (pioel)
2. n aaun-pioel jaisi upabhog vastuean (khady tel, chini ityadi), urvarak aur lauh evan ispat.

gair-ambari ayat madoan mean shamil haian-

1. pooanji vastuean jinamean dhatuean, mashini aujar, ilektrik evan gair-ilektrik mashinari
2. moti, bahumooly aur alp mooly patthar

any

abhi hal tak, bharat ke ayat ki sanrachana desh dvara dvitiy niyojan ke dauran 1956 ki shuruat mean apanaee gee audyogikaran ki rananiti ko pratibimbit karati hai. is samay b di matra mean mashinari, parivahan upakaran, yantr evan upakaran ityadi pooanjigat saman ka ayat hua. lauh evan ispat, petroliyam, rasayanoan ityadi ke audyogik vikas hetu agatoan ka bhi ayat kiya gaya. in vastuoan ke ayat ne audyogik vikas ko praranbh karane mean madad ki aur kee varshoan ke lie isake vistar mean bhi madad ki. badhati janasankhya ki zarooratoan tatha prakritik apadaoan jaise badh ityadi ke karan ghareloo utpadan mean ayi kami ko poora karane ke lie bhi upabhokta vastuoan jisamean b di matra mean anaj evan inake bane utpad bhi ayat kie ge.

niryat

bharat ke niryat mote taur par char vagoan mean vibhakt kiye jate haian-

1. krishi aur sambandhit utpad jisamean k aauphi, chay, khal, tambakoo, kajoo, garam masale, chini, kachchi ruee, chaval, machhali aur machhali se bani vastuean, gosht aur gosht se bani vastuean, vanaspati tel, phal, sabjiyaan aur dalean.
2. ayaskoan aur khanijoan mean maianganij ayask, abhrak aur kachcha loha shamil kie jate haian.
3. nirmit vastuoan mean sooti vastr aur sile-silae kap de, patasan ki bani vastuean, cham da aur joot, haiandikraphts, haindaloom, kutir evan krapht vastuean, moti aur bahumooly patthar, rasayan, ianjiniyariang vastuean tatha lauh evan ispat shamil kie jate haian.
4. khanij, eedhan aur lubrikents.

bharat ne dhire-dhire svatantrata poorv mukhy roop se prathamik utpad niryat karane vale desh se vartaman mean nirmit utpadoan ke niryatak ke roop mean svayan ko parivartit kiya hai. arthavyavastha mean hue vikas ko pratibimbit karate hue, niryat ki jane vali madoan mean paramparagat se gair-paramparagat madoan ki or parivartan hua.

bharatiy niryat-ayat baiank

bharatiy niryat-ayat baiank, jise amataur par 'ekjim baiank' ke nam se jana jata hai, varsh 1982 mean gathit kiya gaya-

1. aeedibiaee ki aantararashtriy vitt ikaee ke sanchalan ko apane hath mean lene ke lie.
2. niryatakoan evan ayatakoan ko vittiy madad pradan karane ke lie.
3. sevaoan evan vastuoan ke niryat evan ayat ke vitiyan mean sanlagn any sansthanoan ki gatividhiyoan ke samanvay hetu ek sarvochch vittiy sansthan ke taur par kary karane ke lie.

