जीवनचरित
jivanacharit ko prasiddh itihasajn aur jivani-lekhak tamas karalail ne atyant sidhi sadi aur sankshipt paribhasha mean 'ek vyakti ka jivan' kaha hai. is tarah kisi vyakti ke jivan vrittaantoan ko sachet aur kalatmak dhang se likh dalana jivanacharit kaha ja sakata hai. yadyapi itihas kuchh had tak, kuchh logoan ki ray mean, mahapurushoan ka jivanavritt hai tathapi jivanacharit usase ek arth mean bhinn ho jata hai. jivanacharit mean kisi ek vyakti ke yatharth jivan ke itihas ka alekhan hota hai, anek vyaktiyoan ke jivan ka nahian. phir bhi jivanacharit ka lekhak itihasakar aur kalakar ke karttavy ke kuchh samip ae bina nahian rah sakata. jivanacharitakar ek or to vyakti ke jivan ki ghatanaoan ki yatharthata itihasakar ki bhaanti sthapit karata hai; doosari or vah sahityakar ki pratibha aur ragatmakata ka tathyaniroopan mean upayog karata hai. usaki yah sthiti sanbhavat: use upanyasakar ke nikat bhi la deti hai.
jivanacharit ki sima ka yadi vistar kiya jay to usake aantargat atmakatha bhi a jayagi. yadyapi donoan ke lekhak parasparik ruchi aur sanbaddh vishay ki bhinnata ke karan ghatanaoan ke yatharth alekhan mean saty ka nirvah saman roop se nahian kar pate. atmakatha ke lekhak mean satarkata ke bavajood vah alochanatmak tarkana charitr vishleshan aur spashtacharita nahian a pati jo jivanacharit ke lekhak vishishtata hoti hai. is bhinnata ke liye kisi ko doshi nahian mana ja sakata. aisa hona poornat: svabhavik hai.
jivanacharit ke prachinatam roopoan ke udaharan kisi bhi desh ke dharmik, pauranik akhyanoan aur dantakathaoan mean mil sakate haian jinamean manaviy charitroan, unake manovikaroan aur manobhavoan ka roopayan hua ho. adhikaanshat: daivi aur manaviy charitroan mean jivanacharitr ke kuchhek lakshan mil jate haian jinaka nirman us kal se hi hota chala a raha hai jab lekhanakala ka vikas bhi nahian hua tha aur is prayojan ke nimitt mitti aur shripatroan ka prayog hota tha.
misr aur pashchimi eshiya ke deshoan mean pattharoan par, rajaoan ki qabr ki reliangoan, stanbhoan aur divaroan ki chikani satah par unake jivan ki vijayadi se sanbandhit batean utkirnan karane ki paranpara bahut pahale hi chal p di thi. unake jivanakal mean bhi prashastiyoan ke roop mean is tarah ki utkirnan hote rahate the. is tarah ki samagri ko jivan-charit ka prachin aur praranbhik roop mana ja sakata hai. aise jivanavrittaant itihas ki drishti se kafi mahatvapoorn siddh hue haian tathapi kabhi kabhi itihasakar ko unaka upayog b di satarkata se karana p data hai.
chin mean ee.poo. pratham shatabdi ke ssu-ma chien ne apane aitihasik sanskaranean ke ek bhag mean samakalin vishisht vyaktiyoan ka jivanacharit likha. bad mean chini samrath chien ke tatvavadhan mean chin ki vanshavaliyoan ka itihas 1747 mean 214 khandoan mean sangrahit aur prakashit hua jisamean chin ke paanch kalpanik samratoan se lekar ssu-ma-chien ke kal tak ke samratoan ka itivrittatmak varnan hua. jyotishiyoan, rajanitijnoan, rajasabhasadoan, hatyaroan tak ke jivan bhi ukt granthoan mean likhe ge. pray: usi samay liuhsiyaang ne vishisht mahilaoan ki jivani likhi. usase prakat hai ki eesa ke poorv bhi chini sahity mean jivanacharit ka mahatvapoorn sthan raha hai.
yoonani jivanikaroan mean plootark vishesh mahatv ka hai. usaki kriti mean yoonan, rom aur pharas ke 46 vishisht aur yashasvi vyaktiyoan ke jivan vrittaantoan ka varnan hua hai. plootark se bhi char shatabdiyoan poorv ek mahatvapoorn jivani 'anabasis sukarat' ke shishy janophon ne likhi. bad ke prasiddh yoonani jivanikaroan mean phlaviyas philostratas aur diyojiki leeetianyas ke nam ullekhaniy haian. latini sahity mean pahali sadi eesa poorv ka jivani-lekhak karneliyas nepos vishesh roop se ullekhaniy hai. usane kato aur usake mitr sisaro ke charit likhe. karneliyas ke any jivanacharit vishisht senanayakoan se sanbandhit haian.
aangrezi sahity mean 17vian sadi ke poorv ka jivani sahity ek tarah se bahut sankshipt hai. elijabeth ke samakalin vishisht vyaktiyoan ki, yahaan tak ki sheksapiyar adi ki bhi, jivani ke abhav mean sahityakaroan aur itihasakaroan ko shuroo mean anek a dachanoan ka samana karana p da tha. bad mean us disha mean anek prayatn hue. 18vian sadi tak ate ate isaka kafi vikasit roop jems basavel dvara likhit semyual jansan ki jivani mean dekhane ko milata hai. 1791 ee. mean is jivani ka prakashan aangrezi jivani-sahity mean ek mahatvapoorn ghatana hai. yah granth jivani-lekhakoan ke liye ek nishchit shaili aur svaroop ka anukaraniy udaharan prastut karata hai.
isi tarah amarika, phraans, spen tatha yooropiy mahadvip ke any deshoan ke sahity mean jivani-lekhak ki jivit paranpara dekhi ja sakati hai. yah sahity jivanacharit ke roop mean aur atmakatha ke roop mean racha gaya hai. bharat mean ee.poo. tisari shatabdi ke maury samrath ashok dvara shilaoan par utkirn abhilekh adi bhi atmakatha ke hi roop haian. yah paranpara ashok ke bad adhikaansh bharatiy nareshoan mean chal p di thi. jivan ki athava prashasan ki kisi vishisht ghatana ko jivit rakhane ke liye ve use patthar ke stanbhoan, mandiroan aur unaki divaroan, tamrapatroan adi par aankit karava dete the.
aitihasik jivanacharit
kushan aur visheshat: gupt samratoan ka kal is tarah ke sandarbhoan se bhara p da hai. isake sath hi kabhi kabhi jivani lekhan ka spasht roop bhi dikhaee p d jata hai. banabhatt dvara rachit harshacharit ek aisa hi udarahan hai. bad ke mugal badashahoan mean to atmakatha likhana chav aur ruchi ki bat hi ho gee thi. babar se lekar jahaangir tak sabhi ne atmakathaean likhi haian jo kramash: is prakar hai - babaranama, humayooannama, akabaranama, jahaangiranama. bharatiy samratoan, mugal badashahoan tatha rajapoot raja aur rajava doan mean ashray pane vale kaviyoan ne bhi apane ashrayadataoan ke jivanavrittatoan ka vistrit varnan apane kavy granthoan mean kiya hai. kavy ke nayak ke roop mean kisi naresh, athava ashrayadata ka chayan karane ke pashchath unaki jivani ka roopayan kavita ki panktiyoan mean kar dalana ek samany bat ho gee thi. is tarah ke kavy ko hindi sahity ke charitakavy ki sanjna di gee hai. aise kavyoan ki rachana hindi sahity ke viragatha kal aur visheshat: ritikal ke bahulata se huee hai. viragatha kal ke raso kavyoan ko isi shreni mean mana ja sakata hai. ritikal mean is tarah ke charit kavyoan ke anek nam ginae ja sakate haian jinaki rachana samay samay par kaviyoan dvara hoti rahi hai. nabhadas ka 'bhaktamal' tatha us par priyadas ki tika bhaktoan ke jivanacharit ke sangrah granth haian. kee any bhaktakaviyoan ne bhi 'bhaktamal' nam se jivanacharit sangrah granthoan ki rachana ki. pushtimargiy vaishnav santoan aur kaviyoan ke brajabhasha gady mean aankit jivanacharit ke do sangrah 'chaurasi vaishnavan ki varta' aur 'do sau bavan vaishnavan ki varta' apane dhang se bejo d granth haian. adhunik gady kal mean to aangreji, phreanch, jarman adi pashchimi bhashaoan ke sath sath hiandi, bangala, marathi adi mean bhi prasiddh vyaktiyoan ke jivanacharit likhane ki pravritti yathesht roop se badhati ja rahi hai. atmakathaoan mean mahatma gaandhi ki 'saty ke prayog' shirshak atmakatha, desharatn rajendr prasad ki atmakatha aur javaharalal neharoo ki atmakatha, is prasang mean vishesh roop se ullekhaniy haian.[1]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ jivanacharit (hindi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 31 janavari, 2015.
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh