गुजरात (आज़ादी से पूर्व)

gujarat ke shasak raja karn ko parajit kar alauddin ne 1297 ee. mean ise dilli saltanat ke antargat kar liya. 1391 ee. mean muhammadashah tugalaq dvara niyukt gujarat ke soobedar jafar khaan ne dilli saltanat ki adhinata ko tyag diya. jafar khaan ‘sultan mujaffar shah’ ki upadhi grahan kar 1407 ee. mean gujarat ka svatantr sultan bana. usane malava ke raja hushangashah ko parajit kar usaki rajadhani dhar ko apane qabze mean kar liya. 1411 ee. mean usaki mrityu ho gee.

ahamadashah (1411-1443 ee.)

tatar khaan ka putr ahamad ‘ahamadashah’ ki padavi grahan kar sianhasan par baitha. use gujarat ke svatantr rajy ka vastavik sansthapak mana jata hai. vah b da hi parakrami evan yogy shasak tha. usane apane shasan kal mean malava, asiragadh evan rajapootana ke anek rajyoan par vijay prapt ki thian. ahamadashah ne asabal ke samip ahamadanagar namak nagar ki sthapana ki. kalantar mean usane apani rajadhani ko patana se ahamadanagar sthanantarit kiya. 1443 ee. mean usaki mrityu ho gee. usane gujarat mean pratham bar hinduo par jaziya kar lagaya. prashasan ke padoan par dasoan ko b di matra mean niyukti kiya. ahamadashah ke kal mean misr ke prasiddh vidvanh 'badruddin damamini' gujarat ki yatra ki. ahamad ki mrityu ke bad usaka putr muhammadashah dvitiy gaddi par baitha. 1451 ee. mean muhammad ki mrityu ko gee. log muhammadashah ko usaki dani pravritti ke karan 'jarabakhsh' arthath 'svarnadan karane vala' kahate the. apane mridul svabhav ke karan usane 'karim ya dayalu' ki upadhi prapt ki. phalasvaroop isi varsh kutubuddin ahamad sianhasan par baitha. usane 1458 ee. tak shasan kiya. kutubuddin ke bad fatah khaan ‘bul-fatah mahamood’ ki upadhi grahan kar gujarat ka sultan bana. itihas mean usaka nam mahamood beg da ke nam se ullikhit hai.

sultan mahamood beg da (1458-1511 ee.)

mahamood ko ‘beg da’ ki upadhi girinar v joonagadh tatha champaner ke qiloan ko jitane ke bad mili. vah apane vansh ka sarvadhik pratapi shasak tha. usane girinar ke samip ‘mustafabad’ ki sthapana kar use apani rajadhani banaya. champaner ke samip beg da ne 'mahamoodabad' ki sthapana ki. vah dharmik roop se asahishnu tha. beg da ne gujarat ke samudr tatoan par badh rahe purtagali prabhav ko kam karane ke lie misr ke shasak se nau-sena ki sahayata lekar purtagaliyo se sangharsh kiya, parantu mahamood ko saphalata nahian mili. sanskrit ka vidvanh 'udayaraj' mahamood beg da ka darabari kavi tha tatha usane 'mahamood charit' namak kavy likha. barthema evan barabosa ne mahamood ke vishay mean anek rochak janakari upalabdh karayi hai. apane shasan kal ke aantim varshoan mean usane dvarika ki vijay ki. 23 navambar, 1511 ko isaki mrityu ke bad usaka putr khalil khaan mujaffar shah dvitiy ki padavi grahan kar sianhasan par baitha. usaka mukhy sangharsh meva d ke rana saanga se hua. usane medani ray ke khilaf malava ke shasak mahamood khilaji ki sahayata ki thi. aprail, 1526 ee. mean usaki mrityu ke bad bahadurashah (1526 se 1537 ee.) gujarat ke sianhasan par baitha. 1531 ee. mean usane malava ko jitakar gujarat mean mila liya. ise usaki mahanh sainik upalabdhi mean gina jata tha. 1534 ee. mean usake dvara chittau d par akraman kiya gaya. 1535 ee. mean mugal shasak humayooan ne use buri tarah parajit kar gujarat ke bahar khade d diya. parantu humayooan ke vapas hone par bahadur shah ne punah gujarat par adhikar kar liya. 1537 ee. mean usaki hatya purtagaliyo dvara kar di gee. 1572-1573 ee. mean akabar ne gujarat ko mugal samrajy mean mila liya.

