परती परिकथा -फणीश्वरनाथ रेणु

parati parikatha -phanishvaranath renu
parati parikatha ka avaran prishth|150px|center
lekhak	phanishvaranath renu
mool shirshak	'parati parikatha'
prakashak	rajakamal prakashan
prakashan tithi	21 sitambar, 1957
ISBN	9788126713240
desh	bharat
bhasha	hindi
vidha	upanyas

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parati parikatha bharat ke prasiddh sahityakar phanishvaranath renu ka prasiddh upanyas hai. apane ek aur prasiddh upanyas "maila aanchal" mean renu ne jin nee rajanitik takatoan ka ubhar dikhate hue sattaandh charitroan ke naitik patan ka khaka khiancha tha, vah prakriya 'parati parikatha' upanyas mean poorn hoti hai. upanyas 'parati parikatha' ka nayak 'jittan' parati jamin ko kheti layaq banane ke lie kutsit rajaniti ka anubhav lekar aur sath hi usaka shikar hokar paranapur lautata hai. paranapur ka rajanitik paridrishy rashtriy rajaniti ka laghu sanskaran hai.

lekhak ke sanbandh mean

sahity ki takariban har vidha mean apani lekhani ka loha manavane vale upanyasakar phanishvaranath renu samakalin gramin bharat ki avaz ko uthane tatha samajik sthitiyoan ko katha ke madhyam se chitrit karane ke lie pahachane jate haian. 'padmashri' se sammanit mahanh lekhak renu ji ka janm bihar ke tatkalin poorniya zile ke pharabisaganj ke nikat ek gaanv mean 4 march, 1921 ko hua tha. nepal se unhoanne dasavian ki pariksha pas ki thi. 'bihar vishvavidyalay' ke 'lakshmi narayan dube mahavidyalay' ke aangrezi vibhag ke avakash prapt vibhagadhyaksh aur varishth lekhak es.ke. prasoon ke anusar renu ne "maila aanchal" ke madhyam se n keval bihar balki poore desh ke vanchitoan aur pichh doan ki pi da ko ukera. renu ne 1942 ke 'svatantrata sangram' mean hissa liya aur 1950 ke qarib unhoanne nepal mean lokatantr ki sthapana ke sangharsh mean bhi hissa liya tha. "kashi hiandoo vishvividyalay" se shiksha grahan karane vale phanishvaranath renu ki kahani "mare ge gulafam" par "tisari kasam" namak ek film bhi ban chuki hai, jo gramin prishthabhoomi ka atyant bariki se kiya gaya bhavanatmak chitran hai. phanishvaranath renu premachand yug ke bad adhunik hindi sahity mean sarvadhik saphal aur prabhavi lekhakoan mean se haian.

kul 36 sal ki apane lekhani ke shuruat mean phanishvaranath renu kavi banana chahate the aur in 36 varshoan mean unhoanne n matr sahity ki har vidha mean misal kayam ki varanh rajaniti mean sakriy bhagedari nibhayi aur chunav bhi l de. renu us samaj ki ziandagi se kate nahian the, jisako ve kagaz par aksharoan mean rach rahe the. yah tathy renu ko apane samakalin lekhakoan khasakar nayi kahani ke purodhaoan se alag karata hai. yah unhean us prachalit adhunik paddhati se bhi kuchh doori par kh da rakhata hai, jisamean jnan-arjan hetu asampriktata par bal diya jata tha. renu ka apane aanchal ki ziandagi mean is sakriyata ka unake shilp ke liye kya mayane hoga? lothar lutse ne yahi saval unase poochha aur renu nayi kahani ke lekhakoan par biphar uthe. nayi kahani ke lekhakoan ke viparit phanishvaranath renu shahar ke badale gaanv par keandrit haian, lekin jo renu ko unake samakalin lekhakoan se jo data hai, vah hai antahman aur atanrik paithane ki adamy chah. nayi kahani ke lekhak manaviy charitr ke bhitar urdhvadhar ghusane ki jaddojahad mean haian to renu aanchal ko manaviy charitr dene ki phirak mean. lekin renu apane charitr ko manovijnanikoan ke saman samane baithakar avalokan nahian karate, ve khud ek patr haian. is aanchal ki ziandagi mean shamil, fasal bone-katane mean hissedar. renu ke charitr apane aanchal ke itihas ko sath lekar chalata hai, lekin ye patr jo renu ki ziandagi se kisi n kisi roop mean ju de, is aanchal ke jite jagate log hua karate the, kabhi bhi svayan ko is aanchal se mukt nahian kar pate haian.

kathavastu

phanishvaranath renu ke upanyas 'maila aanchal' ke saman hi 'parati parikatha' bhi ek gaanv ke parivesh ke parivartan ki kahani hai. yahaan bhi baandh banata hai, yahaan bhi sapane akar lete haian. neharuvadi vikasamoolak sapane. 'parati parikatha' ke aant ki or pathak ek aise hi jashn se rubaru hota hai. renu ji ke upanyas ke gaanv aur film 'madar iandiya' ke gaanv mean ek b da farq hai. renu ke gaanv ko uttar bharat mean kisi doosare kshetr mean pratisthapit nahian kiya ja sakata. yah koshi nadi ke poorab ka gaanv hai, ise koshi ke pachchhim bhi nahian saraka sakate. 'madar iandiya' aur 'parati parikatha' do roop haian. san 1950 ke gaanv par neharuvadi adhunikata aur aupaniveshikata. 'madar iandiya' jisamean vyakti ki kalpana ko izazat hai jagah chunane ki, kyoanki sthanikata ke vistar mean jagah ki vishishtataoan ko khurachakar samatal kar diya gaya hai. 'parati parikatha' pathak ke sthanajanit kalpana ko jagah ke ird-gird sametane ki koshish hai. phanishvaranath renu ke 'parati parikatha' aur "maila aanchal" ye donoan hi upanyas bharat ke gaanvoan ke pichh depan ki kahani haian. ek mean aurat ke jivan-charit ke taur par, doosare mean dharati ke tuk de ki. yah pichh da tuk da hai poorniya zile ka ek gaanv.

upanyas ka lekhan kary

renu ji ke upanyas 'maila aanchal' par jab tarah-tarah ke arop lagaye ja rahe the, alochana-pratyalochana ka mahaul garm tha, renu 'parati parikatha' ke lekhan mean jute the. ilahabad se upeandranath ashk ke sanpadan mean 'sanket' namak vrihad sankalan prakashit hua, jisamean renu ka riportaj 'ekalavy ke nots' chhapa. 'ekalavy ke nots' ke kee aansh renu ne 'parati parikatha' mean shamil kie. is upanyas ka lekhan unhoanne patana mean shuroo kiya, par vahaan jab renu ke vishay mean tarah-tarah ki aphavahean u daee jane lagian, to ve gaanv chale ge. par gaanv mean anek tarah ki samasyaean aur jhanjhat! ve vahaan se hajaribag chale ae aur 'parati parikatha' ke ek bhag ko yahian par likha. hajaribag mean renu ji ki susaral thi. ve yahaan bhi lambe samay tak nahian rah sakate the. us vakt 'rajakamal prakashan' aur omaprakashaji ki mukhy gatividhiyoan ka keandr ilahabad tha. omaprakashaji ne renu ko ilahabad mean bulava liya aur renu vahaan lookaraganj muhalle mean ek makan lekar rahane lage. 'parati parikatha' ka tin chauthaee bhag vahian likha gaya. bad mean ilahabad mean bhi renu ko pareshan karane vali shaktiyaan jyada karagar hone lagian, to ve banaras chale ge aur upanyas vahian par poora kiya.

