उड़िया साहित्य

u diya sahity arthath 'u diya bhasha ka rachana sansar'. bharatiy itihas mean 14vian shatabdi ka kal u diya sahity ke lie kafi rachanatmak raha. madhyakalin prasiddh u diya kavi jagannathadas the, jo bangal ke vaishnav sant chaitany ke 16vian sadi ke shishy the. british shasan tatha bharat ki azadi ke bad badalate parivesh ke sath hi u diya sahity ke svaroop mean bhi badalav aya.

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itihas

'madal-paanji' ke roop mean ek kshetriy bharatiy-ary bhasha mean sabase purana gady u diya bhasha mean milata hai, jo puri ke mahanh jagannath mandir ka itihas hai. isaka kal 12vian shatabdi ka hai, lekin ise sahityik rachana nahian kaha ja sakata. 14vian shatabdi ka kal u diya sahity ke lie kafi rachanatmak raha. is kal ki rachanaoan mean ajnat lekhak dvara rachit 'kailas-chautisha', jisamean bhagavan shiv aur parvati ke vivah ke 34 pad haian tatha saraladas rachit prakhyat 'chandi-puran' ullekhaniy hai. isake bad 'bhakti kal' ek bar phir preranadayak raha; isamean sabase prakhyat madhyakalin u diya kavi jagannathadas the, jo bangal ke vaishnav sant chaitany ke 16vian sadi ke shishy the tatha jinhoanne apane jivan ka adhikaansh hissa puri mean bitaya tha. jagannathadas ki kee kritiyoan mean sanskrit ke bhagavatapuran ka roopaantaran bhi shamil hai, jo u disa mean aj bhi lokapriy hai.

svaroop mean badalav

azadi ke bad badalate parivesh ke sath u disa ke sahity ke svaroop mean bhi badalav aya. purani zamiandari pratha ke aang aur ne arthik, samajik aur rajanitik parivartanoan ki chhaya ka prabhav u diya sahity par spasht roop se dikhaee deta hai. inhian paristhitiyoan ka apane sahity mean jivant chitran kar u diya sahityakaroan ne apani virasat ko aur bhi samriddh banaya. jahaan sureandr mohanti ke 'aandh digant' (aandhi dishaean), lakshmidhar nayak ke 'hare durbhaga desh' (o desh ke durbhagy) aur chandrashekhar rath ke 'asoory upanibesh' (soory rahit upanagar) mean u disa ke samajik evan rajanitik darshan ka chitran milata hai, vahian harekrishna mahatab ke 'tritiy parb', brijamohan mohati ke 'nishabd akash' v 'aandh prithbi', shaantanu kumar achary ke 'shakuantala', anadi sahoo ke 'muandamekhala' aur jnaneshvar mishr ke 'neta' mean am u diya logoan ke du:kh-dard ko abhivyakti mili.

vikas

sureandr mohanti ke 'nil-shail', 'niladri vijay', 'krishnavenire sandhya' aur bamacharan mitra ke 'chanda o chanpa' mean u diya kala, sanskriti, paranpara aur itihas ke vikas ka pratibianb shabdoan ke darpan mean dikhaee deta hai. am mahilaoan ki trasadipoorn sthiti aur bhavanaoan ko kanhoocharan mohanti, gopinath mohanti, rajakishor patanayak, krishnaprasad rath aur shaantanu kumar achary jaise agrani lekhakoan ne kramash: apani kritiyoan 'dihadeukh', 'layabilay', 'chalabat' (pagadandi), 'nepathy' aur 'narakinnar' mean vistarapoornak v behad bhavapoorn tariqe se ubhara hai.

vishayavastu

ek taraf gramin parivesh aur rahan-sahan par gopinath mohanti ne 'matimatal' mean vivachena ki hai, to doosari taraf kanhoocharan mohanti ke 'jhaanjha', 'tuandabaid' (afavah), 'kshan-kshan ke an' v 'brijabahu'; gopinath mohanti ki 'danapani', nityanand mahapatr ki 'gharadih' v 'banagahara'; sureandr mohanti ke 'kaanlatar', gayatri basu malik ke 'kaveri' aur anadi sahu ke 'kshan bhangur' mean adhunik shahari jivan aur unake prabhav ka khaka b de hi suandar dhang se khiancha gaya hai. inamean adhikaansh mean garibi aur bhukhamari se bachane ke lie shaharoan ki or palayan aur shahari jivan ke sae mean kho rahe moolyoan ke yatharth chitran ka prayas kiya gaya hai. u diya sahity ko kal aur prakriti ke anusar nimnalikhit prakar se baanta ja sakata hai :-

