मूर्ति कला मथुरा 4

moorti kala mathura : moorti kala mathura 2 : moorti kala mathura 3 : moorti kala mathura 4 : moorti kala mathura 5 : moorti kala mathura 6

moorti kala mathura 4 / sangrahalay

kushan-gupt, gupt v guptottarakalin mathura ki kala

kushan-gupt kal

eesavi sanh ki dvitiy shatabdi ke antim pad mean kushan vansh ke akhiri shasak vasudev ka shasak samapt hua aur isi ke sath mathura ki kushan kala ka utkarsh bhi samapt ho gaya. isake bad guptoan ke sridridh shasan ki sthapana tak is bhoopradesh mean rajanitik uthal-puthal ho rahi thi. guptoan ke samay kala ko ek naya mo d mila aur sath hi sath ab bhav sauandary ki or adhik dhyan diya jane laga. saudary ke manadand ka yah parivartan tatkalin jivan ke sabhi kshetroan mean jhalakata hua dikhalaee p data hai. moortikala, chitrakala, sahity, veshabhoosha, vastukala, ityadi anek kshetroan mean is navin jagaran ke darshan hote haian, parantu spasht hai ki yah jagaran akashan mean kauandh uthane vali bijali ke saman ekaek samudbhut nahian hua tha. isake pichhe lagabhag ek shatabdi ki parampara hai. kushan kal ke antim dinoan se hi in navin vicharoan ki soochana milane lagati hai. mathura kala mean dekhe jane vale is parivartan yug ko yahaan sankraman kal athava kushan-gupt kal kaha gaya hai. sadharan roop se sanh 200 se lagabhag sanh 325 tak ka samay isamean samavisht ho sakata hai.

is yug mean nirmit pratimaoan mean kushan aur gupt donoan kalaoan ke lakshanoan ka adbhut mel dikhalaee p data hai. yahaan kalakar apani paranparagat paddhati se moorti to gadhata hai par sath hi sath usaka dhyan bhavapaksh ki or bhi laga rahata hai. udaharanarth sukhasin kuber (san. san. si.) ke mukh par dikhalaee p dane vala sukh aur santosh ka chitran. buddh ya tirthankar ki moorti banate samay kalakar shaant aur smit yukt mukh banane ki cheshta karata hai. prabha-mandal ko hastinakhoan se yukt to banata hai par bich vali khali jagah mean katipay navin abhiprayoan ka srijan karata hai. chaturbhuj shivaliang ko gadhate samay charoan mukhoan par char vishesh prakar ke bhav pradarshit karane ka bhi prayas karata hai. keval mathura kala ki hi nahian, apitu anyatr paee gee kuchh moortiyaan bhi is kal ki kala ka pratinidhy karati haian. pro0 kadriangtan ne is sandarbh mean likha hai ki kushan aur guptakal ke bich vali khaee ko milane vali char buddh moortiyaan vishesh roop se smaraniy haian.

kushan-gupt kal ki moortiyoan ki sadharan roop se adholikhit visheshataean mani ja sakati haian;

• 1-bhauanhoan ki vakrata mean vriddhi hoti hai.
• 2-kanoan ki lambaee badhane lagati hai.
• 3-hasy ko prabhavotpadak banane ke lie hoantho ke donoan chhoroan par halke gaddhe dikhalaee p date haian. guptakal mean inaki gaharaee aur bhi badh jati he. inhean sanskrit mean srikva, srikk, ya srikkini kaha jata hai. guptakalin mitti ke khilaunoan mean to ye gaddhe kisi nukili vastu ko g dakar banaye jate the.
• 4-sare sharir ki banavat mean chharaharapan to nahian dikhalaee p data par pet, kamar aur jaanghoan ki banavat adhik akarshak avashy ho jati hai.
• 5-sadharanataya keshoan ki rachana, hathoan ke aangadadi alankar mekhala adi ki banavat mean prachin kushan paranpara ke darshan hote haian.
• 6-prabhavamandal mean hastinakh ki antim pankti to rahati hai par usake aur kendr ke bich vale rikt sthan mean shanai:-shanai: alankaranoan ka banana prarambh hota hai jo guptakal mean pahuanchakar poornata ko pa leta hai.

guptakal

is kal ki kala ka pramukh vaishishthay moortikala hi hai. kalakar ke kushal hathoan mean p dakar is kal ki mitti aur patthar saundary ki jiti jagati pratimaoan mean badal jate the. guptakalin kalakaroan ne kushan kal ke sharirik sauandary ke uttan pradarshan ko nahian apanaya varanh sthool sauandary aur bhav sauandary ka sundar yog sthapit kiya. guptakala mean vivastr ya nagn chitran ko koee sthan nahian hai jab ki kushan kala ki vah ek apani visheshata thi. kushan kala ka paradarshak kesh vinyas sharir ke saushthav ko, usake maansal avayavoan ko chamakane ke lie banaya jata tha, parantu gupt kal ka vastr vilas use suruchipoorn dhang se achchhadit karane ke lie hi banata tha . vedika stanbhoan par aankit kri darat yuvatiyoan ka aankan gupt yug mean lokapriy n raha. ab in bahar ki pratimaoan ki apeksha garbhagrih ke andar sansthapit upasy moorti ke sauandary ko adhik mooly diya jane laga.