prakashan

banaras ke hi 'sanmati mudranalay' mean 'parati parikatha' ka mudran hua. sitambar 1957 mean isaka prakashan hua. 'rajakamal prakashan' is upanyas ka vijnapan bahut pahale se hi kar raha tha aur is kriti ki pratiksha isake prakashan ke poorv hi hone lagi thi. 'rajakamal prakashan' ne dilli aur patana mean isaka bhavy prakashanotsav manaya. dilli ke tin dainik patroan 'hindustan taims', 'hindustan', aur 'navabharat taims' mean yah vijnapan chhapavaya gaya ki 'parati parikatha' ke lekhak shri renu pustak ke prakashan ke din yani 21 sitambar, 1957 ko 2 ke 5 baje saany tak 'rajakamal prakashan' mean upasthit raheange, tatha jo pathak is upanyas ko kharideange, us par hastakshar deange. pathakoan tatha lekhakoan mean is prakar sampark sthapit karane ka yah pahala prayas tha. anek pathakoan ne 'maila aanchal' likhakar ekaek khyati pane vale apane priy lekhak se vyaktigat parichay prapt karane ke is suavasar ka labh uthaya aur lekhak ko bhi anek jivan-staroan se ane vale pathakoan se mil kar ek naya anubhav hua. yahi karyakram 28 sitambar, 1957 ko 'rajakamal prakashan' ke patana karyalay mean bhi duharaya gaya.

dilli mean 21 sitambar, 1957 ko sham ke chhah baje veangar restoraan mean 'parati parikatha' ke prakashanotsav ke upalakshy mean jalapan ka ayojan hua. is avasar par hindi ke udiyaman aur vayovriddh lekhakoan tatha prakashakoan ka jo sammilan hua, vah abhootapoorv tha. shri dinakar, balkrishna sharma navin, jaineandr, banarasidas chaturvedi, achary chaturasen shastri, nagendr, udayashankar bhatt, barannikon, ramadhan shastri, naresh mehata, raghuvir sahay, mahavir adhikari, gopalkrishna kaul, lakshman rav joshi, suhail, ajimavadi, prayaganarayan tripathi, manmathanath gupt, satyavati mallik, savitri devi varma, vishnu prabhakar, kshemachandr suman, shivadanasianh chauhan, santaram, nemichandr jain, radhamukuand mukharji, shamasherasianh naroola, shriram sharma 'ram' tatha narmadeshvar adi lekhak maujood the.

sahityakaroan ka bakhan

• shivadanasianh chauhan - is avasar par shivadanasianh chauhan ne 'parati parikatha' par apana lamba bhashan diya. 'parati parikatha' par bolate hue unhoanne kaha- "yah hindi ka ab tak ka sarvashreshth upanyas hai, ise sarvashreshth bharatiy upanyasoan mean rakha ja sakata hai aur pashchaty sahity mean is bich (yani pichhale paanch-sat varshoan mean) jo mahattvapoorn upanyas prakashit hue haian, unamean se kisi se bhi yah takkar le sakata hai. yah ham sab ke lie garv ka vishay hai.'
• balkrishna sharma navin - navin ne kaha- "apane nirikshan aur smriti-chitran ka adbhut samarthy hai. bharatiy gram jivan mean jo kuchh kutsit, dveshapoorn, sankuchit, kalahapriy, nich-vritti hai, use apane atyant, atyant sahanubhootipoorvak vyakt kiya hai. is nimn vritti mean ap kho nahian ge haian. bharat ke gaanvoan mean apane manavatv ko dekha hai. ap nirash nahian haian. ap parajayavadi nahian haian. apane ashavadita ko pank se kamalavath, vikasit aur pushpit kiya hai.... 'parati parikatha' upanyas nahian hai, vah to bharatiy jan ki atmakatha hai.'

patana mean 'parati parikatha' ka prakashanotsav 28 sitambar, 1957 ko sham chhah baje sinha laibreri ke h aaul mean manaya gaya. isamean saik doan lekhak, sanpadak, prakashak tatha nagar ke pratishthit vyakti maujood the. inamean pramukh vyaktiyoan ke nam haian- achary shivapoojan sahay, ramadhari sianh dinakar, nalinavilochan sharma, chhavinath pandey, navalakishor gau d, harimohan jha, anoopalal mandal, narmadeshvar prasad, bi.en. madhav, praphullachandr ojha mukt, kamataprasad sianh 'kam', deveandraprasad sianh, sushila koirala (bi. pi. koirala ki patni), ramadayal paandey, himaanshu shrivastav, shivachandr sharma, suman vajapeyi, ranjan sooridev adi. achary shivapoojan sahay ne renu ko ashirvad diya. nalinavilochan sharma ne renu ke krititv ka sankshipt parichay dete hue badhaee di. dinakaraji ne is avasar par kaha ki- 'parati parikatha' mean lekhak ne jo eemanadari barati hai, usase adhik eemanadari ki kisi lekhak se ummid bhi nahian ki ja sakati. unhoanne bataya ki upanyas ne unhean itana pak da ki zara bhi phursat pane par ve ise padhane baith jate the.

yashapal ka patr

'parati parikatha' ke chhapate hi sanpoorn hindi jagath mean isaki dhoom mach gee. varishth kathakar yashapal ne 'parati parikatha' padhakar unhean ek lanba patr likha-

"(pustak) aj dopahar tak poori padh dali hai. is bich daant-dard ne bhi kuchh shithilata ki aur 'parati parikatha' ne daant-dard sahane mean sahayata di. 'bisiyoan logoan ne prashansa ki hogi. jise nahian ruchi, usaki samajh kuchh aur hi dhang ki hogi. mujhe to aranbh se aant tak itana sundar laga ki prashansa mean atyukti ka bhay nahian rahata. abhivyakti ke lie dhvaniyoan ka prayog, muhavaroan ke latake aur bhasha ki saralata ki kya prashansa karooan. bhasha ka chunav vastu varnan ke bina bhi ek vishesh vatavaran aur chetana jagae rakhata hai. sahaj bhasha ke lie kya kahooan, vah apaki apani bhasha aur apake rakt aur svabhav mean rami huee hai. jaise bhav mean se uddhrit hai! ham is bhasha ko lakh sikhean, parantu apaka sahaj kaushal hamari pahuanch mean kaise ayega? prayojan ko bhi apane aise baithaya hai ki ple-baik ke jo d ki anubhooti ya ukh dan kahian nahian ho pati. shabd aur arth donoan hi dhang ka hasy bhi, pulav mean kali mirch ki tarah aandazase bikhara hua hai, adyant chamak bani rahati hai."

alochana

ek or is kriti ko hindi ke mahanatam upanyas ke roop mean svikara ja raha tha, to doosari or isaki pratikool samikshaean bhi aeean. shripat ray, jinhoanne 'maila aanchal' ki behad prashansa ki thi, 'kalpana' ke faravari, 1958 ke aank mean upanyas ke maulik agrah tatha 'parati parikatha' lekh likhakar ise upanyas tak manane se inakar kiya. balkrishna rav, shambhunath sianh adi ne bhi shripat ray ki tarah hi isaki pratikool samiksha ki aur ise upanyas ke shastriy nikash par ek asaphal kriti mana. yahaan tak ki achary nalinavilochan sharma ne 'sahity' ke janavari, 1958 ke aank mean 'parati parikatha' ko kharij karate hue lekh likha. isi kram mean d aau. ramavilas sharma ne 1958 mean hi renu ke 'maila aanchal' aur 'parati parikatha' par tikha alochanatmak lekh likha, jo unaki pustak 'astha aur sauandary' mean sankalit hai. renu ke prati in alochakoan ke is ravaiye par yashapalaji behad kshubd hue aur unhoanne 'naya path' ke march, 1958 ke aank mean ek akramak lekh likha- alochana ka ulkapat : 'parati parikatha' ki adbhut samikshaean.

renu ki antarikata

renu ki antarikata aanchal ki bhasha mean hi nahian rukati hai varanh ve itihas aur bhoogol se nirantar khelate haian. lekin gauratalab hai ki renu ka n to itihas hi adhunikata ka itihas hai aur n hi unaka bhoogol sekyoolar jagahoan ki nirmitiyoan par adharit hai. renu ke katha sahity mean itihas atit ke chinhoan ke roop mean yatr-tatr bikhara hua hai, jo samakalin se juda nahian hokar unako pahachan deta hai. yah saanskritik-atit hai apane bahuvachan mean. kosi ke sath renu ka sarokar isaka ek udaharan hai. kosi maiya bhi, bhagavati bhi, ek unmukt kishori bhi aur sas-nanad se sataee abala se dayan bani sabala bhi. dhyan dene layaq yah bhi renu ka lok jagath lekhak ke lie kisi saanskritik bhandar ke saman nahian hai, jisake lie lekhak phok lorist ke saman shuddhatavadi najariya apanae. renu ke sohar, phag, batagamani, samadoon adi gaandhi-javahar se bhi talluk rakhate haian. ek ajib kism ki ragadharmita hai, samakalin ghatanaoan ko samete hue. renu ka lekhan anek bahuvachanoan se milakar bana hai, jisamean praant ki saanskrihtik smriti, samudayik aur samajik tane-bane aur naitikata sabhi kuchh shamil to hai, lekin inaka shamil hona pahale se chale a rahe sahityik manyataoan aur manadandoan ko to data-maro data hai, jaise 'maila-aanchal' ke doosare hi adhyay mean ham pate haian– tin ane ki labani ta di, rok sala motaraga di. in bahuvachanoan ke bich gaanv ko sthapit karane ke liye renu ne shilp se sanbandhit bahutere prayog kiye, jisase atit ki sanshlishtata ke sath badalate gramin samaj ki kahani ek vishisht esathetik sanvedana ke sath samane ayi aur aanchalik sahity ki ek nayi vidha ka sootrapat hua.

film 'madar iandiya'

[[chitr:Mother-India.jpg|thumb|200px|madar iandiya]]

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

ise ek aitihasik sanyog bhi mana ja sakata hai ki mahaboob khan ki mashahoor sinema 'madar iandiya' aur phanishvaranath renu ka doosara upanyas 'parati parikatha' varsh 1957 mean ek mas ke bhitar hi pradarshit hue the. 'madar iandiya' us varsh sabase pahale 25 aktoobar ko bambee aur kalakatta (vartaman kolakata) mean parade par ayi aur 'parati parikatha' ke liye isase kuchh pahale 21 sitambar ko 'rajakamal prakashan' ke daphtar dilli mean aur 28 sitambar ko patana mean b de dhoom-dham se 'prakashanotsav' manaya gaya. desh ke akhabaroan mean ishtehar chhape gaye, lekhak se miliye karyakram aur jalapan ka ayojan bhi sath-sath tha. yah bhi ullekhaniy hai ki yah desh ke svadhinata ki dasavian salagirah bhi thi. film 'madar iandiya' aur 'parati parikatha' donoan hi bharat ke gramin parivesh ke badalav ki dastan haian. 'madar iandiya' ki kahani phlaish-baik mean chalati hai, jisake ghatana-kram mean ham ek aise dharatal se pravesh karate haian, jo pachas ke dashak ke navabharat ke sapanoan ki dharati hai. ek ichchhit bharat jahaan apaki aankhean traiktaroan ki gharagharahat, bijali ke taroan aur baandh ke pani ki asha se chaka-chauandh haian.

katha sahity ki upalabdhi

'maila aanchal' aur 'parati parikatha' svatantryottar katha sahity ki bahut b di upalabdhi hai. hindi mean ab tak in donoan upanyasoan ke saman vistrit paridrishy ke bahut kam upanyas likhe ge. in donoan katha kritiyoan par anek kharij karane vale tikhe lekh likhe ja chuke haian. phir bhi inaka mahattv aj tak bana hua hai aur ab bhi ye upanyas pramukh katha samikshakoan ke samane nee drishti se moolyaankan ke lie akarshit karate haian. in donoan upanyasoan ne hindi sahity mean 'aanchalik upanyas' namak ek nayi vidha ko janm diya aur aanchalikata par us samay se ab tak ek lanbi bahas jari hai. 'maila aanchal' aur 'parati parikatha' dharati putroan ki sirf vyagr katha prastut karane vali katha kritiyaan hi nahian haian, n sirf bhoomi-sangharshoan ko ujagar karane vali katha kritiyaan. inamean sirf lok-sanskriti ki rangarang arth-chhaviyaan hi nahian haian. in upanyasoan mean bharat ki rashtriy samasyaoan, badalate hue rajanitik, samajik moolyoan par gahari najar hai. ye upanyas aanchalik hote hue bhi desh ki vastavik chhavi ko prastut karane vale haian. hindi mean aisi katha kritiyaan bahut kam haian, jo apani sthaniyata ya sthaniy rang ke karan yad to ki hi jati hoan, sath hi jo apani sanketatmakata ya mool ashay mean itani parivyapti bhi lie hue hoan.

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