ekjim baiank vanijyik baiankoan evan vittiy sansthanoan ko punarvitt ki suvidha bhi pradan karata hai jo niryat-ayat gatividhi ko vit pradan karate haian. baiank ke nirgam evan chukata pooanji vartaman mean 440 karo d rupaye ki hai, jisamean 100 karo d rupaye bharat sarakar dvara poori tarah se aanshadan kiya hue haian. yah bharat sarakar, rizarv baiank se rrin evan bazar mean apane b aaund evan rrin patroan ke nirgam dvara atirikt sansadhanoan ko jutata hai. yah any deshoan se videshi mudra ko bhi udhar leta hai. rupaye mean niryat ne vriddhi ke chalan ka pradarshan kiya aur saloan mean isake adhar ka vividhikaran kiya. jabaki sal-dar-sal parivartan hota raha, vastuean jinaki vigath kuchh varshoan mean niryat mean vriddhi parilakshit huee, unamean krishi aur sambaddh utpad, ayask evan khanij, hire-javaharat, rasayan evan sambaddh utpad, ianjiniyariang saman, ilektr aaunik saman, kap da, petroliyam utpad aur prasanskrit khady padarth shamil haian. vartaman mean hamare niryat ki madoan mean teksatail (karait, hastakala, kapas), hire-javaharat, rasayan evan sambaddh utpad, (vishesh roop se plastik aur linoliyam utpad) krishi evan sambaddh utpad,cham da evan cham da nirmit vastuean (vishesh roop se joote-chappal), vanikaran, ianjiniyariang saman, nirmit kap de, phooloan ke utpad tatha samudri utpad shamil haian. praudyogiki mean ne kadam badhate hue, ilektr aaunik aur kanpyootar s aauphtaveyar behad vyapak niryat kshamata ke sath ek sanbhavit kshetr ke taur par ubhar raha hai.

ayat-niryat niti

ayat-niryat niti 1997-2002

varsh 1997-2002 ke lie panchavarshiy ayat-niryat niti ki ghoshana 31 march, 1997 ko bharat sarakar ke vanijy mantralay ne ki. ayat-niryat niti ke madhyam se nimnalikhit uddeshyoan ki prapti ki asha ki gee hai-

1. vishv bazar ke vistar ka labh uthana evan isake lie arthavyavastha mean samuchit parivartan lana v use gatyatmakata pradan karana.
2. utpadan vriddhi ke lie avashyak kachche mal, madhyavarti vastuoan, kalapujoan, upabhog v pooanjigat vastuoan ki upalabdhata sunishchit karana, jisase arthik vikas ki gati tivr ho sake.
3. bharatiy krishi, udyog v seva kshetr ki pratispaddhi kshamata mean vriddhi ke lie praudyogiki mean unnayan karana, rojagar ke navin avasaroan ka srijan karana evan vishvastariy gunavatta vali vastuoan evan sevaoan ka utpadan karana.
4. upabhoktaoan ko uchch gunavatta ki vastuean samuchit kimatoan par upalabdh karavana.

nee ayat-niryat niti

navin ayat-niryat niti ke anukool adhik paradarshi v alp vivekadhin nitiyoan ko apanane v anukool karyapranali vikasit karane ke prayas karane ki bhi ghoshana navin niti mean ki gee hai.

ayat-niryat niti, 2002-07

vishesh arthik kshetr yojana ko apatatiy baiankiang ikaiyoan ke gathan, vastu mooly jokhimoan ke bachav tatha laghu avadhi videshi vanijyik udharoan ko jutane ki anumati dekar majaboot kiya gaya hai. is niti ne eseejed ikaiyoan dvara ki gee upasanvida ki prakriya mean prakriyatmak saralikaran bhi sunishchit kiya hai. eseejed mean tatha isake as-pas vidyut ki sthiti ko sudharane ke lie, vidyut ki utpadan tatha vitaran ki ikaiyoan ki eseejed mean sthapana ki anumati de di gee hai. videshi vyapar nideshalay, simashulk tatha baiankoan ki lenaden lagat ko aur kam karane ke lie ekjim niti mean prakriyatmak saralikaran kie ge haian. ekjim niti 2002-2007 ke any mukhy lakshanoan mean niryatoan ke bazar sanvardhan par dhyan dene ke lie avashyak samajhi gee gatividhiyoan ko shamil karane ke lie bazar pahuanch pahal yojana ke karyakshetr ko badhana, niryatakoan ko ek suvidhakari mahaul sunishchit karane ke lie bharatiy niryatakoan/vyavasayiyoan se videsh mean iandiya mishanoan mean vyapar keandr ki sthapana, poorvottar, sikkim tatha jammoo evan kashmir mean sthit ikaiyoan ko niryat hetu parivahan sabsidi taya bazaroan ko vividh roop dene ke lie anusaran hetu phokas siaeees sahit phokas afrika ka sootrapat karana shamil hai.

