अहमदशाह अब्दाली का आक्रमण
thumb|200px|ahamadashah abdali hindustan par ahamadashah abdali ka akraman aise samay mean hua, jab mugal samrajy apane patan ki or badh raha tha. isake sath hi uttari-pashchimi sima par bhi suraksha ke sare prabandh bekar ho chuke the. yahi vah samay tha, jab hindustan par pashchim se do akraman hue. inamean se pahala nadirashah ka akraman aur doosara ahamadashah abdali ka akraman tha. in donoan akramanoan ne hindustan ko hilakar rakh diya. asankhy nagaroan aur rajyoan ko loota gaya, anaginat manushyoan ko maut ke ghat utar diya gaya. striyoan ki abaroo looti gee, aur n jane kitani hi striyoan ko akramanakari apane sath le gaye. ahamadashah abdali ke akraman ne mathura, vrindavan aur agara ko buri tarah se barbad kar diya. bharat par ahamadashah abdali ke sat akraman hue the.
hindustan par akraman
ahamadashah abdali nadirashah ka ek yogy senapati tha. usake vishay mean nadirashah ne ek bar kaha tha ki, "yogyata tatha charitr mean maianne eeran, turan tatha hindustan mean ahamadashah ke barabar koee adami nahian dekha." 9 joon, 1747 ko nadirashah ki kripa ke bad ahamadashah abdali kandhar ka svatantr shasak bana. 1748 tatha 1767 ee. ke bich ahamadashah abdali ne hindustan ke viruddh sat chadhaeeyaan kian. usane pahala akraman 1748 ee. mean panjab par kiya, jo asaphal raha. 1749 mean usane panjab par doosara akraman kiya aur vahaan ke garvanar 'mueenulamulk' ko parasat kiya. 1752 mean niyamit rup se paisa n milane ke karan panjab par usane tisara akraman kiya.
dilli par qabza
ahamadashah abdali ne hindustan par chauthi bar akraman 'imadulamulk' ko saza dene ke lie kiya tha. 1753 ee. mean mueenulamulk ki mrityu ho jane ke bad imadulamulk ne 'adina beg khaan' ko panjab ko soobedar niyukt kiya. (mueenulamulk ko ahamadashah abdali ne panjab mean apane ejent tatha garvanar ke rup mean niyukt kiya tha.) is ghatana ke bad abdali ne hindustan par hamala karane ka nishchay kiya. navambar, 1756 ee. mean vah hindustan aya. 23 janavari, 1757 ko vah dilli pahuancha aur shahar qabza kar liya. vah lagabhag ek mah tak dilli mean raha aur usane nadirashah dvara dilli mean kiye gaye kiye gaye katleam aur lootamar ko ek bar se duhara diya.
mathura par akraman
ahamadashah abdali ne apane sainikoan ko yah adesh diya ki, "mathura nagar hinduoan ka pavitr sthan hai. use poori tarah nestanabood kar do. agara tak ek bhi imarat kh di n dikhaee p de. jahaan-kahian pahuancho, qatle am karo aur looto. loot mean jisako jo milega, vah usi ka hoga. sipahi log kaphiroan ke sir kat kar layean aur pradhan saradar ke kheme ke samane dalate jayean. sarakari khazane se pratyek sir ke lie paanch rupaya inam diya jayaga."[1]
mathura ke chhatta bazar ki nagar gali ke sire par b de chauboan ke purane makan mean anek nar−nari aur bal−bachche ekatr the. yavanoan ne un sabako mar dala aur makan ko to dakar usamean ag laga di. us nasht bhavan ke avashesh lal patthar ke kalatmak burj ke roop mean aj bhi hai, jo abdali ke sainikoan ki barbarata ki kahani batata haian. abdali ke sainikoan ne mathura mean khoon ki holi khel shahar ke b de bhag ko holi ki tarah jala diya tha. ek pratyakshadarshi muslim ne likha hai− "s dakoan aur bazaroan mean sarvatr halal kiye hue logoan ke dh d p de hue the aur sara shahar jal raha tha. kitani hi imaratean dharashayi kar di gee thian. yamuna nadi ka pani nar−sanhar ke bad sat dinoan tak lagatar lal rang ka bahata raha. nadi ke kinare par bairagiyoan aur sannyasiyoan ki bahut-si jhop diyaan thian. unamean se har jhoanp di mean sadhu ke sir ke muanh se laga kar rakha hua gay ka kata sir dikhaee p data tha."[2]
sainik lagatar tin din mathura mean mar-kat aur loot-pat karate rahe. unhoanne mandiroan ko nashtakar moortiyoan ko to da, pande - pujariyoan ka qatl kar diya. sainik nivasiyoan ko gadha hua dhan dene ke lie majaboor karate the. striyoan ki ijjat lootate the. sainikoan ke atyacharoan se bachane ke lie nariyaan kuoan mean ya yamuna nadi mean doob kar mar geean. jo bachian, zyadatar ko sainik pak d kar apane sath le gaye. mathura mean loot ke bad abdali ke sainik vrindavan pahuanche. unhoanne vahaan bhi mar−kat ki aur mandiroan, gharoan ko loota, to da. ek pratyakshadarshi musalaman ne likha hai,− 'vrindavan mean jidhar nazar jati, murdoan ke dher ke dher dikhaee p date the. s dakoan se nikalana tak mushkil ho gaya tha. lashoan se aisi durgandh ati thi ki saans lena bhi doobhar ho gaya tha.'[3]
bharat se vapasi
mathura ke bad ahamadashah abdali ki sena ne agara ko apana shikar banaya. yahaan par bhi lootapat karane ke bad ahamadashah abdali ne dubara dilli ki or prasthan kiya. usane bharat mean alamagir dvitiy ko 'samrat', imadulamulk ko 'vazir', ruhela saradar najibuddaula ko samrajy ka 'mir bakhshi' aur apana mukhy ejent niyukt kiya. mugal badashah ko kashmir, lahaur, sarahind tatha multan ahamadashah abdali ko dena p da. in kshetroan ki dekhabhal ke lie ahamadashah abdali ne apane bete 'timirashah' ko niyukt kiya aur svayan vapas chala gaya. hindustan se ahamadashah abdali ke jane ke tho de samay bad hi sthitiyaan bilkul viparit ho gayian.
marathoan ki chunauti
march, 1858 mean peshava raghunatharav dilli pahuancha aur najibuddaula ko dilli se nikal diya tatha 'adina beg' ko panjab ka garvanar niyukt kar diya. marathoan ki is chunauti ko to dane ke lie ahamadashah abdali ko punah bharat ana p da. 14 janavari, 1761 ko ahamadashah abdali tatha marathoan ke bich panipat ka tritiy yuddh hua. peshava ka putr 'vishvasarav' aur 'sadashivarav' donoan mean mare gaye. phalasvaroop marathoan ki poornatah parajay huee. 20 march, 1761 ko dilli chho dane se pahale ahamadashah abdali ne shahalam dvitiy ko samrat, najibuddaula ko 'mir bakhshi' aur imadulamulk ko vazir niyukt kar diya.
sikkhoan se samana
ahamadashah abdali ka chhatha akraman 1767 mean sikkhoan ko saza dene ke udeshy se hua tha. sikkhoan ne panjab mean apani shakti badha li thi. lahaur ke afagan garvanar 'khvaja abid' ko bhi unhoanne mar diya tha. abdali ka satavaan akraman march, 1767 mean hua tha parantu yah akraman asaphal raha, kyoanki vah sikkhoan ko kuchal nahian paya. apane sainikoan mean bagavat ki sambhavana ko dekhate hue use vapas lautana p da.
is prakar nadirashah aur ahamadashah abdali ke akramanoan tatha mugal samantashahi ke apasi ghatak jhagadoan ke karan 1761 tak mugal samrajy ka astitv ek akhil bharatiy samrajy ke roop mean samapt ho gaya. ab usake pas keval dilli ka rajy hi rah gaya tha.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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