फ़ारस
eeran ko sanh 1935 tak faras nam se bhi jana jata tha. faras aur bharat ka atyant prachin kal se gahara sambandh raha hai. vishvas kiya jata hai ki faras mean ja basane vale ary usi mool vansh ke the, jisase bharatiy aryoan ka vikas hua. avesta ki bhasha sanskrit se itani milati-julati hai ki donoan ek hi bhasha parivar ki mani jati haian. bharat se faras ka nikat sambandh chhathi shatabdi ee. poo. mean sthapit hua, jab faras ke shahanshah sairas (kurush athava kuru) (lagabhag 555-530 ee. poo.) ne kabul nadi tatha siandhu nadi ke bich ka pradesh jit liya, jisamean ashvak adi ganoan ka nivas tha. deriyas (darayavuh) (lagabhag 522-486 ee. poo.) ke rajyakal mean faras ke samrajy ki simaoan ka aur vistar hua aur gandhar tatha usase aur poorv mean siandhu nadi tak ka pradesh usake aantargat a gaya. gandhar se poorv ke pradesh ko eerani 'hind' kahate the aur vah faras ke samrajy ka bisavaan prant tha. gandhar aur 'hind' deriyas ke putr evan uttaradhikari jareksij (kshayarsh) (486-465 ee. poo.) ke rajy ke aantargat bane rahe. jareksij ne jab yoonan par chadhaee ki, tab usaki sena mean gandhar aur 'hind' ke bhi sainik l dane ge the.
sikandar ka adhikar
faras aur bharat ke prachin sampark ke phalasvaroop uttar-pashchim bharat mean kharoshthi lipi prachalit ho gayi tatha bharatiy vastukala par bhi farasi prabhav drishtigat hone laga. faras ke shahanshah deriyas tritiy (335-330 ee. poo.) ko makadooniya ke raja sikandar ne 331 ee. mean gaugamel ki jis l daee mean haraya, usamean bharatiy senaoan ne bhi faras ki senaoan ke sath yuddh kiya tha. is yuddh ke bad hi deriyas tritiy ki mrityu ho gayi, jisake phalasvaroop sikandar faras ke samrajy ka svami ho gaya. isake bad hi sikandar ne 327 ee. poo. mean panjab tatha siandh par akraman kiya, jinake oopar faras ke samrajy ka niyantran shithil p d gaya tha aur jahaan par anek chhote-chhote rajy sthapit ho ge the. sikandar ki mrityu ke bad panjab ne faras ke samrajy ke niyantran se apane ko mukt kar liya, kintu faras aur bharat ke bich vyaparik aur saanskritik sambandh qayam rahe.
bharat se maitri sambandh
samrat ashok ne pashchim ke jin sudooravarti rajyoan mean dharm-vijay ke lie bauddh bhikshuoan ko bheja tha, ve faras hokar un deshoan mean ge the. faras mean us samay mani dharm prachalit tha. bauddh bhikshuoan ne is mani dharm ko bhi prabhavit kiya. ajanta ki gufa sankhya 1 ke bhitti chitr se prakat hota hai ki faras aur bharat ke bich maitri sambandh barabar bana raha. is bhitti chitr mean dikhaya gaya hai ki faras ke shah khusaro dvitiy ke dvara lagabhag 627 ee. mean bheja gaya doot chaluky raja pulakeshi dvitiy (608-42 ee.) ko apana parichay patr prastut kar raha hai. savatian shatabdi ke madhy mean araboan ne jab faras par adhikar karake vahaan par islam dharm ka prachar kiya, jarathrust parasiyoan ka ek dal, jo apani zamin aur daulat ki apeksha apane dharm se adhik prem karata tha, bhagakar bharat chala aya aur yahaan par unhean ashray prapt hua. in parasiyoan ke vanshaj aj bhi vartaman mean haian aur bharat ke sammanit evan samuddhashali alpasankhyak varg mean unaki ganana ki jati hai.
farasi yuvakoan ka bharat agaman
bharat par jin musalamanoan ne vijay prapt kian, unamean adhikaansh turk tatha sunni the. udhar faras ke log tatha vahaan ke shah shiya matavalambi the. isalie musalaman shasan-kal mean faras aur bharat ke sambandhasootr shithil p d gaye. phir bhi faras ke sahasi musalaman aksar daulat ki khoj mean bharat ate rahate the aur unhean aksar yahaan par ane par amir bana diya jata tha. is prakar ka ek eerani amir yusuf adilashah tha, jisane bijapur ka adilashahi vansh (1490-1673 ee.) chalaya. prasiddh musalaman itihasakar farishta bhi faras ka rahane vala tha. usane bharat mean musalamani rajy shakti ke utthan aur patan ka itihas likha hai. dilli ke sultan ke darabar mean farasi bhasha ka prayog hota tha aur mugal darabar mean bhi isi bhasha ka prayog jari raha. sare bharat mean musalaman shasakoan ke darabaroan mean farasi bhasha, farasi pahanave aur farasi shishtachar ka prachalan tha.
nadirashah
doosare mugal badashah humayooan ko faras ke shah tahamasy ke darabar mean sharan mili thi aur usi ki fauji sahayata se usane dubara dilli ka takht prapt kiya. 1649 ee. mean faras ne kandahar chhin liya aur shahajahaan tatha aurangazeb dvara us par dubara adhikar kar lene ke sare prayatnoan ko viphal kar diya. faras ne bharat ko sabase zabaradast chot 1738 ee. mean pahuanchaee, jab faras ke shasak nadirashah ne bharat par chadhaee ki, dilli ko nirdayatapoorvak loota tatha takhtetaoos, kohinoor hira aur bahut si daulat lekar faras laut gaya. 1747 ee. mean nadirashah ki mrityu ke bad hi afaganistan mean ahamadashah durrani ki rajy shakti ke uday se faras aur bharat ke bich navasthapit rajanitik sambandh phir bhang ho gaya. parantu, nadirashah ke hamale se bharat ko jo kshati pahuanchi, usase vah phir ubar nahian paya. nadirashah ke hamale ne mugal samrajy ko jarjar kar diya. 1761 ee. mean panipat ki tisari l daee mean mugaloan tatha marathoan ki parajay tatha usake bad hi bharat mean british samrajy ka uday, nadirashah ke kroor hamale ka hi parinam tha.
nam parivartan
unnisavi shatabdi mean faras ko lekar briten aur roos mean kafi pratidvandvita chali. donoan hi faras ko apane sanrakshan mean lena chahate the. phalat: bharat aur faras ka rajanitik sambandh briten aur roos ki kootanitik chaloan se sambaddh ho gaya. 1907 ee. mean briten aur roos mean samajhauta ho gaya, jisake dvara donoan ne faras ki akhandata banaye rakhane ki pratijna ki. isake sath hi ve is bat par bhi sahamat ho ge ki uttari faras ko roosi prabhav kshetr mean tatha dakshin poorvi faras ko british prabhav kshetr mean mana jaega. roos ne yah svikar kar liya ki faras ki kha di mean ianglaind ka vishesh svarth hai. is prakar yoorop ke do sabhy deshoan ne ek svatantr desh ka apas mean jis niti se bantavara kar lene ka nirnay liya, vah unaki sabhyata ke vasvatik chehare ko benaqab karane vala tha. 1934 ee. se faras ka nam sarakari taur se badalakar eeran kar diya gaya hai. eeran ab shaktishali adhunik rashtr ban gaya hai. bharatiy ganarajy se usaka maitripoorn sambandh hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bhattachary, sachchidanand bharatiy itihas kosh, dvitiy sanskaran - 1989 (hindi), bharat diskavari pustakalay: uttar pradesh hindi sansthan, 254.
sanbandhit lekh