भारतीय ज्योतिष

bharatiy jyotish (aangrezi: Indian Astrology) grah nakshatroan ki ganana ki vah paddhati hai jisaka bharat mean vikas hua hai. ajakal bhi bharat mean isi paddhati se panchaang banate haian, jinake adhar par desh bhar mean dharmik krity tatha parv manae jate haian. vartaman kal mean adhikaansh panchaang soory siddhaant, makarand saraniyoan tatha grahalaghav ki vidhi se prastut kie jate haian. kuchh aise bhi panchaang banate haian jinhean n aautikal almanak ke adhar par prastut kiya jata hai, kiantu inhean pray: bharatiy nirayan paddhati ke anukool bana diya jata hai.

itihas

bharat ka prachinatam upalabdh sahity vaidik sahity hai. vaidik kalin bharatiy yajn kiya karate the. yajnoan ke vishisht phal prapt karane ke liye unhean nirdharit samay par karana avashyak tha isaliye vaidik kal se hi bharatiyoan ne vedhoan dvara soory aur chandrama ki sthitiyoan se kal ka jnan prapt karana shuroo kiya. panchaang sudhar samiti ki riport mean die ge vivaran ke anusar rrigved kal ke aryoan ne chaandr saur varshaganana paddhati ka jnan prapt kar liya tha. ve 12 chaandr mas tatha chaandr masoan ko saur varsh se sanbaddh karane vale adhimas ko bhi janate the. din ko chandrama ke nakshatr se vyakt karate the. unhean chandragatiyoan ke jnanopayogi chaandr rashichakr ka jnan tha. varsh ke dinoan ki sankhya 366 thi, jinamean se chaandr varsh ke liye 12 din ghata dete the. riport ke anusar rrigved kalin aryoan ka samay kam se kam 1,200 varsh eesa poorv avashy hona chahie. lokamany bal gangadhar tilak ki orayan ke anusar yah samay shak sanvath‌ se lagabhag 4000 varsh pahale thaharata hai.

yajurved kal mean bharatiyoan ne masoan ke 12 nam madhu, madhav, shukr, shuchi, namash‌, namasy, ish, oorj, sahasr, tapash‌ tatha tapasy rakhe the. bad mean yahi poornima mean chandrama ke nakshatr ke adhar par chaitr, vaishakh, jyeshth, ashadh, bhadrapad, ashvin, kartik, margashirsh, paush, magh tatha phalgun ho ge. yajurved mean nakshatroan ki poori sankhya tatha unaki adhishtatri devataoan ke nam bhi milate haian. yajurved mean tithi tatha pakshoan, uttar tatha dakshin ayan aur vishuv din ki bhi kalpana hai. vishuv din vah hai jis din soory vishuvath‌ tatha kraantivritt ke sanpat mean rahata hai. shri shankar balkrishna dikshit ke anusar yajurved kalik aryoan ko guru, shukr tatha rahu ketu ka jnan tha. yajurved ke rachanakal ke vishay mean vidvanoan mean matabhed hai. yadi ham pashchaty pakshapati, kith ka mat bhi lean to yajurved ki rachana 600 varsh eesa poorv ho chuki thi. isake pashchath‌ vedaang jyotish ka kal ata hai, jo ee. poo. 1,400 varshoan se lekar ee. poo. 400 varsh tak hai. vedaang jyotish ke anusar paanch varshoan ka yug mana gaya hai, jisamean 1830 madhy savan din, 62 chaandr mas, 1860 tithiyaan tatha 67 nakshatr mas hote haian. yug ke paanch varshoan ke nam haian : sanvatsar, parivatsar, idavatsar, anuvatsar tatha idvavatsar. isake anusar tithi tatha chaandr nakshatr ki ganana hoti thi. isake anusar masoan ke madhy savan dinoan ki ganana bhi ki gee hai. vedaang jyatish mean jo hamean mahatvapoorn bat milati hai vah yug ki kalpana, jisamean soory aur chandrama ke pratyaksh vedhoan ke adhar par madhyam gati jnat karake isht tithi adi nikali gee hai. age anevale siddhaant jyotish ke granthoan mean isi pranali ko apanakar madhyam grah nikale ge haian.

jyotish ganana

vedaang jyotish aur siddhaant jyotish kal ke bhitar koee jyotish kal ke bhitar koee jyotish ganana ka granth upalabdh nahian hota. kiantu is bich ke sahity mean aise praman milate haian jinase yah spasht hai ki jyotish ke jnan mean vriddhi avashy hoti rahi hai, udaharan ke liye, mahabharat mean kee sthanoan par grahoan ki sthiti, grahayuti, grahayuddh adi ka varnan hai. isase itana spasht hai ki mahabharat ke samay mean bharatavasi grahoan ke vedh tatha unaki sthiti se parichit the. siddhaant jyotish pranali se likha hua pratham paurush granth aryabhat pratham ki aryabhatiyamh‌ (shak sanvat 421) hai. tatpashchath‌ varahamihir (shak sanvat 427) dvara sanpadit siddhaantapanchika hai, jisamean petamah, vasishth, romak, pulish tatha soory siddhaantoan ka sangrah hai. isase yah to pata chalata hai ki varahamihir se poorv ye siddhaantagranth prachalit the, kiantu inake nirmanakal ka koee nirdesh nahian hai. samanyat: bharatiy jyotish granthakaroan ne inhean apaurushey mana hai. adhunik vidvanoan ne anumanoan se inake kaloan ko nikala hai, aur ye paraspar bhinn haian. itana nishchit hai ki ye vedaang jyotish tatha varahamihir ke samay ke bhitar prachalit ho chuke the. isake bad likhe ge siddhaant granthoan mean mukhy haian : brahmagupt (shak sanvat 520) ka brahmasiddhaant, lall (shak sanvat 560) ka shishyadhivriddhid, shripati (shak sanvat 961) ka siddhaantashekhar, bhaskarachary (shak sanvat 1036) ka siddhaant shiromani, ganesh (1420 shak sanvat) ka grahalaghav tatha kamalakar bhatt (shak sanvat 1530) ka siddhaant-tatv-vivek.

jyotish ganana ke granthoan ke do vargikaran haian : siddhaantagranth tatha karanagranth. siddhaantagranth yugadi athava kalpadi paddhati se tatha karanagranth kisi shak ke aranbh ki gananapaddhati se likhe ge haian. ganit jyotish granthoan ke mukhy pratipady vishay hai: madhyam grahoan ki ganana, spasht grahoan ki ganana, dikh‌, desh tatha kal, soory aur chandragahan, grahayuti, grahachchhaya, soory saannidhy se grahoan ka udayast, chandrama ki shrriangonnati, patavivechan tatha vedhayantroan ka vivechan.

ganana pranali

poore vritt ki paridhi 360 man li jati hai. isaka 360vaan bhag ek aansh, aansh ka 60vaan bhag ek kala, kala ka 60vaan bhag ek vikala, ek vikala ka 60vaan bhag ek prativikala hota hai. 30 aansh ki ek rashi hoti hai. grahoan ki ganana ke liye kraantivritt ke, jisamean soory bhraman karata dikhalaee deta hai, 12 bhag mane jate haian. in bhagoan ko mesh, vrish adi rashiyoan ke nam se pukara jata hai. grah ki sthiti batalane ke liye meshadi se lekar grah ke rashi, aang, kala, tatha vikala bata die jate haian. yah grah ka bhogaansh hota hai. siddhaant granthoan mean pray: ek vrittachaturthaansh (90 chap) ke 24 bhag karake usaki jyaean tatha kotijyaean nikali rahati hai. inaka man kalatmak rahata hai. 90 ke chap ki jya vrihadvritt ka ardhavyas hoti hai, jise trijya kahate haian. isako nimnalikhit sootr se nikalate haian :

paridhi =3927÷1250×vyas, athava 360°= 3927÷1250×2 trijya

is prakar trijya ka man 3438 kala hai, jo vastavik man ke asann hai. chap ki jya adhunik pranali ki tarah ardhajya hai. vastut: vartaman trikonamitik nishpattiyoan ka vikas bharatiy pranali ke adhar par hua hai aur aryabhat ko isaka avishkarak mana jata hai. yadi kinhian do bhinn akar ke vrittoan ke trikonamitiy manoan ki tulana karana apekshit hota hai, to vrihadh vritt ki trijya tatha abhisht vritt ki nishpatti ke adhar par abhisht vritt ki paridhi aanshoan mean nikali jati hai. is prakar mand aur shighr paridhiyoan mean yadyapi navin kram se aanshoan ki sankhya 360 hi hai, tathapi siddhaant granthoan mean likhi huee nyoon sankhyaean keval tulanatmak ganana ke liye haian.

kalaganana

vishuvadh vritt mean ek samagati se chalane vale madhyam soory (lankodayasann) ke ek uday se doosare uday tak ek madhyam savan din hota hai. yah vartaman kalik aangrezi ke 'sivil de' (civil day) jaisa hai. ek savan din mean 60 ghati; 1 ghati 24 minit sath pal; 1 pal 24 seanked 60 vipal tatha 2 1/2 vipal 1 seankeand hote haian. soory ke kisi sthir biandu (nakshatr) ke sapeksh prithvi ki parikrama ke kal ko saur varsh kahate haian. yah sthir biandu meshadi hai. eesa ke paanchavean shatak ke asann tak yah biandu kaantivritt tatha vishuvath‌ ke sanpat mean tha. ab yah us sthan se lagabhag 23 pashchim hat gaya hai, jise ayanaansh kahate haian. ayanagati vibhinn granthoan mean ek si nahian hai. yah lagabhag prati varsh 1 kala mani gee hai. vartaman sookshm ayanagati 50.2 vikala hai. siddhaantagrathoan ka varshaman 365 din 15 ghanta 31 pal 31 vikala 24 prati vikala hai. yah vastav man se 8.34.37 paladi adhik hai. itane samay mean soory ki gati 8.27" hoti hai. is prakar hamare varshaman ke karan hi ayanagati ki adhik kalpana hai. varshoan ki ganana ke liye saur varsh ka prayog kiya jata hai. masaganana ke liye chaandr masoan ka. soory aur chandrama jab rashyadi mean saman hote haian tab vah amaantakal tatha jab 6 rashi ke aantar par hote haian tab vah poornimaantakal kahalata hai. ek amaant se doosare amaant tak ek chaandr mas hota hai, kiantu shart yah hai ki us samay mean soory ek rashi se doosari rashi mean avashy a jay. jis chaandr mas mean soory ki sankraanti nahian p dati vah adhimas kahalata hai. aise varsh mean 12 ke sthan par 13 mas ho jate haian. isi prakar yadi kisi chaandr mas mean do sankraantiyaan p d jayan to ek mas ka kshay ho jaega. is prakar mapoan ke chaandr rahane par bhi yah pranali saur pranali se sanbaddh hai. chaandr din ki ikaee ko tithi kahate haian. yah soory aur chandr ke aantar ke 12vean bhag ke barabar hoti hai. hamare dharmik din tithiyoan se sanbaddh hai1 chandrama jis nakshatr mean rahata hai use chaandr nakshatr kahate haian. ati prachin kal mean var ke sthan par chaandr nakshatroan ka prayog hota tha. kal ke b de manoan ko vyakt karane ke liye yug pranali apanaee jati hai. vah is prakar hai:

kritayug (satyayug)	17,28,000 varsh
dvapar yug	12,96,000 varsh
treta yug	8, 64,000 varsh
kali yug	4,32,000 varsh
yog = mahayug	43,20,000 varsh
kalp = 1000 mahayug	4,32,00,00,000 varsh

soory siddhaant mean batae aank doan ke anusar kaliyug ka aranbh 17 faravari, 3102 ee. poo. ko hua tha. yug se ahargan (din samoohoan) ki ganana pranali, jooliyan de nanbar ke dinoan ke saman, bhoot aur bhavishy ki sabhi tithiyoan ki ganana mean sahayak ho sakati hai.

madhy grah ganana

grah ki meshadi ke sapeksh prithvi ki parikrama ko ek bhagan kahate haian. siddhaantagrathoan mean yug, ya kalpagrahoan, ke madhy bhagan die rahate haian. yug ya kalp ke madhy savan dinoan ki sankhya bhi di rahati hai. yadi yug ya kalp ke praranbh mean grah meshadi mean hoan to bich ke din (ahargan) jnat hone se madhyam grah ko trairashik se nikala ja sakata hai. bhagan ki paribhasha ke anusar budh aur shukr ki madhyam gati soory ke saman hi mani gee hai. unaki vastavik gati ke tuly unaki shighrochch gati mani gee hai. ye grah rekhadesh, arthath‌ ujjayini, ke yamyottar ke ate haian, jinhean deshaantar tatha char sanskaroan se apane sthan ke mayam saryodayasannakalik banaya jata hai.

mand spasht grah

spasht soory aur chandrama ki spasht gati jis samay sabase kam ho us samay ke spasht soory aur chandrama ka jitana bhag hoga use unake mandochch ka bhog samajhana chahie. spasht ravi chandr aur madhyam ravi chandr ke aantar ko mandaphal kahate haian. mandochch se 180 ki doori par mandanich hoga. mandochch se chhah rashi tak spasht soory chandr madhyam soory chandr se pichhe rahate haian. isaliye mand phal rrin hota hai. mandochch se madhyam grah ke aantar ki mandakeandr sanjna hai. mandochch se 3 rashi ke aantar par mandaphal paramardhik hota hai. use mandaanty phal kahate haian. mandanich se mandochch tak spasht grah madhyam grah se age rahata hai, at: mandaphal dhan hota hai. mandaspasht ravi chandr ke mandaphal ko jnat karane ke liye do prakar ke kshetroan ki kalpana hai, jinhean bhangi kahate haian. pahali ka nam prativritt bhangi hai. bhoo ko keandr manakar ek trijya ke vyasardh se vritt khiancha, vah kakshavritt hua. isake oordhvadharavyas par mand atyaphal ki jya ke tuly katakar us keandr se ek trijya vyas se vritt khiancha vah mandaprativritt hoga. madhyam grah ko mandaprativritt mean chalata kalpit kiya. yadi kaksha vritt mean bhi mandakeandr ke tuly chap katean to vahaan kakshavritt ka madhyam grah hoga. bhookeandr se prativritt sthit grah tak khianchi gee rekha kakshavritt mean jah aau lage vah mandaspasht grah hoga. kakshavritt ke madhyam aur mandaspasht grah ka aantar mandaphal hoga. nichochch bhangi ke liye kakshavritt par sthit madhyam grah se mandaantyaphalajya tuly vyasardh se ek vritt khianch lete haian, jise mandaparidhi vritt kahate haian. kakshavritt ke keandr se madhyam grah se jati huee rekha jahaan mandaparidhivritt mean lage use mandochch manakar, mand paridhi mean viparit disha mean, keandr ke tuly aanshoan par grah ki kalpana ki jati hai. grah se bhookeandr ko milanevali rekha (mandakarn) jis sthan par kakshavritt ko kate vahaan mandaspasht grah hoga. is prakar mandaspasht kie ge soory aur chandr hamean un sthanoan par dikhalaee dete haian, kyoanki unaka bhraman hamean prithvikeandr ke sapeksh dikhalaee p data hai. shesh grahoan ke liye bhi mandaphal nikalane ki vaisi hi kalpana hai. unaka mandochch spasht grah se vilomariti dvara mandaspasht ka jnan karake jnat karate haian. ye mandaspasht grah drishy nahian hote, kyoanki prithvi unake bhraman ka keandr nahian hai. oopar ke vivechan se spasht hai ki mandaspasht grah apani kaksha mean ghoomate grah ka bhog (longitude) hota hai. atev bhoodrishy banane ke liye paanch grahoan ke liye shighr phal ki kalpana ki gee hai.

spasht grah

mangal, budh, guru, shukr, tatha shani ko spasht karane ke liye shighraphal ki kalpana hai. isake liye bhi mand prativritt tatha mandanichochch jaisi bhangiyoan ki kalpana ki jati hai, jisake liye mand ke sthan par shighr shabd rakh diya jata hai. aantargrahoan ke liye vastavik madhyamagrahoan ko hi shighrochch kahate haian. unake madhy adhikatam ravigrahaantar kon (maxium elongation) ko paramashighraphal, paramashighraphal ki jya ko shighraanty phalajya kahate haian. grah (madhyamaravi) aur shighrochch ka aantar shighrakeandr hota hai. isamean mandaphal ke liye banaee gee bhangiyoan ki tarah bhangiyaan banakar shighraphal nikala jata hai. is prakar ke sanskar se grah ka isht ravigrahaantar kon karake grah ki sthiti jnat ho jati hai. bahirgrahoan ke liye ravikeandrik paramalanban ki paramashighraphal tatha ravi ko shighrochch manakar shighraphal jnat kiya jata hai. shighraphal ke sanskar ki vidhi acharyoan ne is prakar nirddharit ki hai ki upalabdh grah ka bhog yatharth a sake.

grahoan ki kakshaean

grahoan ki kakshaean chandr, budh, shukr, ravi, bhaum, guru, shani ke kram se uttarottar prithvi se door haian. inaka keandr prithvi mana gaya hai1 yadyapi grahoan ke sadhan ke liye pratyek kaksha ka ardhavyas trijyatuly kalpit kiya hai, tathapi unaki aantyaphalajya bhinn hone ke karan unaki doori vibhinn prakar ki ati hai. shighraantyaphalajyaoan aur trijyaoan ki grahakakshavyasardhan aur ravikakshavyasardh se tulana karane par budh, shukr, mangal, brihaspati tatha shani ki kakshaoan ke vyasardh prithvi se ravi ki doori ke sapeksh .3694, .7278, .1.5139, .5.1429 tatha 9.2308 ate haian. adhunik sookshm man .3871, .7233, 1.5237, 5.2028 tatha 9.5288 haian. grahakaksha aur kraantivritt ke sanpat ko pat kahate haian. grah ke bhramanamarg ko vimandal kahate haian. kraantivritt tatha vimandal ke bich ke kon ko paramavikshep kahate haian. inake man bhookeandrik jnat kie ge haian. tamograh rahu ketu sada chandrama ke patoan par kalpit kie jate haian. pat ki gati vilom hoti hai.

grahanadhikaroan mean soory tatha chandr ke grahanoan ka ganit hai. chandrama ka grahan bhoochhaya mean pravisht hone se tatha sooryagrahan chandrama dvara soory ke dhake jane se mana gaya hai. soory grahan mean lanban ke karan bhookeandriy chandr tatha hamean dikhaee dene vale chandr mean bahut aantar a jata hai. at: isake liye lanban ka jnan kiya jata hai.

chandrashrriangonnati mean chandrama ki kalaoan ko jnat kiya jata hai. grahachchhayadhikar mean grahoan ke udayast kal tatha ishtakal mean vedh ki vidhi aur patadhikar mean soory aur chandrama ke kraantisamy ka vichar kiya jata hai. bhinn ayan tatha ek golardh mean hone par, sayan rivachandr ke yog 180° ke samay kraantisamy hone par, vyatipat tatha ek ayan bhinn golardh mean hone par vahi yog 360° ke tuly ho to kraantisamy mean vaidhriti hoti hai. ye donoan shubh karyoan ke liye varjit haian. grahayuti mean grahoan ke ati sannidhy ki sthitiyoan ka (yuddh samagam ka) ganit hai. bhagrahayuti mean nakshatroan ke niyamak die ge haian.

bharatiy jyotish pranali se banae tithipatr ko panchaang kahate haian. panchaang ke paanch aang haian : tithi, var, nakshatr, yog tatha karan. panchaang mean inake atirikt dainik, dainik laganaspasht, grahachar, grahoan ke sooryasannidhy se uday aur ast aur chandrodayast die rahate haian. inake atirikt inamean vividh muhoort tatha dharmik parv die rahate haian.