videshi vyapar ki disha

ajadi ke poorv bharat ke videshi vyapar ki disha tulanatmak lagat labh sthitiyoan ke dvara nirdharit n hokar briten aur bharat ke bich aupaniveshik sanbandhoan dvara nirdharit thi. doosare shabdoan mean, bharat kin deshoan se ayat karega aur kahaan par apana mal bechega, yah british shasak apane desh ke hit mean tay karate the. yahi karan hai ki svatantrata se poorv bharat ka adhikaansh vyapar briten, usake upaniveshoan aur mitr rashtroan ke sath tha. yahi pravritti ajadi ke bad kuchh varshoan mean bhi dekhane ko milati hai kyoanki tab tak bharat ki any deshoan ke sath vyapar sanbandh sthapit karane mean koee vishesh saphalata nahian mil paee thi. udaharanarth, 1950-1951 mean bharat ki niryat ay mean ianglaiand aur amerika ka hissa 42 pratishat tha. usi varsh bharat ke ayat vyay mean unaka hissa 39.1 pratishat tha. any pooanjivadi deshoan jaise fraans, pashchimi jarmani, itali, japan ityadi aur samajavadi deshoan jaise soviyat sangh, romaniya, polaiand, chekoslovakiya ityadi ke sath behad tho da vyapar tha. jaise-jaise in deshoan ke sath rajanaitik sanbandhoan ka vikas hua vaise-vaise arthik sanbandh bhi majaboot hone lage. is prakar bahut se deshoan ke sath vyaparik sanbandhoan ke vikas karane ke avasar khulane lage. ab sthiti kafi badalachuki hai aur 6 dashak ke ayojan ke bad vyaparik sanbandh kafi badal chuke haian.

bhagidar desh

bharat ke vyapar bhagidar deshoan ko pramukh taur par paanch bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai-

1. arthik vikas sahayog sangathan - jisamean yooropiy samuday, amerika, kanada, japan, ityadi shamil haian.
2. tel niryatak deshoan ka sangathan - jisamean irak, kuvait, eeran, soodi arab, ityadi shamil haian.
3. poorvi yoorop - jisamean roos pramukh rashtr hai.
4. vikasashil rashtr - jisamean afrika, eshiya, laitin amerika evan kairebiya ke vikasashil rashtr shamil haian.
5. paanchavaan samooh any rashtroan ka hai.

bharatiy niryatoan ki chunautiyaan

1. bharat mean kee niryat madean uchch ayat pravritti rakhati haian jo unake pratisparddhatmak labh mean kami karate haian, vishesh roop se tab jab rupaye ki kimat kamazor hoti hai. udaharan ke lie, bharat ka hira udyog kimati evan kam kimati pattharoan ke ayat par bhari dhan kharch karata hai. mudrasphiti bharatiy mudra ko kamazor karane mean yogadan karake sthiti ko aur adhik badatar bana deti hai.
2. hastaantaran ki uchch lagat ek any b di samasya hai. yah niryat udyog ke labh ko kha jati hai.
3. ek aur sambaddh karak hai jo bharatiy niryat mean rukavat dalata hai aur vah hai niryat avasanrachana ki kharab sthiti. udaharan ke lie, hamare pattanoan mean niryat madoan ke sucharoo parivahan ke lie avashyak suvidhaoan evan manakoan ka abhav hai.
4. bharat aur any vikasashil deshoan se niryat ko hastotsahit karane ke lie in par gair-teriph badhaoan (shram, paryavaran, svasthy manak, eanti dampiang) ka aropan aj bharatiy niryat kshetr dvara samana ki jane vali behad ganbhir chunauti hai.
5. pravidhi par keandrikaran ke parinamasvaroop niryat dishaoan ka adhik pradeshik vistar hoga aur pradeshik sanvriddhi utar-chadhav ke karan utpann niryat chakr ka nyoonikaran karegi.
6. bharat ko navodit arthavyavasthaoan tak pahuanch dvara apane niryat bazar ka vividhikaran karana chahie. udaharan ke lie, poorvi yoorop aur madhy eshiya ki arthavyavasthaean parivartan ke daur mean haian. hamean in par dhyan dena chahie aur in bazaroan mean apani upasthiti darj karani chahie, vishesh taur par, kyoanki, kam se kam kuchh samay ke lie, ye bazar vikasit deshoan ke bazaroan ki tarah pratisparddhatmak nahian hoange.