1. adiyug (1050-1550),
2. madhyayug (1550-1850),
3. adhunik yug ya svatantry kal; (1850 se vartaman samay tak)

adiyug

adiyug mean saralapoorv sahity bhi aantarbhukt hai, jisamean 'bauddhagan aur doha', gorakhanath ka 'saptaangayogadharanamh‌', 'madalapaanji', 'rudrasudhanidhi' tatha 'kalash chautisha' ate haian. 'bauddhagan o doha' bhashadrishti, bhavadhara tatha aitihasikata ke karan u disa se ghanisht roop mean sanbandhit hai. 'saptaangayogadharanamh‌' ke gorakhanathakrit hone mean sandeh hai. 'madalapaanji' jagannath mandir mean surakshit hai tatha isamean u disa ke rajavansh aur jagannath mandir ke niyogoan ka itihas lipibaddh hai. kianvadanti ke anusar gangadesh ke pratham raja chod gangadev ne 1042 ee. (kanya 24 din, shukl dashami dashahara ke din) 'madalapaanji' ka lekhan praranbh kiya tha, kiantu doosara mat hai ki yah mugalakal mean 16vian shatabdi mean ramachandradev ke rajatvakal mean likhavaee gee thi. 'rudr-sudha-nidhi' ka poorn roop prapt nahian hai aur jo prapt hai usaka poora aansh chhapa nahian hai. yah shaiv granth ek avadhoot svami dvara likha gaya hai. isamean ek yogabhrasht yogi ka vrittaant hai. isi prakar vatsadas ka 'kalash chautisha' bhi saralapoorv kahalata hai. isamean shiv ji ki varayatra aur vivah ka hasyaras mean varnan hai.

vastut: saraladas hi u diya ke pratham jatiy kavi aur u diya sahity ke adikal ke pratinidhi haian. katak jile ki jhank davasini devi chandi sarala ke varaprasad se kavitv prapt karane ke karan siddheshvar parida ne apane ko 'shoodramuni' saraladas ke nam se pracharit kiya. inaki tin kritiyaan upalabdh haian : 1. 'vilanka ramayan', 2. mahabharat aur 3. chandipuran. kuchh log inhean kapileandradev (1435-1437) ka tatha kuchh log narasianhadev (1328-1355 ee.) ka samakalin manate haian.

• is yug ka arjunadas likhit ramavibha namak ek kavyagranth bhi milata hai tatha chaitanyadasarachit vishnugarbh puran aur nirgunamahatmy alakhapanthi ya nirgun sanpraday ke do granth bhi pae jate haian.

madhyayug

madhyayug ke do vibhag haian:- (k) poorvamadhyayug athava bhaktiyug ya dharmik yug ya panchasakha yug tatha (kh) uttaramadhyayug athava ritiyug ya upeandrabhanj yug.

poorvamadhyayug

poorvamadhyayug mean panchasakhaoan ke sahity ki pradhanata hai. ye panchasakha haian--balaramadas, jagannathadas, yashovantadas, anantadas aur achyutanandadas. chaitanyadas ke sath sakhy sthapit karane ke karan ye panchasakha kahalae. ve panch shakha bhi kahalate haian. inake upasy devata the puri ke jagannath, jinaki upasana shoony aur krishna ke roop mean jnanamishra yog-yogapradhan bhakti tatha kayasadhana dvara ki gee. panchasakhaoan mean se pratyek ne anek granth likhe, jinamean se kuchh to mudrit haian, kuchh amudrit aur kuchh aprapy bhi.

16vian shatabdi ke prathamardh mean divakaradas ne 'jagannathacharitamrit' ke nam se panchasakhaoan ke jagannathadas ki jivani likhi tatha eeshvaradas ne chaitanyabhagavat likha. salaveg namak ek musalaman bhaktakavi ke bhi bhaktirasatmak anek pad prapt haian.

isi yug mean shishushankaradas, kapileshvaradas, hariharadas, devadurlabhadas, tatha prataparay ki kramash : 'ushabhilash', 'kapatakeli', 'chadravalivilas', 'rahasyamanjari' aur 'shashisena' namak kritiyaan bhi upalabdh haian.

ritiyug

ritiyug mean pauranik aur kalpanik donoan prakar ke kavy haian. nayikaoan mean sita aur radha ka nakhashikh varnan kiya gaya hai. is yug ka kavy, shabdalankar, klisht shabdavali aur shrriangararas se poorn hai. kavyalakshan, nayak-nayika-bhed adi ko vishesh mahatv diya gaya. upeandrabhanj ne isako parakashtha par pahuancha diya, at: is yug ka nam bhanjayug p d gaya, kiantu yah kal isake pahale shuroo ho gaya tha. upeandrabhanj ke poorv ke kavi nimnaankit haian :

dhananjayabhanj:-ye upeandrabhanj ke pitamah aur ghumasar ke raja the. inaki kritiyaan haian : raghunathavilas kavy, tripurasuandari, madanamanjari, anangarekha, ichchhavati, ratnapariksha, ashv aur gajapariksha adi. kuchh lakshanagranth aur chaupadibhooshan adi sangitagranth bhi haian.

dinkrishnadas:- (1651-1703)-vyaktitv ke sath sath inaka kavy bhi uchch koti ka tha. 'rasakallol', 'namaratnagita', 'rasavinod', 'navakeli', 'alankarakeli', 'artatran', 'chautisha' adi inaki anek kritiyaan prapy haian.

vriandavati dasi, bhoopati pandit tatha lokanath vidyalankar ki kramash : 'poornatam chandroday', premapanchamrit' tatha 'ek chautisha' aur 'sarvagasuandari', 'padmavati parinay', 'chitrakala', 'rasakala' aur 'vriandavan-vihar-kavy', nam ki ritikalin kavyalakshanoan se yukt kripiyaan milati haian.

upeandrabhanj:- (1685-1725)-ye ritikal ke sarvashreshth kavi haian. inake karan hi ritiyug ko bhanjayug bhi kaha jata hai. shabdavailakshany, chitrakavy evan chhand, alankar adi ke ye poorn jnata the. inaki anek pratibhapragalbh kritiyoan ne u diya sahity mean inakoan sarvashreshth pad par pratishthit kiya hai. 'vaidehishavilas', 'kalakutuk', 'subhadraparinay', 'brajalila', 'kuanjalila', adi pauranik kavyoan ke atirikt lavanyavati, koti-brahmaand-suandari, rasikaharavali adi anek kalpanik kavyagranth bhi haian. in kavyoan mean ritikal ke samast lakshanoan ka sanpoorn vikas hua hai. kahian kahian sima ka atikraman kar dene ke karan ashlilata bhi a gee hai. inaka 'bandhoday' chitrakavy ka achchha udaharan hai. 'gitabhidhan' nam se inaka ek koshagranth bhi milata hai jisamean kaant, khaant adi aanty aksharoan ka niyam palit hai. 'chhandabhooshan' tatha 'shadhrritu' adi anek kritiyaan aur bhi paee jati haian.

• bhanjakalin sahity ke bad u diya sahity mean chaitany prabhavit gau diy vaishnav dharm aur ritikalin lakshan, donoan ka samanvay dekhane mean ata hai. is kal ke kavy pray: radhakrishna-prem-parak haian aur inamean kahian kahian ashlilata bhi a gee hai. inamean pradhan haian : sachchidanand kavisoory (sadhucharanadas), bhaktacharanadas, abhimanyusamant sianhar, gopalkrishna pattanayak, yadumani mahapatr tatha baladev kavisoory adi.
• is kram mean pradhanataya aur do vyakti pae jate haian :-

1. brajanath badajena aur
2. bhimabhoee

• brajanath badajena ne 'guandichavije' namak ek khorata (hiandi) kavy bhi likha tha. unake do mahatvapoorn granth haian : samaratanrag aur chaturavinod.
• bhimabhoee janmaandh the aur jati ke kandh (adivasi) the. ve nirakshar the, lekin unake rachit stutichiantamani, brahmaniroopan gita aur anake bhajan pae jate haian. u diya mean ve atyant prakhyat haian.