d aau. kumarasvami ke shabdoan mean guptakal ki kala jo mathura ki kushan kala se udbhoot hai, svat: ekaroop evan svabhavik hai. guptakalin manav moortiyoan ki kuchh visheshataean, jo bahudha sarvasadharan roop se dekhi ja sakati haian, nimnaankit haian:

• 1. sadi evan prabhavotpadak shaili jisaki sahayata se anek bhavy adarsh sakar ho uthe haian. buddh ki kuchh moortiyoan mean (udaharanarth san. san.00e5) tatha mathura ki guptakalin vishnu moorti mean jo is samay rashtriy sangrahalay dilli mean hai, adhyatmik shanti, prasannata, sneh v dayashilata ke spasht darshan hote haian.
• 2. moorti ke aankan mean yatharth ki apeksha adarsh ki matra badh jati hai. udaharan ke lie aankhean ab gol nahian hoti apitu ve dhanushakar bhauanhoan ke sath kan tak (akarn) phail jati haian aur akar mean lambi aur konedar dikhalaee p dati haian.
• 3. pashan pratimaoan mean aankhoan ki putaliyaan kam hi banati rahian aur aankhean adhakhuli dikhalaee jati thian.
• 4. nam sidhi, kapol chikane, hoanth kuchh mote tatha gaddhedar banaye jane lage. kanoan ki banavat mean bhi mahattvapoorn antar ho gaya.
• 5. kushan kal mean hasy ka pradarshan karane ke lie kabhi-kabhi dantavali dikhalaee jati hai, par guptakal mean vishesh prakar ki moortiyoan ko chho dakar samanyat: keval mandasmit se hi kam liya gaya hai.
• 6. vishnu kartikey, indr adi moortiyoan mean bhauanhoan ke bich dikhalaee p dane vala devatv ka pradarshak oorna chihn ab adrishy ho jata hai.
• 7. keshoan ki banavat mean anek akarshak prakar dikhalaee p dane lagate haian.
• 8. vastr sadharanataya jhine aur sharir se chipake hue dikhalaee p date haian.
• 9. kushan kal ki apeksha alankaroan ki sankhya kam hone lagati hai. kuchh chune hue abhooshan jaise kanth ki ekavali, hathoan ke aangad aur kankan, motiyoan ka janeoo, karadhani aur noopur hi sadharanataya dikhalaee p date haian.

buddhamoorti

kushan kal ke saman guptoan ke samay bhi mathura nagar kala ka ek tirth raha, par kala ka mukhy kendr hone ka saubhagy ab saranath (varanasi) ko mila, jahaan chunar patthar ke madhyam se is kal ki kee amar kritiyaan nirmit hueean. mathura ki gupt kalakritiyoan mean sarvashreshth vah buddh pratima hai jisane apane saundaryabhivyakti ke karan desh ki sabhi gupt kritiyoan mean ek mahattvapoorn sthan paya hai. is pratima ke mukhamandal par vilas karane vala mandasmit, shant mudra evan adhyatmik prabhuta ka tez dekhate hi banata hai (san. san.00e5) guptakalin buddh moortiyoan mean adholikhit visheshataean avalokaniy haian;

• 1. adhyatmik chiantan, shanti aur smit ke mukh par spasht darshan.
• 2. sharir ke banavat mean mriduta.
• 3. vastroan ka jhina aur paradarshak hona.
• 4. vastr ki vishesh prakar ki siku dan. kushan kal ki moortiyoan mean bahudha vastr ki siku danean khodakar banaee jati thian, par guptakal mean ye dhariyaan ubhari huee rahati haian. sath hi ye vastr halake aur paradarshak bhi haian
• 5. alankrit prabhamandal. kushan kal mean prabhamandal ke kinare par pray: ardhachandr ya hastinakh ki pankti bani rahati thi par ab is ke sath-sath vikasit kamal, patravali pushpalata adi kee abhipray bane rahate haian
• 6. ghuangharadar baloan se alankrit mastak. ab buddh ka mundit mastak kvachith hi dikhalaee p data hai, us sthan par ghuangharale baloan ki ghumavadar latean dikhalana sadharan pratha ban jati hai.
• 7. kushan kal mean bhauanhoan ke bich dikhalaee p dane vala oorna chihn ab ini-gini moortiyoan mean dikhalaee p data hai (san. san. 18.1391,33.2337,2309.33i.). in moortiyoan ko keval paripati ke palan ka namoona kaha ja sakata hai. sadharanataya oorna chihn ab kushan kal ke saman avashyak nahian samajha jata tha.
• 8. abhayamudra dikhalane vale hath ki sthiti mean bhi ab parivartan hota hai. kushan moortiyoan mean yah hath lagabhag kandhe tak ooancha utha rahata hai, par gupt-buddh pratima mean vah lagabhag samakon banate hue adhikadhik kamar tak hi uthata hai.
• 9. donoan pairoan ke bich mean dikhalaee p dane vali vastuoan ko lupt hona.
• 10. kanoan ki lambaee v sare chehare ki banavat tatha hathoan ki banavat mean bhi antar hai. guptakalin chehare ki visheshataean pahale batalaee ja chuki haian. hath ki mukhy visheshata usaki uangaliyoan mean hai. kushanakal mean jahaan paanchoan uangaliyaan mili huee dikhalaee p dati haian, vahaan guptakal mean ve sammukh bhag mean ek doosare se prithakh maloom p dati haian.
• 11. hatheliyaan par banane vale chihn guptakal mean kam ho jate haian. yahaan samudrik rekhayean to rahati haian, par dharmachakr aur triratn nahian rahate.

jain tirthankaroan ki moortiyaan

is kal ki bani huee tirthankar moortiyaan bhi adhikatar bhav pradhan haian. buddh pratimaoan ke saman unake prabhamandal vividh prakar se alankrit milate haian. hatheliyaan aur pairoan ke taluoan par dharmachakr chihn bana rahata hai (san. san.00bi.1,00bi.11,00bi.28). yah bhi vishesh mahattv ki bat hai ki jahaan guptakalin buddh moortiyoan mean oorna chihn bahudha nahian milata vahaan jainiyoan ne is paddhati ko poori tarah se nahian chho da. oorna aur ushnish se yukt jain moortiyoan ke namoone mathura shaili mean vidyaman haian (san. san.00.bi. 45, 00.bi.51), par aise namoone kam haian.

tirthankaroan ke laanchhan dikhalane ki paddhati abhi nahian chali thi. kushanakal ke saman inake namoan ko janane ke lie ham3 un par aankit shilalekhoan par hi nirbhar rahana p data hai. rrishabhanath aur parshvanath to kramash: kandhoan par halarate hue baloan ki latoan v mastak par dikhalaee p dane vali sarp-phanoan se pahichane ja sakate haian. tirthankaroan ki kuchh, aisi moortiyaan haian jo guptakal aur madhyakal ki sankramanavastha ko soochit karati haian. udaharanarth ek tirthankar pratima (san. san. 18.1388) ki charan chauki par atharahavean tirthankar aranath ka laanchhan min-mithun bana hai. ek doosari tirthankar pratima (san.san.00.bi. 75) par jain, bauddh aur brahman dharm ke abhiprayoan ka adbhut sanmishran hai. moorti tirthankar ki hai, unake asan par do mrigoan ke bich dharm-chakr vala ek bauddh abhipray hai aur pichhe ki or kuber aur navagrahoan ki moortiyaan bani haian.

brahman dharm ki moortiyaan

is kal ka rajadharm bhagavat dharm hone ke karan yah svabhavik tha ki vedshastroan se anumodit brahman dharm ki or praja ka jhukav adhik raha ho aur isase sambandhit moortiyoan ka prachalan bhi adhik raha ho. is sambandh mean nimnaankit batean vishesh roop se dhyan dene yogy haian;

• 1. mathura shaili mean any devataoan ki apeksha brahma ki moortiyaan kam banati thian.
• 2. vishnu ki moortiyoan ki vipulata hai. prarambhik vishnu moortiyoan ko dekhane se yah spasht ho jata hai ki is kal mean vishnu pratima ko gadhane ke lie purani kushan kalin vishnu moorti ko hi adhar mana gaya tha, par sath hi sath navin tattvoan ka bhi samavesh tezise hone laga tha. unaka sidha mukut ab shanai:-shanai: lupt hone laga aur usaka sthan sianh-mukh, makar, mukta, mukta-jal adi alankaranoan se yukt mukut ne le liya. gale ke abharan tatha pahanane ke vastr mean bhi mahattvapoorn parivartan hue. banamala tatha prabhamandal ka nirman ab prarambh hua. guptakal se hi prarambh hone vali ek doosari mahattvooparn visheshata vishnu ke ayudhapurushoan ki nirmiti hai. mathura kala mean gada-devi v chakr-purush ke darshan hote haian. charoan ayudhoan ko dharan kiye hue kh de vishnu ke sath hi is kal mean asan par baithi huee pratimaean bhi bani thian (san. san. 15.512). sadharan pratimaoan ke atirikt trivikram roop mean bani vishnu moortiyaan mathura se prapt huee haian. guptakal ki vaishnav moortiyoan mean nrisianh-varah-vishnu ki moorti vishesh roop se ullekhaniy hai. is prakar ki pratima mean tin mukh hote haian. inamean bich ka purush tatha agal-bagal ke mukh varah aur sianh ke hote haian.
• 3. is kal mean shiv moortiyaan bhi kam nahian milatian. mathura mean to chandragupt vikramadity ke samay mean shaivoan ka ek b da kendr raha jisaka praman yahaan se mila hua ek stambh lekh hai. is kal mean shiv ki liang-roop aur manav-roop donoan prakar ki moortiyaan milati haian. inaki pratham mahattvapoorn visheshata shiv ka tisara netr hai. kushanakal mean yah netr a da banaya jata tha par kushan-guptakal se hi yah kh da banaya jane laga. shivaliangoan mean sadharan liangoan ke atirikt ek-mukhi (san.san. 14-15.427, 16.1238) v dvimukhi liang (san.san. 14-15.462) milate haian. anyatr shiv ke chaturmukh aur panchamukh liang bhi milate haian. shiv ki moortiyoan mean ardhanarishvar v aliangan mudra mean shivaparvati (san.san. 14.474) ki pratimaean adhik milati haian. mathura ki shiv pratimaoan ki yah ek visheshata hai ki yahaan jab shiv apani shakti ke sath hone haian tab unhean avashy hi urdhvamedhr sthiti mean dikhalaya jata hai jo adi-purush ki amogh shakti ka parichayak hai. shiv-parvati ki moortiyoan mean alankaran v bhav pradarshan ki drishti se vah moorti vishesh roop se ullekhaniy hai jo ek hi or nahian apitu donoan or saman roop se banaee gee haian (san.san. 30-2084). guptakal ki kuchh moortiyoan mean shiv ke parichayak chihnahoan mean vyaghrambar (san.san. 54.3764;) ardhachandr ya balendu (san. san. 13.362) dikhaee dete haian.
• 4. bharatiy kalakritiyoan mean prachinakal ki ganesh moortiyaan bahut hi kam mili haian. jinamean se ek mathura se prapt huee hai (san.san. 15.758).
• 5. uparokt moortiyoan ke atirikt indr (san.san. 46.3226), harihar (san.san.10.1333), kuber (san.san. 00.si.5), yamuna (lakhanoo sangrahalay je. 563) adi ki sundar moortiyaan bhi milati haian.
• 6. phutakar moortiyoan mean soory devata ke ek anuchar piangal ki moorti vishesh roop se ullekhaniy hai kyoanki is par videshi prabhav spasht roop se jhalakata hai (san.san. 36.2665).

guptottarakalin moortiyaan

guptottarakal mean sabhi sampradayoan ki moortiyaan to khoob banati rahian par kala aur saundary ki drishti se unamean guptakal ki sarvaang sundarata nahian dikhalaee p dati hai. bahut si moortiyoan mean maulikata ka abhav hai. tathapi in moortiyoan ka ek apana saundary hai. mathura kala ki madhyakalin pratimaoan ki mukhy roop se adholikhit visheshataean ginaee ja sakati haian;

• (1) mathura ki kalakritiyoan ke lie ab tak jahaan chittedar lal patthar ka prayog hota tha vahaan ab madhy kal mean pahuanchate-pahuanchate bhoore rang ke balue patthar ka prayog hone laga aur kalakaroan ne lal patthar ki moortiyaan gadhane ke lie ashray dena samapt-sa kar diya.
• (2) is kal ki pratimaoan mean maansalata aur chhota qad adhik dikhalaee p data hai. sath hi sath kavi-sanket-siddh sauandary ke manadandoan ko jaise vishal akarn-netr, shuk-chanchu ke saman nasika, nikali huee konedar tho di, striyoan ke aviral stan-yugm, ityadi ko pramukh roop se apanaya gaya .
• (3) isake sath-sath alankaroan ke aankan ki matra bhi badh gee. bhari kanth-bhooshan, alankaroan se bhare hue hath, bhari vazan ki mekhalayean ya rashana-jal, ooanche uthe hue mukut, pushpoan se shobhit dhamill evan nayanaramy keshabhar is kal ki moortiyoan mean b di hi ruchi se banaye jate the.
• (4) mathura ki madhyakalin moortiyaan adhikatar samooche patthar ki patiya par uker kar banaee gee haian, charoan or se dekhi jane vali moortiyaan kam haian.
• (5) is samay ki purush moortiyoan mean mastak ke keshoan ka aankan bhi dhyan dene yogy hai. kushan kal mean mukut ke niche kanoan ke oopar tho de kesh dikhalaye jate the. gupt kal mean mukh par is prakar ke bal dikhalana band ho gaya, unhean kandhoan par vipulata se laharate hue dikhalane lage the. guptottar kal mean bhal ke thik oopar kadhe hue baloan ki ek chhoti-si pankti dikhalaee p dane lagati hai.
• (6) is kal ki moortiyoan ki drishti mean bhi ullekhaniy parivartan hue haian. ab inaki drishti antarmukhi nahian hai, apitu darshak ya bhakt ki or poori tarah avalokan karane vali hai.

us kal tak pahuanchate-pahuanchate bauddh, jain aur brahman dharm ke moortishastr bahut adhik vikasit ho chuke the aur vibhinn devi devataoan ke anek dhyan lokapriy ho rahe the. is badalati huee paristhiti ke phalasvaroop hamean yahaan anek navin prakar ki moortiyaan milati haian. inamean katipay mahattvapoorn pratimaoan ki yahaan charcha ki ja rahi hai.

(k)jain dharm ki pratimaean

is kal ki bani jain moortiyoan mean bhavapaksh to nirbal hai par moortishastr ki drishti se ve adhik poorn haian. ab keval tirthankaroan ke laanchhan hi nahian apitu kahian-kahian unake sath ke yaksh adi bhi bane rahate haian. isase tirthankar ki pahichan karana sahaj ho jata hai. in pratimaoan ki doosari vishesh bat yah hai ki ab buddh aur jain pratima ke mastakoan mean vishesh antar nahian dikhaee p data. prabhamandal, ushnish, chhatravali, vidyadhar adi vastuean donoan mean payi jati hai. samay ke sath-sath jainoan ka devata-sangh bhi badhata gaya aur unaki moortiyaan nirman hoti gee. mathura ke sangrahalay mean jainoan ke ek devata kshetrapal ki ek pratima vidyaman hai. yah bhairav ka hi ek svaroop hai. isi prakar jainoan ki ek prasiddh devi chakreshvari ki moorti yahaan dekhi ja sakati hai jisake sabhi hathoan mean chakr bane haian. any devataoan mean sianharoodh ambika evan kalpavriksh ke niche baithe hue stri-purush ya 'yugaliya' pratima (san.san. 15.1111) darshaniy haian.

(kh)bauddh moortiyaan

is kal ki mathura mean bani buddh moortiyoan ki sankhya adhik nahian hai. kuchh ke toote hue sir sangrahalay mean haian jin par kvachit ushnish aur urna vidyaman hai. bodhisatvoan ki svatantr moortiyaan banana is kal mean mathura mean band-sa ho gaya thaan itihas bhi hamean batalata hai ki athavian shatabdi ke bad arthat shankarachary ke samay mean bauddh dharm bharat se lagabhag uth gaya tha. isaliye in moortiyoan ka n milana svabhavik hi hai.

(g)vaishnav moortiyaan

mathura sangrahalay ki madhyakalin vaishnav pratimaoan mean sabase mahattvapoorn moorti asanasth chaturbhuj-vishnu ki hai. is kal mean kh de ya shesh par lete huye vishnu ki pratimaean sadharan roop se banati thian, par baithe huye vishnu jinhean buddh avatar ka pratik samajhate haian, kam dikhalaee p date haian. prastut moorti apani poornata ke karan vishesh roop se darshaniy hai. any prakar ki vishnu moortiyoan mean gupt kal ki apeksha alankaranoan ki vipulata hai. sath hi sath brahma, shiv, ayudhapurush, shridevi v bhoodevi, navagrah, dash avatar adi anek chhoti moortiyaan as pas bani dikhalaee p dati haian. is kal ki ek any visheshata vishnu ke vakshasthal par dikhalaee p dane vala chaturdal kaustubh hai jo mathura ki kushan aur guptakalin kala mean adrishy tha. any prakar ki vaishnav moortiyoan mean sheshashayi vishnu (san.san. 12.256), vaman avatar (san.san. 15.1025), varah avatar (san.san. 18.1114) v balaram (san. san. 18.1515) ki moortiyaan mukhy haian.

(gh)shaiv v any moortiyaan

inamean aliangan mudra mean umamaheshvar (00.di 14), asanasth shiv (00.di 43,44) haragauri (10.139) adi moortiyaan v katipay shivaliangoan ko ginaya ja sakata hai. any devi devataoan ki moortiyoan mean vishesh roop se dhyan dene yogy nimnaankit pratimaean haian: nrity ganesh (san. san. 12.189), aliangan mudra mean sapatnik ganesh (san.san. 15.1112), dev senapati kartikey ko brahma v shiv dvara abhishek (san.san. 14.466), agni jisamean usake vahan mesh ko purush roop mean dikhalaya gaya hai (san.san. 00.di.24), hanuman (san.san.00di 27), kuber aur ganesh ke sath lakshmi (san.san. 15.1119), shiv liang aur ganesh se yukt tapasya mean lin parvati (san.san.15.1044), tin pairoan vale bhriangi rrishi (san.san. 17.1289), mahishasuramardini (san.san. 15.541), virabhadr aur ganesh ke bich saptamatrikaean, (san.san. 15.552), usha v pratyoosha ke sath rath par baithe soory (san.san.00.di.45), dand-piangal ke sath kh de soory (san.san. 16.1220) adi.

mathuri kalakritiyoan mean aankit katha-drishy

yah pahale hi batalaya ja chuka hai ki mathura ki kala kisi dharm vishesh se bandhi huee nahian hai. isake acharyoan ne brahman, bauddh v jain dharmoan ki saman roop se seva ki hai. phalat: isamean anek vishayoan ka aankan hua hai.

sadharanataya in vibhinn katha-drishyoan ko nimnaankit roop se baanta ja sakata hai;

• (k) bauddh kathaean.
• (kh) brahman dharm ke katha-drishy.
• (g) phutakar kathaean.

inamean bauddh kathaoan ki sankhya sarvadhik hai. yah avashy hi ashchary ka vishay hai ki jain dharm ka ek pramukh kendr hote hue bhi mathuri kala mean jain kathaoan ka aankan bahut hi tho da hai. brahman dharm se sambandhit kathaoan ki bhi bahulata nahian hai. atev pratham bauddh kathaoan ko lean.

bauddh katha-drishy

inhean yahaan do roopoan mean samajha ja sakata hai- ek to buddh ke atit janmoan ki kathaean aur doosare buddh jivan ke drishy. bauddh granthoan ke anusar briddhattv ki prapti ke poorv buddh ne kee janm liye the. in janmoan ki kathaean jatak kathaoan ke nam se prasiddh haian. in kathaoan ko vedikastambhoan par, soochikaoan par athava divaroan par aankit karana prachinakal ki samany paripati thi jisake namoone bharahoot, saanchi, amaravati adi sthanoan par tatha gandhar kala mean bhi prachurata se milate haian. mathura ki kala bhi is niyam ke lie apavad nahian hai. yahaan ki kalakritiyoan mean ab tak barah jatakoan ki pahachan ho chuki haian. inaka sankshipt vivaran niche diya ja raha hai.

• 1. du:khopadan jatak (san.san. 15.586)

isaka aankan ek vedika stambh par kiya gaya hai. jisamean ek phulle mean parnashala ke samane ek baitha hua sadhu dikhalaee p data hai. thik usi ke pas usaki or muanh kie ek saanp, hiran, kaua tatha kabootar bhi bane haian.

katha is prakar hai ki ekabar char bhikshuoan mean du:kh ke mool karan ke vishay mean bat chali. charoan ke mat bhinn the atev ve shanka nivritti ke lie buddh ke pas gaye. buddh ne poorv janm ki ek ghatana ko batalate huye unaka samadhan kiya. unhoanne batalaya ki ek van mean rahane vale hiran, kaua, saanp tatha kabootar mean pahale ek bar aisa hi vad uth p da tha. kabootar ka mat tha ki prem du:kh ka mool upadan hai, kauve ke matanusar yah upadan bhookh thi, saanp ghrina ko mool upadan batalata tha aur hiran soch raha tha ki bhay ke atirikt doosara koee upadan nahian ho sakata. nikat hi rahane vale ek sadhu save yah prashn poochha gaya. usane batalaya ki tum sabhi aanshat: sach batala rahe ho par du:kh ke moolatam upadan tak nahian pahuanch rahe ho. deh dharan hi sabhi du:khoan ka mool karan hai. samarop karate hue buddh ne batalaya ki us janm mean sadhu ve svayan the aur vivad karane vale char bhikshu char janavar the. yah jatak katha aj ke upalabdh pali sahity mean nahian milati, apitu buddh jivan se sambandhit ek chini granth mean isaka vivaran milata hai.

• 2. sisumar athava vanarind jatak (san.san. 00.je 42; 12.195)

yah katha do vedika stambhoan par aankit milati hai. isamean ek magar aur bandar ko ek sath dikhalaya gaya hai. katha yah hai ki ek samay bodhisatv bandar ke roop mean ek nadi ke tat par nivas karate the. usi nadi mean magar ka ek jo da bhi rahata tha. ek bar magar ki patni ne bandar ka kaleja khane ki ichchha apane pati ke pas pragat ki. priyatama ki ichchha poori karane ke lie magar ne bandar se dosti ki aur ek din use sujhaya ki bandar ko chahie ki vah nadi ke doosare tat par lage huye taje aur madhur phaloan ko khaya kare aur isake lie vah svayan use par le jaya karega. bandar magar ki batoan mean a gaya aur usaki pith par baithakar nadi mean chal p da. bich dhara mean pahuanchakar magar ne use sahi bat batalaee aur svayan pani mean doobane laga. chatur bandar hans p da, usane kaha ashchary hai ki tumhean yah pata hi nahian hai ki bandar log kabhi apana kaleja apane sath nahian rakhate, anyatha koodane phaantane mean usake tuk de-tuk de ho jayan. ve to use pe doan par lataka ke rakhate haian. moorkh magar ne is bat par vishvas kar liya aur bandar ka kaleja pane ke lalach se use pun: kinare par le aya. ab bandar kood p da aur magar ki buddhihinata par hansane laga. jatakoan ke atirikt tho de parivartanoan ke sath yah katha panchatantr mean bhi milati hai.

• 3. mahasutasom jatak (san.san. 14.431,00 je.23) isaka sabase achchha udaharan ek prastar khand par milata hai. yahaan ek purush kandhe par baheangi liye ja raha hai jisake donoan chhoroan se ek-ek manav akriti latak rahi hai.

is jatak ki katha ke anusar ek samay varanasi ke kisi raja ko manav ka maans khane ki ruchi utpann ho gee. apani dusht ichchha ko poorn karane ke lie usane kitane hi nirih manushyoan ko marava dala. jab isaka bhed khula tab logoan ne use rajy se nikal diya. vah bhi ek jangal mean rahakar vahaan ane vale pathikoan ko marakar khane laga. ek bar usake pair mean chot aee. atev usane vrikshadevata ki manauti ki ki usaka vran ek saptah mean thik hone par vah ek sau ek kumaroan ki bali chadhavega. sanyog se usaka pair thik ho gaya. ab apani manauti ki poorti ke lie usane ek sau kumaroan ko pak dakar ek vriksh se lataka diya. antim kumar bodhisattv sutasom the jinhean is narabhakshak ne pak d liya, par bodhisattv ke adamy sahas, nirbhikata adi gunoan se vah b da prabhavit hua aur antatogatva usaki sampoorn jivan-dhara ko palat dene mean bodhisattv sutasom poori tarah saphal ho gaye.

• 4. romak athava paravat jatak (san.san. 00.aee 4)

yah jatak apane mool sthan par kee bhagoan mean aankit thaan is samay avashisht shilakhand par keval do bhag dekhe ja sakate haian. katha-drishy ke oopar maladhari yakshoan ki pankti bani huee thi. yahaan ham kuchh sadhoo v ek kabootar dekhate haian. in sadhuoan mean ek doosare ki apeksha avastha mean vriddhi hai. yah anuman usaki dadhi se kiya ja sakata hai. is jatak ki katha ka sankshipt roop is prakar hai:

ek samay bodhisattv ne kabootaroan ke raja ka janm liya tha. kabootaroan ka yah jhund jangal mean rahane vale ek sadhu ke yahaan niyamit roop se jata raha. yah sadhu ek gufa ke pas raha karata tha. vriddhavastha ke karan age chalakar vah sadhu us sthan ko chho dakar kahian chala gaya aur us sthan par ek doosara tarun sadhu akar rahane laga. kabootaroan ka jhund ab bhi ata raha. ek din is navin sadhu ko kabootaroan ka maans khane ko mila jo use bahut hi achchha lagaan is vishay mean usaka lobh badha aur usane in kabootaroan ke jhund mean shikar karane ki sochi. doosare din vah apane kap doan mean danda chhipakar kabootaroan ki rah dekhane laga. usaki cheshtaoan se bodhisattv ko usake kapat vyavahar ka pata lag gaya aur unhoanne apane anuyayiyoan ko vahaan jane se rok diya. ab is tarun sadhu ka kapat khul gaya aur antatogatva pas-p daus valoan ke dar se usane vah sthan chho d diya.

• 5. vessantar jatak (san.san. 00.je 4 prishth bhag) is jatak katha ka aankan kalakaroan ka priy vishay raha. bharahoot aur saanchi ki kalakritiyoan mean bhi yah prachur roop se aankit hai. mathura mean yah kee bhagoan bhagoan mean dikhalaya gaya tha. sangrahalay mean pradarshit vedika-stambh ke pichhale bhag par isake kuchh drishy mukhyat: kumar vessantar aur yachak brahman, kumar dvara brahman ko apane donoan putroan ka dan tatha ekakini strimoorti kadachit vessantar ki patni aankit haian.

us samay bodhisatv ne adarsh dani ke roop mean kumar vessantar ke nam se janm liya tha. unhoanne apana shvet varn ka mangal-gaj, brahmanoan ko dan mean de diya. phalasvaroop unhean patni aur putroan ke sath deshatyag karana p da. raste mean unhoanne brahman ke maangane par apana rath aur gho de bhi de diye. ab yah kutumb ek parvat par rahane laga, par yahaan bhi poojak nam ka ek brahman a pahuancha jisane kumar se usake donoan putroan ki yachana ki. patni ki anupasthiti mean bhi kumar ne brahman ki prarthana svikar kian vastut: yah brahman kumar vessantar ki pariksha lene aya tha. bad mean shak devata ke prabhav se kumar ka sara kutumb aur usaka purana aishvary sab kuchh use mil gaye.

• .6 pad-kusal-manav jatak (san.san. 12.191) ek vedika stambh ke madhy mean yah aankit hai. yahaan ham ek ashv-mukhi yakshi ko ek tarun purush ke kandhe ko chhoote huye dekhate haian.

jatak katha hamean batalati hai ki kisi samay varanasi ki ek rani ne jhoothi shapath li, jis pap ke karan vah ghu damuanhi yakshi bani. usane tab tin varshoan tak vaishravan kuber ki seva ki aur yah var prapt kiya ki ek nishchit parisar ke bhitar pravesh karane valoan ko vah kha sakegi. ek din ek sundar aur dhanavan brahman yuvak usake changul mean phans gaya. parantu yah yakshi usake sauandary par lubdh ho gee aur usane use apana pati bana liya. parantu vah kahian bhag n jay is bhay se vah use sada ek gufa mean kaid kiye rahati thian usase is yakshi ke ek baita utpann hua jo bodhisattv tha. bodhisatv ne pairoan ki chap ko sunakar manushy ko pahachanane ki kala mean kushalata prapt ki aur is vidya ki sahayata se apane pita ko ghu damuanhi yakshi ki kaid se chhu da liya.