sthapaty kala mean yogadan

prantiy shailiyoan mean sabase adhik vikasit shaili gujarat ki vastukala shaili thi. is shaili ko ‘sarvadhik sthaniy bharatiy shaili’ mana jata hai. d aau. sarasvati ke anusar, ‘inake anokhepan ko is uchch shreni ki vishisht shaili aur ek vibhinn prakar ki islamik sanrakshanata ki sanyukt upaj kahakar isaki sabase achchhi vyakhya ki ja sakati hai.’ gujarat shaili mean patthar ki kataee ka kam b di kushalata se kiya jata tha. jahaan pahale lak di ke khambhe, tho de naqqashi karake lagaye jate the, vahaan par ab patthar ka upayog hone laga tha. yahaan par ahamadashahi vansh ke shasakoan ke sanrakshan mean kee mahattvapoorn imaratoan ka nirman kiya gaya. ahamadashah ne ahamadabad ki nianv dali thi.

• baba farid ka maqabara- yah prasiddh soofi sant 'fariduddin ganj-e-shakar' ka maqabara hai. yah maqabara gujarat ki muslim sthapaty shaili ka pratham udaharan hai.
• jama masjid- is masjid ka nirman ahamadashah ne 1423 ee. mean ahamadabad mean karavaya. is masjid ko gujarat vastukala shaili ka sarvotkrisht namoona mana jata hai. d aau. varges ne, jisane arkiyal aaujikal sarve af vestarn iandiya ki apani paanch jildoan mean prachin evan madhyakalin vastukala ke itihas evan visheshataoan ka poora varnan kiya hai, likha hai ki, ‘‘yah shaili svadeshi kala ki sari sundarata tatha paripoornata ki us eshvary ke sath milavat thi, jisaki apani kritiyoan mean hi kami thi’’. yah ek aise vargakar bhoo-bhag par nirmit hai, jisake charoan or 4 khanakah nirmit haian. masjid ke meharaboan mimbar mean qarib 260 khambhe lage haian. masjid ke khambhoan evan gailariyoan par saghan khudaee huee hai. parsi braun ka mat hai ki, ‘poore desh mean nahian to, kam se kam pashchimi bharat mean yah masjid nirman kala ka shreshthatam namoona hai.’ fargyusan ne is masjid ki tulana ramapur ke ranakumbha ke mandir se ki hai. masjid qile mean pravesh ke lie bane chau de raste mean tin 37 phut ooanche daravazoan ka nirman kiya gaya hai.
• bh dauch ki jama masjid- 1300 ee. mean nirmit yah masjid hindoo mandiroan ke avashesh se banaee gee thi.
• khambhat ki jama masjid- 1425 ee. mean nirmit is masjid ke poojagrih ki tulana dilli ki kutub masjid evan ajamer ke adhaee din ke jhop de se ki jati hai.
• hilal khaan qazi ki masjid- dholaka mean sthit is masjid ka nirman 1333 ee. mean hua. is masjid mean poornatah sthaniy shaili mean do ooanchi minaroan ka nirman hua hai.
• tanka masjid- dholaka mean sthit is masjid ka nirman 1361 ee. mean kiya gaya. alankrit stambhoan vali is masjid mean hindoo shaili ki spasht chhap dikhaee p dati hai.
• ahamadashah ka maqabara- is maqabare ka nirman jama masjid ke poorv mean sthit ahate mean muhammadashah ne karavaya. is vargakar imarat ka pravesh dvar dakshin bhag mean hai. maqabare ke oopar b de gumbad ka nirman kiya gaya hai. kuchh any mahattvapoorn imaratoan mean patan mean sthit shekh farid ka maqabara, ahamadabad mean saiyyad alam ki masjid, kutubuddinashah ki masjid, rani roopavati ki masjid adi ullekhaniy hai.

gujarat mean islami sthapaty kala ka gauravapoorn aranbh mahamood beg da ke sianhasanaroodh (1149-1511 ee.) hone se hota hai, jisane tin nagaroan - chanpaner, joonagadh, aur kheda ki sthapana ki. in sthanoan par usane shanadar imaratean banavayian. usake dvara nirmit imaratoan mean chanpaner ki jami masjid, manohar imaratean adi haian. isake atirikt sidi saiyyad masjid, saiyyad usman ka roja muhammad gaus ki masjid ityadi gujarat sthapaty kala ke any mahattvapoorn kary haian.

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