videsh vyapar niti

jab bharat ne 1950 ke dauran niyojan kal par potarohan kiya, to ayat pratisthapan bharat ke vyapar aur audyogik niti ke lie mukhy chunauti thi. bharatiy niti-nirmataoan ne bharat ki arthik sanvriddhi ke utprerak ke taur par videsh vyapar ke vikalp par ganbhir roop se vichar nahian kiya. isaka mukhy karan niryat ay arjan kshamata ke prati behad nirashajanak drishtikon tha. vishal ghareloo bazar ke astitv ne aantarik unmukhata ki or aveshit hone ka kam kiya. niti-nirmataoan ne n keval niryat kshamataoan evan sanbhavanaoan ka avamoolyaankan kiya apitu svayan ayat pravritti ke ayat pratisthapan prakriya ko bhi nakara. halaanki audyogikikaran ki aantarik unmukhata prakriya ne 1956 aur 1966 ke bich ghareloo audyogik sanvriddhi ki uchch dar hasil ki, lekin is prakar ke audyogikikaran ki prakriya ki kee kamiyaan jald hi ujagar ho gee. poore tantr mean akshamata phail gee aur arthavyavastha uchch lagat ki badhati dar mean tabdil ho gee. ek samay pashchath, isane praudyogikiy vilamb ko pravrit kiya jisase niryat nishpadan mean giravat ane lagi.

jabaki, samay ke sath, niryat ke prati drishtikon mean kuchh parivartan hua, 1970 ke dashak ke aant tak b di sankhya mean madoan ka ayat pratisthapan bharat ki vikas rananiti ka adharabhoot siddhaant raha. 1980 ke shuruat mean, 1970 ke aant mean ashcharyajanak niryat nishpadan aur 1980-1982 ki mandi ke saphalatapoorvak apakshay ne, bharat ki niryat kshamataoan ki sthapana ke sanbandh mean ashajanak mahaul paida kiya. videsh vyapar ko sansadhanoan ke dakshatapoorn avantan ke sanchalak ke taur par aur takanik mean vaishvik unnayan ka sadhan mana gaya. 1991 ke bad vyapar niti mean ae badalavoan ne matratmak pratibandhoan ki bhoomika ko nyoon kiya aur tatvik roop se tairiph daroan mean kami ki. bharat ke vyapar niti ke udarikaran ne bhi vishv vyapar sangathan ke prati isaki pratibaddhata ko pratibimbit kiya.

videsh vyapar niti (2009-14)

bharat sarakar ne 2009-2014 ki paanch varsh ki avadhi ke lie videsh vyapar niti ki ghoshana 27 agast, 2009 ko ki. 15 pratishat varshik vriddhi ke sath 2014 tak vastuoan evan sevaoan ke niryatoan ko doguna karane ka lakshy hai. niti ka dirghakalik lakshy 2020 tak vaishvik vyapar mean bharat ki hissedari badhakar doguna karana hai.