• .7 kachchhap jatak (san.san. 00.je 36)

oopar vale jatak ke saman yah bhi ek vedika stanbh ke pichhale bhag par aankit hai. yahaan ek kachhue ko do purush lak diyoan se pitate hue dikhalaee p date haian. bat yah thi ki ek bakavadi kachhue aur do hansoan mean mitrata ho gee. hansoan ne kachhuoan ko apane desh mean chalane ke lie nimantrit kiya. kachhue ko bat janch gee. hansoan ne ek chh di li aur kachhue ko use bichobich apane muanh mean pak dane ke lie kaha. usake aisa karane par donoan pakshi apani choanch mean us chh di ko pak dakar u d chale. gaanv ke bachchoan ne jab yah vichitr drishy dekha tab unhoanne kachhue ki hansi u dana prarambh kiya. bakavadi kachhua use n sah saka. jaise hi uttar dene ke lie usane muanh khola, vah bhoomi par a gira aur mar gaya. d aau. phogal ne is katha ki charcha karate hue thik hi kaha hai ki mathura kalakriti mean is katha ka aankan jatak-granthoan ke adhar par nahian, apitu panchatantr ke adhar par hua hai, jisamean kaha gaya hai ki kachhue ki mrityu oopar se girakar nahian, parantu gramavasiyoan ki mar ke karan huee thi.

• 8. ulook jatak (san.san. 00.je41)

isaka aankan bhi ek vedika stanbh ke prishthabhag par kiya gaya hai. yahaan ham ek ulloo ko asan par baithe hue dekhate haian. do bandar agal-bagal kh de hokar usaka abhishek kar rahe haian. katha ke anusar pakshiyoan ne ek samay ulloo ko apana raja chuna. usaka abhishek hone hi ja raha tha ki kauve ne is bat ka virodh kiya aur vah svayan akash mean u d gaya. ulloo bhi usaka pichha karane ke lie akash mean u d chala. idhar pakshiyoan ne ek sunahale hans ko apana raja chuna.

• 9. dipankar jatak (san.san. 0.ech 10. lakhanoo sangrahalay sankhya bi 22)

is jatak ka sampoorn aankan ab tak mathurikala mean nahian mila hai, parantu mahattvapoorn batoan ka aankan avashy hai jaise dipankar ko phool chadhana tatha unake sammukh sumati ka bhoomi par apane kesh phailana. jatak ki pali tatha sanskrit kathaoan mean kuchh antar hai. katha ka sadharan roop nimnaankit hai:

sumati namak ek vedajn brahman ko ek raja se dan mean kee vastuean milian. inamean ek kanya bhi thian sumati ne kanya ko grahan karana svikar nahian kiya kyoanki vah ajanm brahmachari rahana chahata tha. kanya sumati par mugdh ho chuki thi, parantu usake dvara asvikar kiye jane par vah dipavati namak nagari mean jakar eeshvar seva mean samay bitane lagi. idhar sumati ko kuchh vichitr svapn hue jinaka arth samajhane ke lie use dipavati nagari mean jakar vahaan padharane vale dipankar buddh se milane ka adesh hua. sumati ko chahane vali vah kanya bhi dipankar ka poojan karana chahati thi. idhar dipavati ke raja ne apane yahaan ane vale dipankar ki pooja ke lie nagar ke sampoorn pushpoan par adhikar kar liyaan phalat: kanya ko poojan ke lie phool n mil sake. atev usane apani tapasya ke prabhav se sat kamaloan ko vikasit karaya. yahi kathinaee sumati ke samane bhi thian ekaek usane is kanya ko phool le jate hue dekha. usane phooloan ki yachana ki. pahale to kanya ne usaki prarthana asvikar kar di, pad bad mean ek shart par use paanch pushp dena svikar kiya. shart yah thi ki dipankar ko pushp samarpan karate samay sumati apane man mean us kanya ko agale janm mean patni roop mean pane ki kamana rakhe. sumati ne ise svikar kiya aur donoan dipankar ka darshan karane ke lie chale. sumati ne dipankar ko jo paanch phool chadhaye ve bhoomi par to nahian gire apitu buddh ke mastak ke oopar ek mala ke roop mean sthit ho gaye. usi prakar kanya ke dvara samarpit pushp bhi dipankar ke kanoan par sthit ho gaye. varsha ke karan is samay raste mean kich d ho raha tha. dipankar ko chalane mean kathinaee ho rahi hai yah dekhakar sumati ne apana mastak prithvi par jhuka diya aur apane kesh bichhakar buddh ko chalane ke lie marg bana diya. buddh ne usake keshoan par pair rakhe aur bhavishyavani ki ki agale janm mean sumati shaky muni ke roop mean utpann hoange.

• 10. shibi jatak

mathura se prapt ek vedika stanbh ke prishthabhag par yah jatak katha aankit hai. ise shibi jatak ke nam se pukara gaya hai par yahaan dikhalaee p dane vala drishy pali jatak katha se mel nahian khata. sanbhavat: yah brahman sanpraday mean prachalit raja shibi ki katha hai jisane ek kabootar ko bachane ke lie apane sharir ka maans dena svikar kiya tha.

• 11. vyaghri jatak (san. san. 00 je.5; 32.2280)

donoan kalakritiyoan mean yah jatak-drishy b de hi ghise hue haian.

uparokt jatak kathaoan ke atirikt mathura kala mean adholikhit do any jatakoan ka aankan bhi milata hai, par ye kalakritiyaan mathura ke puratattv sangrahalay mean nahian haian.

(k)valahass jatak

(kh)mahilamukh jatak