वारेन हेस्टिंग्स

varen hestiangs 1772 se 1785 ee. tak gavarnar-janaral ke pad par raha tha. 1750 ee. mean varen hestiangs eest indiya kampani ke ek 'klark' (lipik) ke roop mean kalakatta (vartaman kolakata) pahuancha aur karyakushalata ke karan shighr hi vah kasim bazar ka adhyaksh ban gaya. 1772 ee. mean ise bangal ka garvanar banaya gaya tha. 1773 ee. ke 'regyuletiang ekt' ke dvara use 1774 ee. mean bangal ka garvanar-janaral niyukt kiya gaya. apane prashasanik sudhar ke antargat varen hestiangs ne sarvapratham 1772 ee. mean 'kort aauf dairektars' ke adeshanusar bangal se 'dvaidh shasan pranali' ki samapti ki ghoshana ki, aur sarakari khazane ka sthanantaran murshidabad se kalakatta kiya. hestiangs ka vichar tha ki, samast bhoomi shasak ki hai. rajasv sudharoan ko vyavasthit karane ke lie usane parikshan tatha ashuddhi ke niyam ko apanaya.

rajasv sudhar niti

'rajasv sudhar' ke antargat varen hestiangs ne rajasv ki vasooli ka adhikar kampani ke adhin kar diya aur rajasv vasooli mean sahayata dene vale do bharatiy up-divanoan muhammad raja khaan tatha raja shitab ray ko padachyut kar diya. hestiangs ne 'bord aauf revenyoo' ki sthana ki, jisamean kampani ke rajasv sangrahak niyukt kiye gaye. bhoomi kar sudhar ke antargat 1772 ee. tak sangrahan ke adhikar ooanchi boli bolane vale zamidaroan ko 5 varsh ke lie diye gaye aur unhean bhoo-svamitv se mukt kar diya gaya. 1773 ee. mean kar vyavastha mean parivartan karate hue bhrasht kalektaroan ko padamukt kar bharatiy divanoan ki niyukt ki gee. is panchavarshiy bhoo-rajasv vyavastha se krishakoan ko kafi hani huee. atah paanch sala theke par bhoo-rajasv vasoolane ki vyavastha samapt kar di gee, aur isake sthan par ek varshiy vyavastha ko punah lagoo kiya gaya. rajasv vasooli ke adhikar nilam kar diye gaye, sath hi zamidaroan par ab pahale se adhik vishvas kiya gaya. 1781 ee. mean parivartan ke antargat prantiy parishad samapt kar di gee, kalektaroan ko punah zile mean niyukt kiya gaya aur unhean hi kar ko nirdharit karane ka adhikar phir se prapt ho gaya. is prakar spasht hai ki, apani ati kendriyakaran niti ke karan varen hestiangs ek nishchit kar-vyavastha ke nirdharan mean poornataya asaphal siddh hua. 1789 mean l aaurd k aaurnav aaulis ko kahana p da tha ki, "kampani ke adhin pradesh ka tisara bhag keval uja d hai tatha vahaan jangali pashu hi basate haian".

nyay vyavastha

varen hestiangs ne apane karyakal ke dauran 'nyay sudharoan' ke antargat zamidaroan se nyayik adhikar chhin liya. isaki nyay vyavatha mugal pranali par adharit thi. 1772 ee. mean usane pratyek zile mean ek faujadari tatha divani adalatoan ki sthapana ki. divani nyayalay kalektaroan ke adhin the, jahaan par 500 ru. ke mamaloan ka nipatara kiya jata tha. 500 rupaye se oopar ke mukadamoan ki sunavayi 'sadar divani adalat' karati thian, jisamean ek adhyaksh tatha do atirikt sadasy hote the. hinduoan ke mamaloan ka nipatara hindoo vidhi se tatha musalamanoan ka muslim vidhi se kiya jata tha. nyayadhish ko upahar evan shulk lene par manahi thi.

shaikshik sudhar

samajik sudharoan ke antargat hestiangs ne 1781 ee. mean kalakatta mean muslim shiksha ke vikas ke lie ek madarasa sthapit kiya. 'gita' ke aangrezi anuvadak 'charls vilikins' ko hestiangs ne ashray pradan kiya. 'sar viliyam joans' dvara 1784 ee. (hestiangs ke samay) mean 'd eshiyatik sosayati aauf bangal' ki sthapana ki gee. varen hestiangs ne hindoo tatha muslim vidhiyoan ko bhi ek pustak ka roop dene ka prayatn kiya. 1776 ee. mean sanskrit mean ek pustak 'kod aauf jineto l aau' prakashit huee. 1791 ee. mean viliyam jons tatha kolabruk ki 'daijesha aauf hindoo l aau' chhapi. isi prakar 'fatava-e-alamagiri' ka aangrezi anuvad karane ka bhi prayas kiya gaya. hestiangs arabi, farasi janata tha aur baangla bol sakata tha.

vyavasayik sudhar ke antargat hestiangs ne jamidaroan ke kshetr mean kary kar rahe shulk grihoan ko band karava diya. ab keval kalakatta, hugali, murshidabar, dhaka tatha patana mean hi shulk grih par rah gaye. shulk matr 2.5 pratishat tha jo sabako dena hota tha. hestiangs ne kampani ke adhikariyoan ko vyaktigat vyapar par di jane vali chhoot ko samapt kar diya.

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madhyamik

poornata

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