vyapar niti ki visheshataean

1. phokas bazar yojana ka vistar - vaishvik vittiy sankat ke karan maang mean giravat ki samasya ke nidan ke lie is niti mean phokas bazar yojana ke aantargat 26 ne bazar shamil kie ge haian.
2. phokas bazar yojana evan phokas utpad yojana mean preranaean - phokas bazar yojana ke aantargat upalabdh preranaoan (ya riyayatoan) ko 2.5 pratishat se badhakar 3.0 pratishat tatha phokas utpad yojana ke aantargat upalabdh preranaoan ko 1.25 pratishat se badhakar 2 pratishat kar diya gaya hai.
3. niryat protsahan pooanjigat vastu yojana - ephatipi (2009-2014) mean ianjiniyariang v ilektr aaunik utpadoan, mool rasayanoan v aushadhiyoan, vastroan, plastik, hastashilp tatha cham de ki vastuoan ke utpadan ke lie pooanjigat vastuoan ko bina sima shulk die, ayat karane ki suvidha di gee hai.
4. dieepibi ki samayavadhi badhana - iyooti intaitalameant pasabuk yojana (dieepibi) ko jo niryat utpadoan ke utpadan mean prayukt ayatoan par prashulk daroan ko nishprabhavi karati hai.
5. niryat unmukh ikaiyaan (eeoyoo) - pahale niryat unmukh ikaiyoan ko yah chhoot thi ki apane utpadan ka adhikatam 75 pratishat ghareloo prashulk kshetr mean bech sakati hai. ephatipi mean is adhikatam sima ko 75 pratishat se badhakar 90 pratishat kar diya gaya.
6. eepisiji yojana ke adhin avedan patroan v rrinamochan patroan ko saral bana diya gaya hai.
7. kary sanpadan lagatoan ko kam karane ke lie ayatit vastuoan ko bandaragahoan se sidhe utpadan sthal le jane ki suvidha di gee hai.
8. sarakar dvara utpadakoan ko yah chhoot di gee hai ki ve utpad shulk ki adayagi ke bad vinirman apashisht ka nipatan kar sakate haian.
9. shighr karravaee v nirnay ke lie adhikadhik kampyootarikaran ki vyavastha ki jaegi tatha ilaiktr aaunik madhyamoan ka prayog kiya jaega.
10. pariyojana ke niryatoan evan kee vinirmit utpadoan ko phokas utpad yojana ke adhin shamil kiya gaya hai.
11. teksatails (hathakaragha samet) haiandiphrapht, karapet, cham da, ratn evan javaharat, samudri utpad evan esemee jaise niryat ke shram gahan kshetroan ko 1 disanbar, 2008 se 30 sitanbar, 2009 tak 2 pratishat ki vyaj sahayata. bad mean ise badhakar march, 2010 tak kiya gaya.
12. vishesh krishi aur gram udyog yojana mean dastakari madoan ka samaveshan.
13. aisi sabhi madoan ke lie dieepibi daroan ki bahali, jahaan inhean navanbar, 2008 mean ghataya gaya tatha sitanbar, 2008 se katipay madoan par iyooti dra baik ki daroan mean vriddhi ki gee.
14. petroliyam utpadoan tatha aise utpadoan ko chho dakar jahaan vartaman dar 4 pratishat se kam thi, sabhi utpadoan ke lie utpad shulk ko ghatakar 4 pratishat karana.
15. praudyogiki staronyoon nidhi (tiyooeph) ke pichhale davoan ko nipatane hetu teksatail kshetr ke lie 1400 karo d rupaye ki atirikt nidhi ka pravadhan.
16. march, 2010 tak buri tarah prabhavit kshetroan ko 95 pratishat ka parivarddhit niryat kredit garanti (eesijisi) kavar pradan karane hetu samayojan sahayata yojana ka vistar.
17. esatipiaee evan eeoyoo yojanaoan hetu samapan khand se sanbandhit kramashah dhara 10k evan 10kh ka vit varsh 2010-2011 ke lie vistar kiya gaya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh