कश्मीर (आज़ादी से पूर्व)
suhadev namak ek hindoo ne 1301 ee. mean kashmir mean hindoo rajy ki sthapana ki. kashmir ki sundar ghati kafi samay tak bahari vyaktiyoan ke lie nishiddh rahi thi. alaberooni ke anusar kisi ko bhi kashmir mean tab tak pravesh nahian karane diya jata tha, jab tak ki usaka parichay vahaan ke kisi samant se nahian hota tha. is kal mean kashmir shaivamat ka kendr mana jata tha. lekin chaudahavian shatabdi ke madhy mean hindoo shasan ki samapti ke sath hi yah sthiti bhi samapt ho gee.
muslim adhipaty
mangol saradar daloocha ka 1320 mean kashmir par bhayankar akraman isaki bhoomika thi. kaha jata hai ki daloocha ne purushoan ke qatleam ka huqm jari kar diya tha, jabaki striyoan aur bachchoan ko gulam banakar madhy eshiya ke vyapariyoan ko bech diya. shahar aur gaanv nasht karake jala die ge. kashmir ka asahay shasan isake viruddh kuchh n kar saka aur parinamatah janata ki sahanubhooti aur sahayata use phir n mil saki. rinachan ne shahamir namak ek musalaman ko apane putr evan patni ki shiksha ke lie niyukt kiya. rinachan ke bad 1323 ee. mean udayanadev sianhasan par baitha, parantu 1338 mean udayanadev ke marane ke bad usaki vidhava patni 'kota' ne shasan satta ko apane qabze mean kar liya. uchit avasar prapt kar shahamir ne kota ko usake alpayu bachchoan ke sath qaid kar sianhasan par adhikar kar liya tatha 1339 ee. mean shamsuddin shah ne kota se vivah kar indrakot mean 'shahamir' rajy ki sthapana ki.
1342 ee. mean shamsuddin shah ki mrityu ke uparant usaka putr jamashed sianhasan par aroodh hua, jisaki hatya usake bhaee alauddin ne kar di aur satta apane qabze mean kar li. usane lagabhag 12 varsh tak shasan kiya. usane apane shasan kal mean rajadhani ko indrakot se hatakar ‘alauddin’ (shrinagar) mean sthapit ki. alauddin ke bad usaka bhaee shihabuddin gaddi par baitha, usane lagabhag 19 varsh shasan kiya. yah shahamir vansh ka vastavik sansthapak mana jata hai. usaki mrityu ke bad kutubuddin sianhasan par baitha. 1389 ee. mean kutubuddin ki mrityu ke bad usaka l daka gaddi par baitha.
sultan sikandar
sikandar ke shasan kal 1398 ee. mean taimoor ka akraman bharat par hua. sikandar ne taimoor ke kashmir akraman ko asaphal kiya. dharmik drishti se sikandar asahishnu tha. usane apane shasan kal mean hinduoan par bahut atyachar kiya aur sarvadhik brahmanoan ko sataya. usane ‘jaziya’ kar lagaya. hindoo mandir evan moortiyoan ko to dane ke karan use ‘butashikan’ bhi kaha gaya hai. itihasakar j aaun raj ne likha hai, “sultan apane sultan ke kartavyoan ko bhool gaya aur din-rat use moortiyoan ko nasht karane mean anand ane laga. usane martand, vishy, isana, chakravat evan tripureshvar ki moortiyoan ko to d diya. aisa koee shahar, nahar, gaanv ya jangal shesh n raha, jahaan ‘turushk sooha’ (sikandar) ne eeshvar ke mandir ko n to da ho.” 1413 ee. mean sikandar ki mrityu ke uparant alishah sianhasan par baitha. usake vazir sahoobhatt ne sikandar ki dharmik kattarata ko age badhaya.
jainul abadin
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1420 ee. mean mangol akraman ke lagabhag sau sal bad jainul abadin kashmir ki gaddi par baitha. use ‘budashah’ v 'mahan sultan' bhi kaha jata tha. dharmik roop se abadin sikandar ke viparit sahishnu tha. isaki dharmik sahishnuta ke karan hi ise ‘kashmir ka akabar’ kaha gaya. use kashmir ka shreshthatam muslim shasak mana jata hai. is kal mean kashmiri samaj bahut badal gaya tha. madhy eshiya se muslim pir aur sharanarthi b di sankhya mean kashmir ate rahe. baramoola ka marg isake lie asan marg tha. kuchh muslim santoan ke shiksha ke karan aur kuchh bal prayog se kashmir samaj ke nimn varg ne islam aangikar kar liya. is prakriya ko poorn karane ke lie sikandar shah (1389-1413) ke shasan kal mean brahmanoan ko utpi dit karane ka zoradar abhiyan chhe da gaya tha. sultan ne faraman jari kiya ki sab brahman aur hindoo vidvanh ya to islam svikar kar lean ya ghati ko chho dakar chale jaean. unake mandir nasht kar die ge aur sone-chaandi ki moortiyaan jalakar sikkoan mean dhal di geean. kaha jata hai ki yah ajna sultan ke mantri suha bhatt ke sanket se prasarit ki gee thi, jo musalaman ban gaya tha aur apane pahale vale dharm ko manane valoan ko pareshan karane ke lie katibaddh tha.
jainul abadin ke gaddi par baithane ke sath hi yah sthiti badal gee. usane is prakar ki sab ajnaean radd kar dian. usane prayatn karake un sab gair-muslimoan ko kashmir vapas bulaya, jo vahaan se bhag ge the, punah hindoo banane ke ichchhuk ya apani jan bachane ke lie jinhoanne musalaman hone ka dhoang kiya tha, unhean apani ichchha par chho d diya gaya. usane hinduoan ko unake granthakar aur ve haqooq bhi lauta die, jo usase poorv unake pas the. ek sau sal ke bad abul fazal ne is bat ka havala diya ki kashmir mean dedh sau bhavy mandir the. is bat ki sambhavana nahian hai ki ye sabhi zain-ul-abedin ke shasan mean hi phir se ban ge the.
abadin ke bad hajikhaan ‘haidarashah’ ki upadhi se sianhasan par baitha, par usake samay mean kashmir mean is vansh ka patan ho gaya. 1540 ee. mean mugal badashah babar ka rishtedar 'mirza haidar dogalat' gaddi par baitha. usane 'nazukashah' ki upadhi dharan ki. 1561 mean kashmir mean chakkoan ka shasan ho gaya, jisaka ant 1588 ee. mean akabar ne kiya. isake bad kashmir mugal samrajy ka aang ban gaya.
sthapaty kala mean yogadan
kashmiri sthapaty kala ke antargat sthaniy shasakoan ne hinduoan ke prachin paramparagat patthar evan lak di ke prayog ko mahatv diya. yahaan ki vastukala shaili mean bhi hindoo-muslim sthapaty kala shaili ka samanvay hua hai. marshal ke anusar, ‘kashmir ke bhavan hindoo-muslim kala ke sammishran ke parichayak haian.’’ yahaan ke mahattvapoorn nirman kary haian- shrinagar ka ‘mandani ka maqabara’ jama masjid, jise butashikan sikandar ne banavaya tha. kalantar mean isaka vistar jainul abadin ne kiya. is masjid ko poorv mugal shaili ka shikshaprad udaharan mana jata hai. shah hamadani ki masjid poornatah imarati lak di se nirmit hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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