adhunik yug

yadyapi british kal se praranbh hota hai, kiantu aangreji ka moh hone ke sath hi sath prachin praantiy sahity aur sanskrit se sahity poori tarah alag nahian hua. pharasi aur hiandi ka prabhav bhi tho da bahut milata hai. is kal ke pradhan kavi radhanath ray haian. ye skool ianspektar the. inapar aangreji sahity ka prabhav spasht hai. inake likhe 'parvati'dv 'nandikeshvari', 'yayatikeshari', adi aitihasik kavy haian. 'mahamatra' pratham amitrakshar chhand mean likhit mahakavy hai, jis par miltan ka prabhav hai. inhoanne meghadoot, venisanhar aur tulasi padyavali ka anuvad bhi kiya tha. inaki anek phutakal rachanaean bhi haian. adhunik yug ko kuchh log radhanath yug bhi kahate haian. bangal se rajeandralal mitr dvara chalanevale 'u diya ek svatantr bhasha nahian hai' aandolan ka karara javab denevaloan mean u diya ke upanyas samrath phakiramohan pramukh haian. upanyas mean ye bejo d haian. 'lachhama', 'mamu', 'chhaman athaguanth' adi unake upanyas haian. 'galpasvalp' nam se do bhagoan mean unake galp bhi haian. unaki kriti 'prayashchitt' ka hiandi mean anuvad bhi hua hai. pady mean 'utkalabhraman', 'pushpamala' adi anek granth haian. unhoanne chhaandogyupanishadh, ramayan, mahabharat adi ka padyanuvad bhi kiya hai.

• is kal ke ek aur pradhan kavi madhusoodan ray haian. pathh‌y pustakoan ke atirikt unhoanne bhaktiparak kavitaean bhi likhi haian. inapar raviandranath ka kaphi prabhav hai.
• adhunik kal mean kavy, upanyas aur galp ke saman natakoan par bhi logoan ki drishti p di. natakakaroan mean pradhan ramashankar ray haian. unhoanne pauranik, aitihasik, samajik, gitinaty, prahasan, aur yatra adi bhinn bhinn vishayoan par rachanaean ki haian. 'kaanchikaveri', 'vanamala', 'kansavadh', 'yugadharm' adi inaki prasiddh kritiyaan haian.
• radhanath yug ke any prasiddh kavi haian gangadhar meher, pallikavi nandakishor val, (prabandhik aur sanpadak) vishvanath kar, vyangakar gopal chandr praharaj adi.
• isake uparaant gopabandhudas ne satyavadi yug ka pravartan kiya. inaki mahatvapoorn rachanaean 'dharmapad', 'bandir atmakatha', 'kara kavita' adi haian. nilakanth das tatha godavarish mishr adi is yug ke pradhan sahityik haian. padmacharan pattanayak aur kavayitri kuantalakumari savat chhayavadi sahityakar aur lakshmikaant mahapatr hasyarasik haian.
• satyavadi yug ke bad romaantik yug ata hai. isake pradhan kavi mayadhar manasianh haian. unake 'dhoop', 'hemashasy', 'hemapushp' adi pradhan granth haian.
• kaliandicharan panigrahi, vaikuanthanath pattanayak, harihar mahapatr, sharachchandr mukharji aur annadashankar ray ne 'sabuj kavitv' se sabuj yug ka shriganesh kiya hai. 'vasanti' upanyas inake sanmilit lekhan ka phal hai.
• isake bad pragatiyug ya atyadhunik yug ata hai. sachchidanand rautaray is yug ke prasiddh lekhak haian. inaki rachanaoan mean 'pallichitr', 'paandulipi' adi pradhan haian. adhunik samay mean aupanyasik gopinath mahaanti, kanhucharan mahaanti, nityanand mahapatr, kavi radhamohan gadanayak, kshudragalpik, godavarish mahapatr, mahapatr nilami

lekhak tatha kavi

kavita ke kshetr mean guruprasad mohanti, sitakaant mahapatr (shabd r akash), sachchidanand rautaray aur binapani mahapatr ne apana vishisht sthan banaya hai. apani kritiyoan mean samakalin parivesh ke apane anubhavoan ka jivant chitran kar manoj das ('katha o kahani', 'manoj panchavianshati', 'dooradooraantar'), pratibha re ('jajhaseni'), subhashini nanda, gobiand das aur brijamohan mohanti jaise rachanakar apane qalam ke madhyam se u diya sahity ko samriddh banane mean lage hue haian.

jnanapith puraskar

u diya sahity ke lie 'jnanapith puraskar' vijetaoan ke nam is prakar haian-

• gopinath mohanti (1973) - matimatal
• sachchidanand rautaray (1986)
• sitakaant mahapatr (1993)

sahity akadami puraskar

'sahity akadami puraskar' vijetaoan ke nam haian-

• kanhoocharan mohanti (1950) - 'ka'
• sureandr mohanti (aandh digant)

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh